exam 3 Flashcards
Rogue waves form as a result of what 2 interactions
wave-wave interaction and wave-current interaction
Ocean tides are classified as
shallow water waves
The point of the moon’s orbit when it is closest to earth is named the
perigee
what is the perigee
the point of the moon’s orbit when it is closest to earth
what are the 2 primary tide generating forces
centripetal and gravitational
what do centripetal and gravitational forces generate
tides
the center of mass for the earth-moon system orbit is known as the
barycenter
what is the barycenter
the center of mass for the earth-moon system orbit
according to equilibrium theory, the 2 resultant tidal bulges are named
the inertial bulge and the gravitational bulge
What is a lunar day
the time between successive overhead moons
How long is a lunar day
25 hours 50 minutes
Why is the moon’s gravity/intertia bulge larger than the sun’s?
the moon is closer
According to equilibrium theory, how many high and low tides do we experience each day?
two high tides, two low tides
what is an ebb tide?
when tidal waters move away from the shore
when do spring tides occur?
the earth, moon, and sun are all in alignment
what is a tidal range?
difference between high tide and low tide levels
what type of tide has the largest tidal range?
spring tide
what is the declination of the moon’s orbit around earth?
28.5 degrees
rogue waves form as a result of
wave-wave interaction and wave-current interaction
what are the 3 key points of equilibrium theory
- stronger gravitational attraction to moon
- creates 2 bulges
- caused by gravitational and centripetal forces
equilibrium theory: does the earth have a stronger attraction to the sun or the moon?
the moon
equilibrium theory: describe the 2 bulges it creates
one towards the moon and one away from it
equilibrium theory: what 2 type of forces does it create
gravitational and centripetal
what are tides
the cyclic rise and fall of sea level
what is time length/period of tides? short or long?
very long period, 12 & 24 hour
are tides deep or shallow?
shallow
how are tides caused?
gravitational attraction of the sun, moon, and earth
how are tides complicated?
by declination, elliptical orbits, continents, bathymetry, and ocean friction
equilibrium theory: what are the 2 types of GRAVITATIONAL forces?
zenith and nadir
equilibrium theory: gravitational forces
where is the greatest force?
zenith
equilibrium theory: gravitational forces
is zenith the greatest force or least force?
greatest
equilibrium theory: gravitational forces
is zenith closest to the moon or farthest from the moon?
closest
equilibrium theory: gravitational forces
where is the least force?
nadir
equilibrium theory: gravitational forces
is nadir the greatest force or least force?
least
equilibrium theory: gravitational forces
is nadir closest to the moon or farthest from the moon?
farthest
equilibrium theory: centripetal forces
what does this force tether together?
earth and moon to each other
equilibrium theory: centripetal forces
what does this force do?
force that keeps earth orbiting the sun
force that keeps the moon orbiting the earth
what is the barycenter in the earth-moon system?
the earth-moon system orbits around their common center of gravity
odd offset orbital design
which is a faster orbit: the earth or the moon?
earth
what is perigee
moon is closest to us
what is apogee
moon is farthest from us
what are the 2 tide generating forces?
gravitational and cetripetal
what do you get when you subtract the center of mass (centripetal) force from the total gravitational force at each point?
tidal force
how do you calculate tidal force?
gravitational point (minus) centripetal force
repeat at each point
what shape is an “idealistic” tide?
football
resulting tide generating forces push water into what?
two simultaneous bulges
what are the two resulting tide generated bulges called?
inertial bulge, gravitational bulge
opposite ends of the earth
the earth rotates inside these two bulges that are football shaped
what is the time between high tides
12 hours and 25 minutes
what is the time between two successive overhead moons and what is that called
lunar day
24 hours and 50 minutes
which matters more in gravity: distance or mass? how does this relate to tides?
distance
even though the sun is so much bigger, the moon is a lot closer to the earth and distance matters more than mass
what is a flood tide?
water moves toward shore
what is an ebb tide?
water moves away from shore
what are the two types of tides in the monthly tidal cycle?
spring tide and neap tide
what is a spring tide?
new or full moons
tidal range is the greatest
what is a neap tide?
quarter moons
tidal range is the least
what moon phase do we expect highest tide?
answer
what moon phase would we expect lowest tides?
answer
what is another term for spring tide?
syzygy
what is another term for neap tide?
quadrature
what moon phase is spring tide occurring?
