Exam 3 Flashcards
5 major physical changes in adolescence: puberty
- Adolescent growth spurt
- Development of primary sex characteristics
- Development of secondary sex characteristics
- Changes in body composition (muscle:fat)
- Changes in circulation and respiration
puberty begins with a ….
biochemical signal from the hypothalamus, to pituitary, to adrenal glands (HPA axis) and gonads (HPG axis)
gonads increase…
production of sex hormones: estrogens and androgens
Larson and Richards 1998
waiting for the weekend: mood low during middle of week, peaks on friday and weekend
impact of hormones is often…
indirect and dependent upon the psychosocial context
average female growth spurt is _____ than average male growth spurt
2 years earlier:
Girls: 10.5 years
Boys: 12.5 years
sequence of growth spurt
weight, height, muscle
growth is asymmetrical: what grows first
heads, hands, feet
arms and legs
trunk
boys vs girls: changes in body composition
girls gain more fat, boys gain more muscle
circulatory and respiratory changes puberty
- lungs and heart increase in size and capacity
- exercise tolerance
primary sex characteristics
body parts directly involved in reproduction (testicles, ovaries)
secondary sex characteristics
traits not necessary for reproduction (body odor, acne, breast, hair, voice)
menarche + average/range age
first period
10.5-16 years (average 12.5)
spermarche + average/range age
first ejaculation
12-16 years (average 13)
secular trend
age of menarche has decreased over the past century
body rhythms: teens and sleep
- teens prefer to stay up late and sleep in late (PHASE DELAY)
- nightime increase in melatonin begins about 2 hours later in teens after puberty
sleep deprivation is associated with
higher risk of mood disorders, insomnia, and falling asleep at the wheel
high school start time
more than 40% of high schools start before 8am
case study of edina, MN high school students
reported fewer absences, less depression, and higher overall GPA when had a later start time
what plays a role in the timing and tempo of puberty
- genes
- body fat (heavier girls earlier period)
- hormones
- stress
what causes early onset of puberty for girls and what is it associated with
- when parents demands are strict during infancy, girls go through puberty earlier
- associated with family conflict, divorce, sexual abuse, violence
early maturing girls
- unpopular, withdrawn
- low self confidence
- deviant behavior
- negative body image
late maturing girls
- popular
- sociable, school leaders
- positive body image
early maturing boys
- popular
- confidence, positive body image
- more deviant behavior
late maturing boys
- unpopular, anxious, attention seeking
- negative body image
- intellectual curiosity
trends in teen sexual activity
- teens less sexually active
- gender gap in reported sexual activity has narrowed
- very few teens sexually active early (before 9th grade)
early sexual activity (before 16) is associated with
- experimentation w/ drugs and alcohol
- low levels of religious involvement
- high levels of depression
- lower academic achievement
- divorce
risk factors for early sexual activity
- early puberty
- history of sexual abuse
- poor parental monitoring
- single family
- sexually active friends
- poverty
rate of HIV…
are not declining despite greater awareness
1 in 6 teens have an STI
who is at risk of STIs
- boys are at risk bc they have more partners
- girls are at risk bc their partners are older and more experienced
Bearman (2004): sexually active teens in a midwest high school
- few sexually active teens had multiple partners
- however, relationships did not last long
- one infected person in the network of sexual activity could infect the entire school
Gradual development of intimacy in teens
- same sex friendships
- loose association of boy and girl groups
- small mixed sex groups
- pairing up of couples
boys first sexual experience
- often masturbation and later a hook up
- met w/ approval from peers
- described as exciting and satisfying
girls first sexual experience
- with a boy she feels close to and in love with
- met with ambivalence or disapproval
- described as being afraid, guilty, embarrassed
meaning of sex to boys
- more likely to separate sex and intimacy
- view sex as recreational
meaning of sex to girls
- more likely to view sex in combo w/ love, romance, friendship, intimacy
- feel conflicted afterward bc of social pressures and worries about pregnancy
coming out
- 8% of teens identify as LGBTQ
- sexual orientation is fluid during teen years
- LGBTQ youth feel different (6-12), confused (teen years), eventually self acceptance
Martin and Ruble main findings
- 6 mo infants can distinguish b/w voices of men and women
- 9 mo: discriminate photographs of men and women
- 11-14 mo: learn men have low voices, women high
- by the time they can speak, understand differences b/w male and female
developmental patterns of knowledge of race and ethnic categories
age 3-6: aware of different racial groups, focus on physical aspects
age 6-10: shift to non-observable characteristics (language, food)
racial identity is related to what positive outcomes
- lower illegal substance use
- lower antisocial behavior
- higher self esteem
5 major changes in adolescent thinking
- Thinking about possibilities
- Thinking about abstract concepts
- Thinking about thinking
- Thinking in multiple dimensions
- Thinking in relative (vs absolute) terms
piaget’s stage of formal operational thinking
- age 11+
- thinking is abstract, no longer tied to concrete or personal experiences
- hypothetical thought
- deductive reasoning
- intuitive vs analytic thought (dual process model)
adolescents can engage in ___ thought
