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ANSC 2000 > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

biggest nutritional problem in dogs in the U.S.

A

obesity

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2
Q

first milk, or the milk produced in the first few hours of the puppy’s life

A

colostrum

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3
Q

provides immunity against disease and infections that mother has been exposed to

A

immunoglobulins (Ig)

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4
Q

Ig are consumed by puppy and absorbed as intact proteins through spaces in _____

A

intestinal lining

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5
Q

puppies can only take advantage of the Ig immunity for ___

A

24-48 hours

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6
Q

after the first 24-36 hours of ____, mammary gland starts to make “normal” milk

A

lactation

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7
Q

depending on size of dam and number of pups, ______ of dam can be 2-3x that needed during pregnancy

A

nutrient requirements

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8
Q

milk fat supplies majority of _____ for puppies

A

energy

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9
Q

source of essential fatty acids, cholesterol, and lipids

A

milk fat

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10
Q

bitch milk is nearly __% water

A

80

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11
Q

excluding water, milk is…

A

34% protein
35% fat
31% lactose

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12
Q

growth rates should be ____ g/day per lb of expected adult weight

A

1-2

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13
Q

at 3-4 weeks, puppies must transition to ~80% water to _____% water in dry foods

A

10-12

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14
Q

adaptations must take place in ____ and ____ systems of young to switch from milk to dry, solid food

A

digestive and hormonal

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15
Q

breaks down lactose to glucose + galactose

A

lactase

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16
Q

breaks up casein

A

proteases

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17
Q

breaks down fat

A

lipase

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18
Q

weaning in the wild in it’s final stages is a _____ process, initiated by the ____

A

rapid

mother

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19
Q

inflammation and damage

A

gastroenteritis

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20
Q

the ____ the feeding transition in weaning the better

A

slower

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21
Q

intro or removal or major foods sources during weaning can cause:

A
  • diarrhea
  • gas
  • constipation
  • gastroenteritis
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22
Q

break down peptide bonds between specific amino acids

A

other proteases

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23
Q

for plant starch

A

amylase

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24
Q

for amylopectin

A

amylopectinase

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25
Q

to break down maltose to two glucose units

A

maltase

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26
Q

secrete protective ____ to coat intestinal lining

A

mucopolysaccharides (mucus)

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27
Q

mechanical; chewing (mastication) breaks down large pieces of food to swallow

A

mouth

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28
Q

salivary gland located under the tongue

A

sublingual

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29
Q

salivary gland on each side of lower jaw

A

mandibulary (or submaxillary)

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30
Q

salivary glands located in front of each ear

A

parotid glands

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31
Q

salivary glands located in upper jaw below the eyes

A

zygomatic glands

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32
Q

lubricate mouth and esophagus for swallowing

A

production of mucus

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33
Q
  • first major digestive organ; secretes acids and proteases

- stores food and controls rate of passage into intestine

A

stomach

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34
Q

inactive precursor of pepsin

A

pepsinogen

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35
Q

cleaves peptides from pepsinogen to form pepsin

A

HCl

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36
Q

cleaves food into polypeptides

A

pepsin

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37
Q

protects against autodigestion by pepsin and HCl

A

mucus

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38
Q

required to bind and absorb vitamin B12

A

intrinsic factor (IF)

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39
Q

thick, semifluid mass of food leaving stomach

A

chyme

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40
Q

majority of digestion occurs here

- absorb glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals

A

small intestine

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41
Q

buffers acidic pH from stomach

A

bicarbonate

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42
Q

added for digesting carbohydrates

A

amylase

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43
Q

trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, elastase

A

proteases

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44
Q

added for digesting fats

A

lipase

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45
Q

sucrase, maltase, lactase

A

brush border enzymes

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46
Q

process by which digested nutrients are transferred from the lumen of the GI tract to the blood or lymph

A

absorption

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47
Q

finger-like projections which absorb digested food nutrients
- lipophilic membrane

A

villi

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48
Q
  • energy is used to move substances across the membrane

