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Oceanography > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What formed our moon?

A

Created from a collision with earth

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2
Q

What is the theory of moon formation called?

A

Giant impact hypothesis

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3
Q

What were the consequences of the impact?

A

Stabilized earth’s rotation, created varying seasons

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4
Q

What is our current axial tilt?

A

23 degrees

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5
Q

What most likely sourced our planetary water?

A

First theory: solar nebula contained ice that continues to be recycled through the earth’s mantle.

Second: ice rich asteroids (carbonaceous chondrites) brought water after the collision

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6
Q

What is carbonaceous chondrite?

A

ice rich asteroids, some of the most primitive known meteorites, brought water post-collision

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7
Q

Where did life likely originate on our planet?

A

Hydrothermal vents

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8
Q

What is chemosynthesis?

A

Likely the origin of life on earth

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9
Q

Compare chemosynthesis to photosynthesis?

A

Chemosynthesis: the use of energy released by chemical reactions (instead of the sun’s energy) to produce food

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10
Q

What are extremophiles?

A

Prokaryotic bacteria

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11
Q

What organic compound did the Rosetta mission find on the comet?

A

Phosphorous and Glycine

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12
Q

Did the Rosetta mission prove that comets sourced our planetary water? Why or why not?

A

No, the water on comets had different isotopic properties than water on earth

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13
Q

Describe how our early oxygens became oxygenated

A

Cyanobacteria absorbed sunlight and released oxygen in the process

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14
Q

What are cyanobacteria?

A

Prokaryotic microorganisms capable of photosynthesis, earliest form of life

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15
Q

What is a stromatolite?

A

A mound built up of layers of cyanobacteria, earliest fossil evidence of life on earth

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16
Q

Prior to photosynthesis, how did life collect energy?

A

Getting energy from sulfate

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17
Q

What is the leading theory for the cause of the Permian-Triassic extinction event?

A

Flood volcanism

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18
Q

When did the PT extinction happen?

A

250 million years ago

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19
Q

What percentages of terrestrial vertebrates (70%) and marine species (95%) perished?

A

95%

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20
Q

What were some navigational techniques that the Polynesian Seafarers used?

A

Guiding by the stars/astronomy, stick charts, bird flight patterns, and ocean swells (observed waves and currents)

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21
Q

What were some of the Polynesian Seafareres contributions to Oceanography?

A

oceanographic maps called stick charts, bird flight patterns, stars, ocean swell

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22
Q

What contributions did Admiral Zhen He’s fleet make to oceanograph?

A

(advanced navigation maps, large sailing ships, compasses)? oceangoing vessels with compasses.

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23
Q

How long was the HMS Challenger mission?

A

(4 years – 1872-1876)

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24
Q

What were some of the contributions (first broad outline of oceans, ocean current plots, sea surface temperatures, 50 volumes of research, seafloor sediments)?

A

Described organism physiology in deep and shallow water via 50 volumes of research, discovered undersea mountains along the mid-Atlantic ridge, samples of seafloor sediment

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25
Q

What was the goal of the Jeanette Expedition?

A

to prove the open polar sea theory

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26
Q

How did the Jeannette Expedition fail?

A

the boat got stuck in ice

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27
Q

Where did the wreckage of the Jeannette Expedition finally settle?

A

Julianehab - near the southwestern corner of Greenland

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28
Q

What inspired Fridtjof Nansen to undertake the Fram Expedition?

A

Failure of the Jeannette expedition

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29
Q

What is the Transpolar Drift?

A

Major ocean current of the Arctic Ocean, transports sea ice around the Arctic ocean

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30
Q

What was Nansen able to prove?

A

The north pole was not located on land nor on a permanent ice sheet but that it is a shifting, unpredictable pack of ice

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31
Q

Describe Charles Darwin’s theory on atoll formation?

A

Caused by sinking islands and upward developing coral reef in layers

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32
Q

What is the difference between a fringing reef and a barrier reef?

A 
Fringing = coal grows
Barrier = a lagoon opens between the island and the reef
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33
Q

Why do Oceanic volcanic islands sink?

A

Plate tectonics (even though it wasn’t accepted at the time) weight of coral also causes islands to sink

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34
Q

Where and when were deep ocean chemosynthetic ecosystems discovered?