hypothetical
piaget formal operational stage: balance scale problem
after age 13, understand that balance depends on both weight and distance from center
inductive vs deductive reasoning
- inductive (bottom up): experiences to general conclusion; middle childhood
- deductive (top down): general principle to applications; by age 14
dual process model
two pathways in the brain:
- analytic: logical, hypothetical, deductive
- intuitive: emotional, experimental, quick
Klaczynski: the irrational adolescent
- most adolescents made at least one analytic error where they intuitively jumped to a wrong conclusion
- logical thinking improved w/ age and education (NOT IQ)
changes in thinking over time (intuitive vs analytic)
younger: intuitive thinking
older: analytic
adolescent egocentrism
characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others
personal fable
teen’s belief that they are so unique that no one else can understand their thoughts, beliefs, experiences
invincibility fable
belief that one is immune to common dangers and threats
imaginary audience
teen’s belief that they are the focus of everyone else’s attention and concern
brain areas involved in risk taking
- limbic system: processes emotional stimuli and matures at puberty (ventral striatum)
- prefrontal cortex: decision making and impulse control , doesn’t mature until 25
what gap explains why teens engage in risk taking
tension b/w prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum
albert, chein, steinberg study with risk taking in teens
more risky when teens are with peers (stronger for boys)
for adults and young adults, doesn’t matter if with peers
adolescents: impulsivity with age
become less impulsive with age, but still enjoy the thrill of a new sensation
identity vs role confusion
identity: defining who you are and what you value
role confusion: lack of clear definition of self
identity status interview measured what
degree of commitment
degree of exploration or crisis
4 identity statuses
- identity achievement
- moratorium
- foreclosure
- role confusion
identity achievement
high commitment, high exploration
moratorium
low commitment, high exploration
-healthy path to identity achievement
foreclosure
high commitment, low exploration
role confusion
low commitment, low exploration
four arenas of identity formation
religious, political, vocational, gender
coherent sense of identity at around age…
18
multidimensional model of racial identity: 3 factors
- racial centrality: how important race is in defining your identity
- private regard: how you feel about being a member of your race
- public regard: how you think others view your race
chavous et al: 4 MMRI clusters
- buffering/defensive
- low connectedness/high affinity
- idealized
- alienated
alienated students most:
disengaged from school and most like to drop out
buffering/defensive students least likely to:
drop out, most likely to get through college
buffering/defensive students are high and low on what
- high on centrality
- low on public regard
- have strong sense of ethnic pride (protective) w/ realistic expectations for discrimination
most teens and parents report
close harmonious relations with little conflict
of the teens and parents who do report problems…
most were conflicted before adolescence
relationship b/w teens and parents: most teens….
- feel close to parents
- respect parents’ judgement
- feel loved
teens and family: as teens get older…
they spend less and less time with their entire family
parent-child conflict peaks during
tween years (13/14 for boys, 11/12 for girls), then declines in late adolescence
parent-child conflict is greatest between
mothers and daughters
parent child conflict usually involves:
bickering (repeated petty arguments) about clothes, schoolwork, chores, cleanliness
What do parents and teens fight about
mundane issues, not big ones
-conflict stems for different perspectives
dimensions of parent adolescent closeness
- communication
- support
- connectedness
- control (vs monitoring)
parents, genes, and risks study
- parenting intervention vs comparison group
- no differences in risky behaviors at age 14
- age 16, intervention had major impoact on those w/ short allele of gene
best predictor of health in adolescence is
the quality of the parent child relationship
cliques vs crowds
- cliques: small group of good friends
- crowds: larger, loosely organized group based on reputation (jocks, nerds, etc.)
cliques and crowds functions
cliques: social skills and intimacy
crowds: identity and self concept
selection vs facilitation
- selection: birds of a feather flock together
- facilitation: peer influence stronger for day to day preferences
selection and facilitation equal when it comes to
drug use
significance of crowds and peer pressure peaks in
early high school
declines by 12th grade
risk factors for delinquency in adolescence
- difficult temperament
- low IQ and academic failure
- rejection and antisocial peers
- family and neighborhood
life-course-persistent offender
- early starter
- antisocial behavior begins in childhood and continues on
- at high risk for becoming chronic offenders
adolescent-limited offender
- late starters
- antisocial behavior begins and puberty and ends in late adolescence (21)
- conduct problems stem from peer contact
developmental progression of antisocial behavior
- early childhood: home as training ground
- middle childhood: dual failure (academic and peers)
- adolescent: involvement w/ deviant peers
prevalence of drug use ___ from age ___ then declines after ___
increases from ages 10-25
declines after age 25
drug use: teens vs adults
teens are more likely to become addicted than adults
what affects drug use?