- for monosaccharides and amino acids

A

absorption requires active transport

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49
Q

breaks fats into free fatty acids, monoglycerides and diglycerides

A

pancreatic lipase and colipase

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50
Q
  • emulsify fats and forms micelles

- small aggregates of lipids emulsified with bile salts

A

bile salts from liver

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51
Q

fatty acids and monoglycerides diffuse directly from _____ into the lipid- rich layer of intestinal chylomicrons

A

micelles

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52
Q

fatty acids transported to ER to be resynthesized into TG and then incorporated into ____

A

chylomicrons

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53
Q

absorbed with dietary lipids

A

fat-soluble vitamins

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54
Q

absorbed by simple diffusion

A

water soluble vitamins

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55
Q

first role: absorption of water and salts

A

large intestine

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56
Q

relatively short large intestine in ___ and ___

A

dogs and cats

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57
Q

transit time of undigested food (varies with fiber)

A

~12 hours

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58
Q

undigested feed such as fiber passes to the large intestine to be ______ and absorbed as VFA

A

fermented

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59
Q

formulated to provide proper mix of nutrients

A

puppy chow

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60
Q

why is making your own puppy chow a bad idea?

A
  • too expensive
  • time consuming
  • often not nutritionally balanced
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61
Q

why is there no need to supplement vitamins and minerals during nursing or weaning?

A

milk and food provide all that is necessary

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62
Q

how many feedings a day is adequate for puppies?

A

four

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63
Q

examples of puppy formula substitute

A

Esbilac

Borden

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64
Q

methods of feeding orphaned puppies

A

nipple bottles
droppers
spoons
tube feeding

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65
Q

How many weeks should you keep an orphaned puppy in a warm environment?

A

2

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66
Q

what is the single biggest goal with growing dogs?

A

encourage proper eating behavior (avoids problems with digestive upset and obesity)

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67
Q

T/F: you do NOT have to have a regular exercise program for your dog

A

false

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68
Q

feeding management goals begins with…

A

establishing good eating habits

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69
Q

after the intestinal lining matures and closes, _____ start to break down lactose, fat, and protein

A

enzymes

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70
Q

after the enzymes began to be secreted, and protein is broken down, the Ig remaining in the intestinal tract will be broken down into

A

amino acids and absorbed. no longer will provide immune protection

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71
Q

at what age are puppies to big for mother’s milk?

A

3-4 weeks

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72
Q

after weaning, puppies begin making and secreting enzymes from the mouth, stomach, intestines, and ____

A

pancreas

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73
Q

how do we wean?

A

present moistened puppy show

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74
Q

breaking down of large pieces of food by the mouth

A

mastication

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75
Q

examples of performance dogs

A

police dogs
racing dogs
hunting and field exercising dogs

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76
Q

what is the goal of feeding management?

A

to maintain body weight and composition

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77
Q

what percent of fetal weight gain happens during last 3-4 weeks of gestation?

A

70%

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78
Q

parturition in dogs

A

whelping

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79
Q

average lifespan of domestic dog

A

12 years

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80
Q

dogs are considered senior at what age?

A

seven

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81
Q

period in which young develop inside the body of the mother, carrying or being carried in the womb

A

gestation

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82
Q

the only major companion species that are true nutritional carnivores

A

cat

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83
Q

two problems in meats for cats

A
  • too much protein

- not enough calcium

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84
Q

cats have a high degree of _____

A

gluconeogenesis

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85
Q

cats require more protein amino acids in diets to maintain normal rates of metabolism than nearly all companion animals

A

gluconeogenesis

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86
Q

acetate is used in many different reactions (cats)

A
  • some to generate energy

- some to make amino acids, fats, cholesterol, some vitamin

87
Q

the brain of the cat still requires _____

A

glucose

88
Q

removal of amino group (in cats)

A

demination

89
Q

transfer of amino group

- occurs in liver to convert amino acids to glucose

A

transamination

90
Q

protein requirements of cats can be __x that of dogs

A

2x

91
Q

cats cannot make enough of _____

A

taurine

92
Q

what is taurine used for?

