exam 3 Flashcards by Caitlin Smith | Brainscape

Q

Rogue waves form as a result of what 2 interactions

A

wave-wave interaction and wave-current interaction

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Q

Ocean tides are classified as

A

shallow water waves

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Q

The point of the moon’s orbit when it is closest to earth is named the

A

perigee

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Q

what is the perigee

A

the point of the moon’s orbit when it is closest to earth

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Q

what are the 2 primary tide generating forces

A

centripetal and gravitational

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Q

what do centripetal and gravitational forces generate

A

tides

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Q

the center of mass for the earth-moon system orbit is known as the

A

barycenter

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Q

what is the barycenter

A

the center of mass for the earth-moon system orbit

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Q

according to equilibrium theory, the 2 resultant tidal bulges are named

A

the inertial bulge and the gravitational bulge

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Q

What is a lunar day

A

the time between successive overhead moons

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Q

How long is a lunar day

A

25 hours 50 minutes

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Q

Why is the moon’s gravity/intertia bulge larger than the sun’s?

A

the moon is closer

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Q

According to equilibrium theory, how many high and low tides do we experience each day?

A

two high tides, two low tides

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Q

what is an ebb tide?

A

when tidal waters move away from the shore

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Q

when do spring tides occur?

A

the earth, moon, and sun are all in alignment

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Q

what is a tidal range?

A

difference between high tide and low tide levels

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Q

what type of tide has the largest tidal range?

A

spring tide

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Q

what is the declination of the moon’s orbit around earth?

A

28.5 degrees

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Q

rogue waves form as a result of

A

wave-wave interaction and wave-current interaction

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Q

what are the 3 key points of equilibrium theory

A

stronger gravitational attraction to moon
creates 2 bulges
caused by gravitational and centripetal forces

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Q

equilibrium theory: does the earth have a stronger attraction to the sun or the moon?

A

the moon

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Q

equilibrium theory: describe the 2 bulges it creates

A

one towards the moon and one away from it

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Q

equilibrium theory: what 2 type of forces does it create

A

gravitational and centripetal

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Q

what are tides

A

the cyclic rise and fall of sea level

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Q

what is time length/period of tides? short or long?

A

very long period, 12 & 24 hour

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Q

are tides deep or shallow?

A

shallow

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Q

how are tides caused?

A

gravitational attraction of the sun, moon, and earth

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Q

how are tides complicated?

A

by declination, elliptical orbits, continents, bathymetry, and ocean friction

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Q

equilibrium theory: what are the 2 types of GRAVITATIONAL forces?

A

zenith and nadir

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Q

equilibrium theory: gravitational forces

where is the greatest force?

A

zenith

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Q

equilibrium theory: gravitational forces

is zenith the greatest force or least force?

A

greatest

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Q

equilibrium theory: gravitational forces

is zenith closest to the moon or farthest from the moon?

A

closest

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Q

equilibrium theory: gravitational forces

where is the least force?

A

nadir

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Q

equilibrium theory: gravitational forces

is nadir the greatest force or least force?

A

least

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Q

equilibrium theory: gravitational forces

is nadir closest to the moon or farthest from the moon?

A

farthest

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Q

equilibrium theory: centripetal forces

what does this force tether together?

A

earth and moon to each other

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Q

equilibrium theory: centripetal forces

what does this force do?

A

force that keeps earth orbiting the sun

force that keeps the moon orbiting the earth

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Q

what is the barycenter in the earth-moon system?

A

the earth-moon system orbits around their common center of gravity

odd offset orbital design

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Q

which is a faster orbit: the earth or the moon?

A

earth

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Q

what is perigee

A

moon is closest to us

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Q

what is apogee

A

moon is farthest from us

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Q

what are the 2 tide generating forces?

A

gravitational and cetripetal

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Q

what do you get when you subtract the center of mass (centripetal) force from the total gravitational force at each point?

A

tidal force

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Q

how do you calculate tidal force?

A

gravitational point (minus) centripetal force

repeat at each point

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Q

what shape is an “idealistic” tide?

A

football

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Q

resulting tide generating forces push water into what?

A

two simultaneous bulges

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Q

what are the two resulting tide generated bulges called?

A

inertial bulge, gravitational bulge

opposite ends of the earth

the earth rotates inside these two bulges that are football shaped

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Q

what is the time between high tides

A

12 hours and 25 minutes

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Q

what is the time between two successive overhead moons and what is that called

A

lunar day

24 hours and 50 minutes

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Q

which matters more in gravity: distance or mass? how does this relate to tides?

A

distance

even though the sun is so much bigger, the moon is a lot closer to the earth and distance matters more than mass

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Q

what is a flood tide?

A

water moves toward shore

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Q

what is an ebb tide?

A

water moves away from shore

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Q

what are the two types of tides in the monthly tidal cycle?

A

spring tide and neap tide

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Q

what is a spring tide?

A

new or full moons

tidal range is the greatest

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Q

what is a neap tide?

A

quarter moons

tidal range is the least

Q

what moon phase do we expect highest tide?

A

answer

Q

what moon phase would we expect lowest tides?

A

answer

Q

what is another term for spring tide?

A

syzygy

Q

what is another term for neap tide?

A

quadrature

Q

what moon phase is spring tide occurring?