perception of risk
NOT availability of drugs
emerging adulthood ages
18-25
key tasks of emerging adulthood
- leaving home
- completing education
- economic independence
- long term relationship
- start family
early 20s is prime of life w/ what physiological developments:
- strength
- endurance
- sensory acuteness
- immune system responsiveness
senescence
process of genetically influenced biological aging that is universal in humans
decline (aging) is…
gradual asynchronous
-different parts of body age faster than others
organ reserve
extra capacity of young adults’ organs to allow the body to cope w/ stress or physiological extremes
allostasis
a dynamic body adjustment that gradually affects overall physiology over time
allostatic load
stresses of basic body systems that burden overall functioning
diathesis stress model
mental disorders result from the interaction of genetic vulnerability (diathesis) and stressful environment
who is most at risk for mental illness
NEET
Not in Education, Employment, or Training
edgework
refers to occupations or recreational activities that involve a degree of risk or danger
ex: drug abuse and addiction
substance use disorder (SUD)
drug use that impairs a person’s biological or psychological well being
drug addiction
drug dependence in which the absence of drug causes intense cravings to ingest more
who has highest rates of drug use and abuse
emerging adults
substance abuse peaks from age 18-25
delay discounting
underestimate consequences in the future
social norms approach
capitalizes on young people’s tendency to follow the norm (ex: drinking bc others are drinking)
Changes in the structure of thought in early adulthood
- postformal thought:
- thinking more practical, flexible
- can combine subjective and objective thought
subjective vs objective thought
- subjective: personal experiences and individual perceptions
- objective: abstract, impersonal thought
Labouvie-Vief’s theory
Early adulthood: individuals move from hypothetical to pragmatic thought—an advance in which logic is a tool for solving real world problems
cognitive affective complexity
ability to integrate objective and subjective feelings in an organized structure
-increases from adolescence to middle adulthood
cognitive affective complexity peaks in..
mid life
stereotype threat study
3 groups: no intervention, multiple intelligence, effort not innate ability
-effort group changed their views about intelligence, reduced stereotype threat
best predictor of who goes to college and graduates is:
family income (SES)
perry’s theory: epistemic cognition
reflections on how we arrived at facts, beliefs, ideas improve with each year of college
3 factors of perry’s theory
dualistic thinking, relativistic thinking, postformal thought
dualistic thinking
dividing information, values, and authority into right and wrong
relativistic thinking
viewing all knowledge as embedded in a framework of thought
postformal thought
cognitive development beyond Piaget’s formal operational stage.
college in the 21st century study: Arum and Roksa
US college students:
- found less growth in critical thinking, analysis, and communication over 4 years than in previous decades
- liberal arts majors showed most gains
intimacy vs isolation
- intimacy: making permanent commitment to an intimate partner (secure identity comes first)
- isolation: loneliness, self absorption
secure identity associated w/ what
higher levels of love and faithfulness
happiness bump
adults report happiest memories during mid-20s
returning home after initial leaving depends on what
how prepared they are for independence and their relationship with parent (secure or not)
friendship: 4 gateways to attraction
- physical attractiveness
- apparent availability
- frequent exposure
- absence of exclusion criteria
gender differences in nature of friendship
men: shared activities and practical advice
women: intimacy and sympathy
men and women friends: bleske rechek study
men overestimated attraction felt by female friends, women underestimated men
sternberg’s triangular theory of love
- intimacy: emotional component
- passion: sexual/romantic
- commitment: cognitive
sternberg: how to love evolve
Passionate love is strong at the start of a relationship & gradually fades while intimacy and commitment (companionate love) grow
hookups are ___ today; bc of what?
more common, due to adult’s use of social network and dating apps
sex recession caused by what
- sex for one
- hookup culture and helicopter parents
- tinder mirage
- bad sex
- inhibition
secure attachment, romantic relationships
- comfortable w/ intimacy
- not afraid of abandonment
- trust, happiness, friendship in relationship
avoidant attachment, romantic relationships
- independence, mistrust, and anxiety about closeness
- jealousy, emotional distance, little physical pleasure in relationship
resistant attachment, romantic relationships
- seek quick love
- jealous, desperation, emotional highs and lows in relationship
cohabitation
- has increased since 1960
- doesn’t prevent divorce
what is more likely to happen in cohabitation relationships
unstable/churning relationships: keep breaking up and getting back together