A

Galapagos Rift 1977 - deep sea vents

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35
Q

What provides the foundation of these vent communities?

A

Chemolithoautotrophic bacteria use energy from vents

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36
Q

How big are giant tube worms?

A

8 feet

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37
Q

How do giant tube worms survive?

A

Chemosynthesis (found near hydrothermal vents)

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38
Q

In what direction do hurricanes rotate in the northern hemisphere?

A

Counterclockwise

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39
Q

What happens to cold water beneath a hurricane travelining across the ocean?

A

Surface diverge forms as hurricane sends heat/air up, surface diverge fills with cold deep water, nutrient-rich, upwelling occurs

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40
Q

What is the tallest “mountain” on earth with respect to the ocean’s floor

A

Muana Kea, Hawai’i

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41
Q

How tall is Muana Kea (the tallest mountain on earth with respect to the ocean floor)

A

32,000 feet

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42
Q

What is the earth’s longest mountain range?

A

Mid-Atlantic ridge

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43
Q

What is the depth in feet of the deepest ocean trench?

A

Mariana Trench 36,070 feet

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44
Q

How old are the oldest fossils on this planet?

A

3.7 billion years old

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45
Q

What are the oldest fossils on this planet?

A

Bacteria-like organism that photosynthesized and released oxygen into the atmosphere?

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46
Q

Where are the oldest fossils on this planet found?

A

northwestern Australia

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47
Q

What is the lithosphere?

A

(rigid, less dense) crust and extreme upper mantle

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48
Q

What is the asthenosphere?

A

(deformable, more dense) most of the upper mantle

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49
Q

Which is more dense, the lithosphere or the asthenosphere?

A

Asthenosphere

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50
Q

What are the chemical components of the crust?

A

Basalt ocean, granite contents

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51
Q

What are the chemical components of the mantle?

A

O2, Fe, Mg, Si

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52
Q

What are the chemical components of the cores?

A

Fe and Ni

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53
Q

Which is more dense - oceanic or continental crust?

A

Oceanic

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54
Q

Significance of March 27, 1964?

A

Alaska’s Good Friday Earthquake, 9.2 magnitude, 2nd most powerful earthquake ever recorded.

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55
Q

What did the Alaskan earthquake reveal?

A

It provided the P and S wave source that confirmed the theories of the earth’s interior layering.

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56
Q

What does “Seismic “ mean?

A

Relating to earthquakes or vibrations of earths crust

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57
Q

What are the 3 types of seismic waves?

A

Primary body waves, secondary body waves, surface waves

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58
Q

Describe primary body waves

A

compression, slinky, fastest, penetrate sold and liquid

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59
Q

Describe secondary body waves

A

snake-like, slower than P, can penetrate solid but NOT liquid

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60
Q

Describe surface waves

A

Ripple along surface, cause the most damage, slowest

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61
Q

Which are considered body waves?

A

P and S waves

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62
Q

Which waves travel the fastest?

A

P waves

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63
Q

Which waves travel the slowest?

A

surface waves

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64
Q

Which waves cause the most damage?

A

surface waves

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65
Q

How do body waves travel?

A

through the earth’s interior in all directions

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66
Q

What are body waves speed influenced by?

A

Density

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67
Q

Waves travel ____ through higher density

A

faster

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68
Q

Waves refract ____ from higher density

A

away

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69
Q

Which of the body waves can travel through solids and liquids?

A

P waves

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70
Q

Our planet has a ____ inner core and a ____ outer core

A

solid inner core, liquid outer core

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71
Q

Our earth is ____ stratified

A

Density

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72
Q

What evidence did Alfred Wegener provide for his continental drift theory?

A

Similar animals and plant fossil found in different areas of the globe, coastlines align

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73
Q

Between the period of 1920-1960, what 5 additional scientific observations were made that supported Wegener’s theory? CMMSS

A
  1. Clear patterns of earthquakes
  2. Max age of seafloor is 2 million years old
  3. Mid-ocean ridges conform to coastlines
  4. Seafloor sediments thickest at ocean edges, sediments thinnest at mid-ocean ridges
  5. Seismic waves slow down in the upper mantle
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74
Q

What ocean geological features are associated with the deepest earthquakes?