A

digestion of fats

93
Q

what is taurine a critical element for?

A

opsin

94
Q

what is opsin?

A

a protein for eye function

95
Q

what can happen from a deficiency of taurine?

A

reduced or damaged eyesight

96
Q

why do cats need more niacin?

A

it is important in generation of ATP for energy

- cats cannot convert enough tryptophan to niacin

97
Q

why do cats require larger amounts of Pyridoxine (B6)?

A

it is primarily involved in amino acid metabolism

- involved in transamination and deamination

98
Q

_____ content of urine is an issue for cats

A

mineral

99
Q

problems with infections, inflammations, and Crystallization problems of urinary tract

A

feline lower urinary tract disease

100
Q

what leads to crystals in urine in cats?

A

interaction of urinary pH, ammonia, Magnesium, and Phosphorus

101
Q

what accounts for majority of urinary blockages in cats?

A

struvite crystals

102
Q

at what age do you introduce kittens to solid food?

A

3-4 weeks

103
Q

Queen will start to wean at what ages?

A

6-10 weeks

104
Q

what are the 4 excessive hunger symptoms?

A

vocalization
irritability
searching
begging for table scraps

105
Q

gestation period of a queen

A

63-65 days

106
Q

T/F: total amount of nutrients start to increase earlier in gestation for cats than dogs

A

true

107
Q

why do you use minimal Na, K, and P when an animal is aging?

A
  • reduces urea formation

- lower metabolic load on kidneys

108
Q

sometimes, when aging use diets higher in ____

A

fiber (5-7%)

109
Q

why do you not feed sugar to cats?

A

they can go hyperactive

110
Q

what should you make sure and monitor in cats?

A

pH levels

111
Q

which of the following would tend to grow the slowest during its first 12 months?

  • German Shepherd
  • great dane
  • bulldog
  • Pekingese
A

Pekingese

112
Q

senior animals benefit from what kind of diet?

A

restricted protein, lower in salts

113
Q

how often should an adult dog be fed?

A

totally dependent on the individual animal

114
Q

what vitamin do cats need a large amount?

A

pyridoxine (B6)

115
Q

what are the 3 causes of obesity?

A

diet
genetics
hormonal imbalance

116
Q

how will obesity affect your animal? (7)

A
  1. skeletal disorders
  2. arthritis, hip dysplasia
  3. diabetes, heart disease
  4. cancer, lung capacity
  5. wound healing
  6. surgical risk
  7. decreased life span
117
Q

how do you fight obesity? (5)

A
  1. reduce / eliminate table scraps
  2. reduce feed intake
  3. low calorie (high fiber) diet
  4. exercise
  5. use body condition chart (1-5 scale)
118
Q

what is Canine Hip Dysplasia?

A

developmental abnormality of coxofemoral joint (hip)

119
Q

what should you do with puppies of breeds prone to CHD?

A

keep them on restricted diets while growing

- controlling BW lessens severity and may even prevent it

120
Q

__% of CHD is in dogs

A

90%

2 years

121
Q

what percent of orthopedic cases is CHD?

A

1/3

122
Q

taken when dog is 2 years old to screen breeding stock

A

radiographs

123
Q

what is the OFA?

A

Orthopedic Foundation for Animals

124
Q

3 symptoms of CHD

A
  1. development varies
  2. sudden onset of severe lameness in young
  3. gradual onset in older dogs
125
Q

diagnosis and treatment of CHD (4)

A
  1. finding pain on manipulation of hips
  2. hip radiographs
  3. mild cases: can be managed with exercise restriction and weight reduction
  4. severe cases: need surgical intervention
126
Q

false joint between remaining portion of femur

A

Ostectomy

127
Q

rapidly growing puppies.

  • especially with high Ca and diets high in plant phytates
  • Ca competes with Zinc for absorption from intestines
  • high levels of phytates bind Zinc and interfere with absorption
A

Type 1 Zinc Deficiency in Dogs

128
Q

Zinc-responsive dermatosis,

  • Artic dog breeds most affected (Malamutes and Huskies)
  • sometimes young Dobermans and Great Danes are affected
  • abnormalities in Zinc absorption
A

type 2 Zinc deficiency in dogs

129
Q

what are the roles of Zinc?

