exam 2 Flashcards
The sun emits the majority of its radiation in the form of ___ radiation
shortwave
The earth emits the majority of its radiation in the form of ___ radiation
longwave
The peak wavelength of energy from the earth is ___
10 um
The peak wavelength of energy from the sun is ___
0.5um
___ is the heat associated with changing water from a solid to a liquid
latent heat
when atmospheric water vapor condenses to form clouds, ___ is released and the atmosphere is ___
latent heat is released and the atmosphere is warmed
the 3 layers that describe the ocean’s vertical temperature structure are
surface mixed layer, thermocline, deep zone
varying sea surface salinity values fluctuate as a result of what 2 processes
evaporation and precipitation
the greenhouse effect is driven by the fact that greenhouse gases are
good absorbers of longwave radiation and poor absorbers of shortwave radiation
true or false: co2 and H2o are atmospheric selective absorbers that shelter us from the sun’s harmful incoming UV rays
false
what feature most specifically describes a rapid change in ocean temperature with depth
thermocline
the phase changes associated with ___ and ____ warm the atmosphere
condensation and freezing
coriolis deflects pressure gradient induced winds to the ___ in the southern hemisphere and ____ in the northern hemisphere
left in the southern, right in the northern
true/false: the inter-tropical convergence zone is a region of high pressure and arid (dry) conditions
false
according to the 3 cell general circulation model, surface winds are ___ directly south of the equator and ___ directly north of the equator
southeasterly south of the equator, northeasterly directly north of the equator
where are the highest values of sea surface salinity found in our global oceans
tropics 30 degrees N/S
according to the single cell circulation model, atmospheric circulation is driven by
the temperature contrast between the equator and poles
the inter-tropical convergence zone is a region of converging ___ surface winds
easterly
the inter-tropical convergence zone is a region of latitudinal ___ pressure
low
atmospheric surface winds are driven in the direction of __ pressure to __ pressure gradients
high pressure to low pressure
according to the 3 cell general circulation model, a latitudinal band of surface ___ pressure located at 60 degrees latitude
low
according to the 3 cell general circulation model, ___ vertical motion is expected in this location
rising
hurricanes rotate __ in the southern hemisphere
clockwise
hurricanes rotate ___ in the northern hemisphere
counterclockwise
what are the names of the winds in the earth’s tropical regions (30 degrees south to 30 degrees north)
NE and SE trades
according to the 3 cell generatl circulation model, the wettest regions of the earth should be found near
the equator and 60 degree latitude
according to the 3 cell generatl circulation model, the driest regions on earth should be found near
30 degrees N/S latitude and the polar regions
what is the name of the winds in the mid-latitude regions
westerlies
given your knowledge of the vertical motion of air in the 3 cell model, where would you expect to find our plants rainforests
equatorial region
the winter monsoon in india is associated with ___
dry conditions
the winter monsoon in india is associated with ___ wind flow
onshore to offshore
hadley cell vertical circulation consists of
rising air at the equator and sinking air at 30 degrees N/S
how do you directly describe the inter-tropical convergence zone
major latitudinal band of precipitation
western boundary currents carry what type of water in what direction
warm water poleward
ekman transport moves __ surface waters
warm
ekman transport moves warm surface waters to the __
left
ekman transport moves warm surface waters to the left in the ___ hemisphere
southern
ekman transport which results from the wind stress of the trades and westerlies in both northern and southern hemisphere ocean basins creates a __ of ___ surface water and ___ dynamic topography
creates a CONVERGENCE of WARM surface water and ELEVATED dynamic topography
coastal UPWELLING is a result of the ekman transport of ___ water which ___ surface water productivity
(upwelling) WARM water OFFSHORE which INCREASES surface water productivity
coastal DOWNWELLING is a result of the ekman transport of __ water ___ which ___ surface water productivity
(downwelling) WARM water ONSHORE which DECREASES surface water productivity
equatorial __ is a result of trade wind ___ and ekman transport surface ___ which ___ the productivity of the surface waters
equatorial UPWELLING is a result of trade wind CONVERGENCE and ekman transport surface DIVERGENCE which INCREASES the productivity of the surface waters
cyclonic hurricane wind rotation (northern hemisphere) over the ocean results in what 3 things
ocean surface divergence, thermocline elevation, and upwelling
gulf stream warm core eddies rotate ___ and ___ surface bioproductivity
gulf stream warm core eddies rotate CLOCKWISE and DECREASE surface bioproductivity
geostrophic flow travels ___ to dynamic topography iso-heights as a balance between what 2 forces
geostrophic flow travels PARALLEL to dynamic topography iso-heights as a balance between the coriolis force and the pressure gradient force
true/false: thermohaline circulation serves to oxygenate the deep ocean basis and is density driven
true
the phase velocity of shallow water waves is primarily a function of
depth
the period of a wave is defined as
the time measured between successive wave crests
the term “dispersion” is associated with ___ water waves because in that regime, wave speed is calculated primarily as a function of ___
the term “dispersion” is associated with DEEP water waves because in that regime, wave speed is calculated primarily as a function of WAVELENGTH
how is phase speed related to the group speed for a deep water wave
phase speed is 2x faster than group speed
what is shoaling
waves approaching the shore
wave refraction associated with shoaling is associated with ___ water waves
SHALLOW
wave refraction associated with shoaling is associated with SHALLOW water waves because in that regime, wave speed is calculated primarily as a function of ____
DEPTH
what is another term for wave speed
celerity
what is an embayment
a recess in a coastline forming a bay
as wave fronts approach an embayment, wave refraction leads to a ____ of wave crests and wave energy
divergence
surface sea ice formation (freezing)
extracts salt bring from the ice crystal structure which increases sea surface density
which of the atlantic ocean water masses above is antarctic immediate water
B
where can we find the highest density values in the TS diagram above
lower right
which of the following is not considered a disturbing force for waves
surface tension
tsunamis are classified as ___ water waves
shallow
tsunamis propagate across ocean basins at approximately __ mph
500
shallow water waves have __ orbits at the surface
elliptical
shallow water waves have elliptical orbits at the surface, which transition to ___ motion over the sediment at the bottom
back and forth
what type of breaking wave is associated with the steepest shoaling slope?
surging breaker