new moon, full moon
what moon phase is neap tide occurring
1st and 3rd quarter
the inertial bulge pushes water which way to the moon? (tides)
water bulges away from the moon
the gravitational bulge pushes water which way to the moon? (tides)
water bulges toward the moon
moon’s declination introduced …
diurnal inequality
the gravitational and inertial bulges don’t rotate around the earth. instead,
the earth rotates inside of or beneath the bulges
when is diurnal variation the greatest
when the moon is at its max declinations of 28 degrees and roughly over the tropics
what is it called when diurnal variation is the greatest
tropic tides
when is diurnal variation the lowerst
when the moon is at its minimum zero degrees, the moon is vertically above the equator and there is no diurnal variation
what is it called when there is no diurnal variation
the tides are called equatorial tides
what is a small high tide
equatorial tide
what is a large high tide
tropic tide
what is diurnal inequality
the differences between two high tides
what type of tide happens when sun and moon are equal?
high tides, spring tides, szyzgy
what type of tide happens when sun and moon are offset
low tides, neap, quadrature
earth orbiting around the sun: tidal range is the greatest at
perihelion (January)
earth orbiting around the sun: tidal range is the least at
aphelion (july)
crests and troughs of tides rotate around what point
amphidromic point
cotidal lines
connect simultaneous high tide points
tide waves rotate once every how many hours
12
what are amphidromic systems determined by
basin geometry and the coriolis force
at the amphidromic point, what is the tidal range
zzero
what rotates outward from the amphidromic point
co-tidal lines
what are the 3 real tide classifications
diurnal, semidirunal, mixed
real tide classification: what is diurnal
one high tide, one low tide per day
real tide classification: what is semidiurnal
2 high tides, 2 low tides per day
the tidal range is about the same
real tide classification: what is mixed
2 high tides, 2 low tides per day
the tidal range is different (most common)
declination of the moon
what is the most common real tide classification
mixed
whats a seiche wave
a standing wave, causes extreme high and low tides
example: bay of fundy the video of the boat in the bay timelapse
what does chemosynthesis create
h2s = hydrogen sulfide
what type of organism makes their own food
autotroph
what type of organism can’t make their own food
heterotrophs
what 2 types of shells are there
calcareous and siliceous
what 4 organic compounds do autotrophs produce
glucose, carbs, fats, proteins
which are primary producers
autotrophs
where does autotrophic energy requirement come from
sun (photosynthesis) or inorganic chemical reactions (chemosynthesis)
what are inorganic chemical reactions
chemosynthesis
what are giant tube worms
most abundant species located in hydrothermal vents
no digestive system
found in rifts
what are zooxanthellae
dinoflagellates that live symbiotically within the corals
how do polyps get their food
40% nutrients from photosynthesis and 60% from filter feeding
corals take in ___ and give off ___
corals take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide
what are coral polyps and how do they capture prey
cnidaria use stinging cells to capture prey
what do coral do when they’re stressed
expell zoocanthellae and lead to bleached reefs due to rising temperatures
what do zooxanthellae help produce
glucose
what are the 2 types of marine plankton
phytoplankton and zooplankton
some stay small as microplankton
some grow into larger animals like jellyfish or crustaceans
how does ekman transport help marine life
nutrients move into upper water column driven by ekman transport. cold water comes up creating nutrient rich waters
what are the 2 types of phytoplankton
coccolithophores and diatoms
what are the 2 types of zooplankton
foraminifera and radiolarians
what type of shell do coccolithophores have
calcareous
what type of shell do diatoms have
siliceous
what type of shell do foraminifera have
calcareous
what type of shell do radiolarians have
siliceous
what do phytoplankton: coccolithophores make
oxygen, blue creamy blooms
what is widely beneficial about foraminifera
their arms are used to provide climate proxy data glacial periods (ice age)
which has glass-like exoskeletons
radiolarians
who made the first complete classificatory system for radiolarians
Ernst Haeckel
what are dinoflagellates
unicellular phytoplankton OR zooplankton
what are the 3 types of dinoflagellate groups
zooxanthellae - endosymbionts
noctilluca - biolluminescent
alexandrium - shellfish poisoning
how does shellfish poisoning happen
too many dinoflaggellates build up in bivalves
what phylum do crabs, lobsters, shrimp belong to
arthropoda
chitons are what class
polyplacophora
chitons are what phylum
mollusca
crabs are what phylum
arthropoda
lobsters are what phylum
arthropoda
shrimp are what phylum
arthropoda
what does the term sessile mean
fixed in one place or anchored
the crown of thorns starfish preys mostly on what phyla
cnidaria
some species of ctenophores capture their prey with what
colloblasts
what phylum are sea stars and sand dollars
echinodermata
what phylum do cephalopods belong do
mollusca
what type of cephalopods are able to change color
chromatophores
what are the 2 main body forms for cnidarians
polyp and medusa
what phylum do giant tube worms belong
annelida
what is another word for crypsis
camouflage
which phylum can regenerate limbs
echinoderms
which phylum relies on constant water flow through their bodies for oxygen, food and waste removal
porifera
what are collar cells
cells lining sponge interior for forcing water through the body, bringing in nutrients and removing waste
on question 13
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