A

Trenches at subduction zones (convergent boundaries)

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75
Q

What is the half-life (in Billions of years) for Uranium 238? What is its decay product?

A

Half-life is 4.5 billion years, decay product is Lead 206

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76
Q

What do mid-ocean ridges conform to?

A

coastlines

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77
Q

Where are the thickest sediments found in the ocean?

A

At the edges of the ocean

78
Q

Where are the thinnest sediments found in the ocean?

A

At the mid-ocean ridge

79
Q

According to seafloor spreading theory, new seafloor develops at the ____ and spreads _____

A

ridge/rise

out

80
Q

Whats the source of power for sea floor spreading?

A

convection currents

81
Q

What term refers to the destruction of crust?

A

subduction

82
Q

When was sea floor spreading theory presented?

A

1962 by Hess & Deitz

83
Q

What 3 theories most contibuted to the theory of plate tectonics?

A

Wegener - continental drift
Hess & Deitz - seafloor spreading
Vine & Matthews - paleomagnetisim/magnetic striping

84
Q

How many lithospheric plates were originally thought to exist?

A

about a dozen

85
Q

Who is credited with the plate tectonics theory?

A

Wegener (continental drift)

Hess & Dietz (seafloor spreading)

86
Q

What were Marie Tharp’s contributions to oceanography?

A

Mapped mid-ocean ridges

confirmed seafloor spreading theory

87
Q

What is the periodicity of earth magnetic field polarity shifts?

A

Stripes of reversing polarity; one polarity will last between 0.1 and 1 million years; reversals take between 1,000 and 10,000 years

88
Q

What is the age of the oldest oceanic crust?

A

200 million years old

89
Q

Where is the oldest oceanic crust found?

A

Mediterranean

90
Q

What are the 3 types of seismic waves?

A

Surface waves, P waves, S waves

91
Q

How do surface waves propagate?

A

ripple along the surface

92
Q

How do P waves propagate?

A

slinky - penetrate solid and liquid

93
Q

How do S waves propagate?

A

snakey - penetrade solid but not liquid

94
Q

Convergence and Divergence

A

Convergence- two plates coming together, destroying crust

Divergent- mid ocean ridge, creating new crust

95
Q

Spreading and Subduction

A

Spreading- mid ocean ridge, divergent boundary

Subduction- convergent boundary, destroying crust

96
Q

Creating and Destroying Crust

A

Creating- divergence, mid-ocean ridge

Destroying- convergent, subduction zones

97
Q

Passive and Active (Seismic Activity)

A

Passive- continental shelf, no seismic activity, East Coast

Active- subduction zone, volcanic/EQ activity, West Coast

98
Q

How do magnetic “stripes” on the ocean floor prove that oceanic crust is being created at a ridge?

A

Paleomagnetism: alternating “stripes” of polarity on seafloor. New seafloor develops at mid-atlantic ridge, spreads outward, alternating in polarity

99
Q

When does oceanic crust conform to the earth’s polarity?

A

Oceanic crust created during normal event, when north pole aligned with geographic north, would have polarity aligned with the earth’s current magnetic field

100
Q

Which is spreading faster – The Mid Atlantic Ridge or the East Pacific Rise?

A

Mid Atlantic ridge

101
Q

How do we know the mid-Atlantic ridge is spreading faster?

A

age of seafloor near continents is younger on the west side of south america than on the east side

102
Q

Which magnificent 7 is the Peru Chile trench?

A

o/c/c

Oh its the peru Chile trenCh

103
Q

What are the Andes mountains?

A

mountain arc

104
Q

How are the Andes mountains aligned to the trench?

A

Parallel to trench

105
Q

Howa re the Andes mountains aligned to plate motion?

A

Perpendicular to plate motion

106
Q

Which magnificent 7 is the Juan/De Fuca ridge?

A

o/c/c

Juan was on the OC

107
Q

How were the Cascade mountains formed?

A

subduction of Juan de Fuca plate under the North American plate

108
Q

Which magnificent 7 is the Aleutian trench?

A

o/o/c

109
Q

What are the Aleutian islands?

A

island arc

110
Q

How are the Aleutian islands aligned to the trench?