A
  1. immune function

2. maturation of cells of epidermis

130
Q

signs of zinc deficiency and diagnosis

A
  1. crusting and fissuring of skin
    - mouth, nose, feet
  2. secondary bacterial skin infections
    - diagnosis: biopsy of skin
131
Q

straining to urinate

A

Dysuria

132
Q

blood in urine

A

Hematuria

133
Q

frequent urination

A

Pollakiuria

134
Q

how many cats does FLUTD affect?

A

10% of cats taken to the vet

135
Q

what does ad libitum mean?

A

as much or as often as necessary or desired

136
Q

you want to avoid acidic urine because:

A
  • leads to excess bone mobilization

- calcium oxalate crystals

137
Q

acid draws __ out of bones

A

Calcium

138
Q

chemical formula for Ca oxalate:

A

CaC2O4

139
Q

cats have a unique requirement for this “amino acid” ,

A

taurine

140
Q

taurine deficiency in cats occurs when:

A
  • fed low quality dog foods

- table food diets

141
Q

taurine deficiency in cats can cause:

A
  • retinal degeneration and blindness
  • dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure
  • reproductive failure
142
Q

major organs of repro tract in bitches

A

ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina, vulva, and mammary glands

143
Q

actual act of heat (noun)

A

estrus

144
Q

channel between uterus and vagina

A

cervix

145
Q

how many mammary glands are typically found on a bitch?

A

4-6. located parallel along ventral abdomen

146
Q

estrogen stimulates development _____ system

A

duct

147
Q

first estrous cycle in dogs are a few months after achieve adult ____ and ____

A

height and body weight

148
Q

ideal age to breed is between __-__ years of age

A

2-6 years of age

149
Q

Canine Estrous Cycle has several stages: (5)

A
  • Anestrus
  • Proestrus
  • Estrus
  • Diestrus
  • Metestrus
150
Q

How many estrous cycles do dogs have per year? and what is this called?

A

2 / diestrous

151
Q

fertility and parturition problems increase after ___ years of age

A

8 years

152
Q

time of reproductive rest (quiescence)

A

Anestrus

153
Q

ovarian follicular activity that precedes estrus

A

Proestrus

154
Q

period of sexual receptivity

A

Estrus

155
Q

male canine sperm takes __-__ days to mature as they travel

A

10-14 days

156
Q

small bone to assist with erection; found in dogs, cats, and primates

A

os-penis

157
Q

enlargement toward the base of penis - swelling

A

bulbus glandis

158
Q

What are sertoli cells?

A

important in producing sperm

159
Q

Leutinizing hormone binds to Leydig cells which

A

stimulates production of testosterone

160
Q

methods of timing when to breed:

A
  1. days from start of proestrus
  2. behavior
  3. vaginal discharge
  4. LH and progesterone testing
161
Q

insemination procedures:

A
  1. digital placement of catheter
  2. trans-cervical insemination
  3. surgical deposition
162
Q

fertilization occurs in the _____

A

oviducts (Fallopian tubes of the egg)

163
Q

gestation length

A

63 days

164
Q

drop in rectal temp of a bitch is an excellent indicator of:

A

whelping

165
Q

nesting behavior a day or two before

  • lasts 2-36 hours (average of 6)
  • vulva enlarges and softens
A

prelabor

166
Q

usually breaks when puppy enters birth canal

- bitch will lick off amnionic sac and eat it

A

chorioallantoic (water bag)

167
Q

placenta delivered ___ minutes after puppy

A

15

168
Q

first bowel movement of a newborn puppy is called:

A

meconium; passed within one hour

  • bitch will lick puppies to stimulate
  • if not, use cotton ball to stimulate
169
Q

common repro problems in dogs:

A
  1. failure to observe
  2. abnormal estrous cycle
  3. failure to conceive
  4. dystocia
  5. pyometra
  6. Eclampsia
  7. Cryptochidism
  8. Prostatic diseases
170
Q

life threatening seizures or death

A

Eclampsia

171
Q

domestic cats reach sexual maturity at what age?