A

new moon, full moon

Q

what moon phase is neap tide occurring

A

1st and 3rd quarter

Q

the inertial bulge pushes water which way to the moon? (tides)

A

water bulges away from the moon

Q

the gravitational bulge pushes water which way to the moon? (tides)

A

water bulges toward the moon

Q

moon’s declination introduced …

A

diurnal inequality

Q

the gravitational and inertial bulges don’t rotate around the earth. instead,

A

the earth rotates inside of or beneath the bulges

Q

when is diurnal variation the greatest

A

when the moon is at its max declinations of 28 degrees and roughly over the tropics

Q

what is it called when diurnal variation is the greatest

A

tropic tides

Q

when is diurnal variation the lowerst

A

when the moon is at its minimum zero degrees, the moon is vertically above the equator and there is no diurnal variation

Q

what is it called when there is no diurnal variation

A

the tides are called equatorial tides

Q

what is a small high tide

A

equatorial tide

Q

what is a large high tide

A

tropic tide

Q

what is diurnal inequality

A

the differences between two high tides

Q

what type of tide happens when sun and moon are equal?

A

high tides, spring tides, szyzgy

Q

what type of tide happens when sun and moon are offset

A

low tides, neap, quadrature

Q

earth orbiting around the sun: tidal range is the greatest at

A

perihelion (January)

Q

earth orbiting around the sun: tidal range is the least at

A

aphelion (july)

Q

crests and troughs of tides rotate around what point

A

amphidromic point

Q

cotidal lines

A

connect simultaneous high tide points

Q

tide waves rotate once every how many hours

A

12

Q

what are amphidromic systems determined by

A

basin geometry and the coriolis force

Q

at the amphidromic point, what is the tidal range

A

zzero

Q

what rotates outward from the amphidromic point

A

co-tidal lines

Q

what are the 3 real tide classifications

A

diurnal, semidirunal, mixed

Q

real tide classification: what is diurnal

A

one high tide, one low tide per day

Q

real tide classification: what is semidiurnal

A

2 high tides, 2 low tides per day

the tidal range is about the same

Q

real tide classification: what is mixed

A

2 high tides, 2 low tides per day
the tidal range is different (most common)
declination of the moon

Q

what is the most common real tide classification

A

mixed

Q

whats a seiche wave

A

a standing wave, causes extreme high and low tides

example: bay of fundy the video of the boat in the bay timelapse

Q

what does chemosynthesis create

A

h2s = hydrogen sulfide

Q

what type of organism makes their own food

A

autotroph

Q

what type of organism can’t make their own food

A

heterotrophs

Q

what 2 types of shells are there

A

calcareous and siliceous

Q

what 4 organic compounds do autotrophs produce

A

glucose, carbs, fats, proteins

Q

which are primary producers

A

autotrophs

Q

where does autotrophic energy requirement come from

A

sun (photosynthesis) or inorganic chemical reactions (chemosynthesis)

Q

what are inorganic chemical reactions

A

chemosynthesis

Q

what are giant tube worms

A

most abundant species located in hydrothermal vents
no digestive system
found in rifts

Q

what are zooxanthellae

A

dinoflagellates that live symbiotically within the corals

Q

how do polyps get their food

A

40% nutrients from photosynthesis and 60% from filter feeding

Q

corals take in ___ and give off ___

A

corals take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide

Q

what are coral polyps and how do they capture prey

A

cnidaria use stinging cells to capture prey

Q

what do coral do when they’re stressed

A

expell zoocanthellae and lead to bleached reefs due to rising temperatures

Q

what do zooxanthellae help produce

A

glucose

Q

what are the 2 types of marine plankton

A

phytoplankton and zooplankton

some stay small as microplankton
some grow into larger animals like jellyfish or crustaceans

Q

how does ekman transport help marine life

A

nutrients move into upper water column driven by ekman transport. cold water comes up creating nutrient rich waters

Q

what are the 2 types of phytoplankton

A

coccolithophores and diatoms

Q

what are the 2 types of zooplankton

A

foraminifera and radiolarians

Q

what type of shell do coccolithophores have

A

calcareous

Q

what type of shell do diatoms have

A

siliceous

Q

what type of shell do foraminifera have

A

calcareous

Q

what type of shell do radiolarians have

A

siliceous

Q

what do phytoplankton: coccolithophores make

A

oxygen, blue creamy blooms

Q

what is widely beneficial about foraminifera

A

their arms are used to provide climate proxy data
glacial periods (ice age)

Q

which has glass-like exoskeletons

A

radiolarians

Q

who made the first complete classificatory system for radiolarians

A

Ernst Haeckel

Q

what are dinoflagellates

A

unicellular phytoplankton OR zooplankton

Q

what are the 3 types of dinoflagellate groups

A

zooxanthellae - endosymbionts
noctilluca - biolluminescent
alexandrium - shellfish poisoning

Q

how does shellfish poisoning happen

A

too many dinoflaggellates build up in bivalves

Q

what phylum do crabs, lobsters, shrimp belong to

A

arthropoda

Q

chitons are what class

A

polyplacophora

Q

chitons are what phylum

A

mollusca

Q

crabs are what phylum

A

arthropoda

Q

lobsters are what phylum

A

arthropoda

Q

shrimp are what phylum

A

arthropoda

Q

what does the term sessile mean

A

fixed in one place or anchored

Q

the crown of thorns starfish preys mostly on what phyla

A

cnidaria

Q

some species of ctenophores capture their prey with what

A

colloblasts

Q

what phylum are sea stars and sand dollars

A

echinodermata

Q

what phylum do cephalopods belong do

A

mollusca

Q

what type of cephalopods are able to change color

A

chromatophores

Q

what are the 2 main body forms for cnidarians

A

polyp and medusa

Q

what phylum do giant tube worms belong

A

annelida

Q

what is another word for crypsis

A

camouflage

Q

which phylum can regenerate limbs

A

echinoderms

Q

which phylum relies on constant water flow through their bodies for oxygen, food and waste removal

A

porifera

Q

what are collar cells

A

cells lining sponge interior for forcing water through the body, bringing in nutrients and removing waste

Q

on question 13

A

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