A

parallel to trench

111
Q

How are the Aleutian islands aligned to plate motion?

A

perpendicular to plate motion

112
Q

What formed the Hawaiian islands?

A

hot spots

113
Q

Are the Hawaiian islands an island arc or island chain?

A

island chain

114
Q

How are the Hawaiian islands aligned with respect to plate motion?

A

parallel

115
Q

Which magnificent 7 is the east pacific rise?

A

o/o/d

116
Q

Which magnificent 7 is the Marianas trench?

A

o/o/c

117
Q

Which magnificent 7 is the Himalayan mountains?

A

c/c/c

118
Q

Which magnificent 7 is the Sumatra trench?

A

o/c/c

119
Q

What formed the Emperor seamounts?

A

Volcanism from pacific plate passing over a hotspot?

120
Q

Are the Emperor seamounts a submerged island arc or island chain?

A

island chain

121
Q

How are the Emperor seamounts aligned with respect to plate motion?

A

parallel to plate motion

122
Q

Which magnificent 7 is the red sea/gulf of aden, east africian rift zone

A

c/c/d

123
Q

Which has rifted the most: Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, East Africian rift zone?

A

Red sea

124
Q

What type of plate boundary is associated with the San Andreas fault?

A

continent/continent transform

125
Q

How old are the rockies?

A

300 million years old

modern is 70-55

126
Q

How were the rockies formed?

A

Shallow angle subduction of Farallon Plate. (Another answer:) a shallow subduction because it is warmer, young. Ridge producing ocean crust, subducting/less dense and less steep causes a compression that elevated the Rockies

127
Q

How old are the rocks that make up the flatirons?

A

280 million

128
Q

When were the flatirons uplifted?

A

65 million

129
Q

how old are the rocks that make up flagstaff peak in boulder?

A

1.7 billion

130
Q

What is convergence?

A

2 plates coming together, destroying crust

131
Q

What is divergence?

A

mid-ocean ridge, creating new crust

132
Q

What is spreading?

A

mid-ocean ridge, divergent boundary

133
Q

What is subduction?

A

convergent boundary, destroying crust

134
Q

What is creating crust?

A

divergence, mid-ocean ridge

135
Q

What is destroying crust?

A

convergent, subduction zones

136
Q

What is passive seismic activity?

A

continental shelf, no seismic activity, east coast

137
Q

What is active seismic activity?

A

subduction zone, volcanic/earthquake activity, west coast

138
Q

What are the 3 primary categories of plate boundaries?

A

convergent, divergent, transform fault

139
Q

What are the magnificent 7?

A

ocean/ocean convergent
ocean/ocean divergent

ocean/continent convergent

continent/continent convergent
continent/continent divergent

transform fault

140
Q

Mag 7: what is the Marianas trench?

A

ocean/ocean convergent

141
Q

Mag 7: what is the Aleutian trench?

A

ocean/ocean convergent

142
Q

Mag 7: what is the mid-atlantic ridge?

A

ocean/ocean divergent

143
Q

Mag 7: what is the east pacific ridge?

A

ocean/ocean divergent

144
Q

Mag 7: what is the peru chile trench?

A

ocean/continent convergent

145
Q

Mag 7: what are the Himalayan mountains?

A

continent/continent convergent

146
Q

Mag 7: What is the red sea?

A

contient/continent divergent

147
Q

Mag 7: what is the San Andreas fault?

A

transform fault

148
Q

What will we find at an ocean/ocean convergent boundary?

A

trench

149
Q

What forms on the backside of that feature?

A

island arcs

150
Q

What will we find at an ocean / continent convergent boundary?

A

trench

151
Q

What forms on the backside of an ocean / continent convergent boundary?

A

mountain arc

152
Q

Ocean ridges/rises are associated with ___ plate motion and ___ oceanic crust

A

Ocean Ridges and Rises are associated with divergent, passive plate motion and the creation of oceanic crust.

153
Q

Trenches are associated with ____ plate motion and _____ oceanic crust.

A

Trenches are associated with convergent, active plate motion and the destruction of oceanic crust.