A

6-9 months

172
Q

optimum breeding time for cats is:

A

1.5-7 years of age

173
Q

cats are seasonally poly-estrous - induced ovulators:

A

one cycle in January or February.

cycle ceases in September or October

174
Q

queens almost always ___ pairs of mammary glands

A

4

175
Q

duration of estrus in cats is:

A

2-19 days

- vocalizes in males

176
Q
  • rising concentrations of blood estrogen

- lasts 1-2 days in cats

A

Proestrus in cats

177
Q
  • period between estrous cycles in queens not ovulated
  • averages 8-10 days
  • NO sexual behavior
A

postestrus in cats

178
Q
  • occurs in queens that have been induced to ovulate

- postovulatory follicles luteinize and secrete progesterone

A

diestrus in cats

179
Q

copulation followed by release of Gonadotropic Releasing Hormones

A

induction of ovulation

180
Q

tom cat reaches sexual maturity at:

A

9 months of age

- penis has spines

181
Q

tom cats can have 15-20 ___ in a colony

A

queens

182
Q

average kitten weighs ___ at the birth

A

100

183
Q

an organism that in or on another organism (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host’s expense
- CAN kill host, but overall goal is not to do so

A

parasite

184
Q

T/F: some parasites are immune to parasite killers

A

true

185
Q

some parasites are only in the U.S., but most are ______

A

worldwide

186
Q

parasites are a huge source of ____ in vet field

A

income

187
Q

general diagnostics for parasites:

A
  • fecal exam
  • blood exam
  • Specimen ID
188
Q

worms found in intestines

A

roundworms (toxocara spp)

189
Q

symptoms of hookworms

A

dark stool (GI bleed)

190
Q
  • much smaller
  • suck blood
  • more harmful than roundworms
  • these worms migrate and can end up in the lungs, liver, before ending back up in the small intestines
A

hookworms (ancylostoma spp)

191
Q

T/F: both hooks and rounds can be passed from mom down to puppies automatically

A

true

192
Q

what is an antigen?

A

a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies

193
Q

what is the treatment for heart worms?

A

arsenic

194
Q

where do whipworms live?

A

cecum, or large intestine

195
Q

tapeworms are found in the ____

A

small intestines

196
Q

do tapeworms have mobility?

A

yes

197
Q

an adult tapeworm consists of a head, neck, and chain of segments called

A

proglottids

198
Q

a microorganism that infects the digestive system

  • in water
  • diarrhea
  • small and clear
A

Giardia

199
Q

live in right heart and pulmonary vessels

  • look at blood
  • snap test
A

heartworms (Dirofilaria immitis)

200
Q

baby heartworm

  • modified knots
  • wet mount
A

Microfilaria

201
Q

insect feces (flea)

A

frass

202
Q

how long can ticks live?

A

10 days - 2 weeks

203
Q

which tick can survive indoors?

A

brown dog tick

204
Q

ticks carry what diseases?

A

Lyme disease, Rocky mountain spotted fever, meat allergy

205
Q

tiny, often parasitic arachnids living on animals or plants

A

mites

206
Q

follicle mite

A

demodex spp

207
Q

scabies - skin mite

A

sarcoptes scabiei

208
Q

ear mite

A

otodectes cynotis

209
Q

a group of parasitic worms living in the cecum and large colon of the horse
- like hookworms in dogs

A

small strongyles

210
Q

what causes Colic in equine?

A

tapeworms

211
Q

signs include itchy tail and butt rubbing - horses

A

pinworms

212
Q

foals get what kind of worm?

A

roundworms

  • small intestines
  • resistant to certain drugs
213
Q

Obtobius Megnini

  • ear canal
  • can occur in dogs and cats but mostly in horses
A

equine ear tick

ANSC 2000 (5 decks)

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