154
Q

Ridges / Rises create __

A

new oceanic crust

155
Q

Provide an example of an Ocean / Ocean Convergent Boundary

A

Aleutian islands

156
Q

Provide an Example of an Ocean / Continent Convergent boundary

A

Andes mountains

157
Q

What is the subduction angle difference between the plate that produced the Rockies and the Andes Mountains in South America?

A

The Rockies formed from the subduction of younger and hotter oceanic crust thus resulting in a shallower angle. The Andes formed from older and cooler oceanic crust subduction, resulting in a steeper angle.

158
Q

What is the age of the oldest ocean crust on the planet?

A

200 million years

159
Q

Which is spreading faster, the Mid Atlantic Ridge or the East Pacific Rise?

A

east pacific rise

160
Q

Which type of plate boundary constructed the Himalayan mountains?

A

continent/continent convergence

161
Q

What is the utility of satellite radar altimetry?

A

satellites measure gravity by microwaves

162
Q

The basic premise for satellite altimetry is that gravity causes the sea surface to ___ over sea mounts and ___ over trenches

A

The basic premise for satellite altimetry is that gravity causes the sea surface to elevate/rose over sea mounts and sink/depress over trenches

163
Q

What forms on the “back side” of an Ocean / Ocean Convergent plate boundary?

A

island arc

164
Q

What forms on the “back side” of an Ocean / Continent Convergent plate boundary?

A

mountain arc

165
Q

What formed the Hawaiian Islands?

A

pacific plate moving over hotspot

166
Q

how are islands aligned in relationship to plate motion?

A

parallel to plate motion

167
Q

hat are the three features associated with a Transform (fault)?

A

fracture zone, transform fault, ridge

168
Q

which of the three features are seismically active?

A

transform fault

169
Q

What feature differentiates the difference between an Active and Passive Margin?

A

Active- EQs, volcanism, trench, subduction, convergent boundary

Passive- continental shelf, no EQs/volcanism

170
Q

Identify whether Continental Margins are: passive or active

A

active if it has a trench, passive if it doesn’t have a trench

171
Q

Identify whether Continental Margins are: seismic or not

A

seismic if it has a trench

172
Q

Identify whether Continental Margins are: pacific or atlantic type

A 
pacific = no trench
passive = atlantic
173
Q

Hurricanes rotate clockwise in the

A

southern hemisphere

174
Q

he oldest ocean’s crust age is approximately

A

200 million years old

175
Q

Seismic body waves travel ___ through a higher density medium

A

faster

176
Q

Seismic body waves ___ from higher density layers of our inner earth structure

A

refract away

177
Q

Seismic body waves refract away from ___ density layers of our inner earth structure

A

higher

178
Q

Additional evidence for Alfred Wegener’s continental drift hypothesis:

A

clear patterns of earthquakes and volcanoes associated with ridges, trenches, and faults, radiometric dating, mid-ocean ridges conforming to coastlines, varying sedimentology- older oceanic crust (farthest from ridge) had thicker sediment

179
Q

Magnetic striping theory:

A

symmetrical patterns of alternating earth polarity on each side of a spreading center (ridge)

180
Q

New oceanic crust is created at

A

ridges

181
Q

New oceanic crust is destroyed at

A

trenches

182
Q

Twin convective cells in the upper mantle provide a ___ stress to lithospheric plates underneath ___

A

divergent

ridges

183
Q

he Aleutian trench is a ___ plate boundary

A

convergent

184
Q

What convergent boundaries produce island arcs?

A

ocean to ocean plate convergent boundaries produce island arcs

185
Q

Volcanic island arcs are aligned ____ to plate motion

A

perpendicular

186
Q

Island chains are produced by ___and are aligned ___ to plate motion

A

hot spots

parallel

187
Q

The basic premise for satellite altimetry is that

A

The basic premise for satellite altimetry is that gravity causes the sea surface to elevate/rise over sea mounts and depress/dip over trenches

188
Q

The Himalayan mountains were formed by ____ plate activity

A

The Himalayan mountains were formed by continent/continent convergent plate activity

189
Q

What forms on the backside of of an ocean/ocean convergent plate boundary (trench)?

A

island arc

190
Q

How is a mountain arc alignment related to plate directional motion?

A

perpendicular

191
Q

Transform faults are seismically ___

A

active

Oceanography (3 decks)

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