exam 3 Flashcards
biggest nutritional problem in dogs in the U.S.
obesity
first milk, or the milk produced in the first few hours of the puppy’s life
colostrum
provides immunity against disease and infections that mother has been exposed to
immunoglobulins (Ig)
Ig are consumed by puppy and absorbed as intact proteins through spaces in _____
intestinal lining
puppies can only take advantage of the Ig immunity for ___
24-48 hours
after the first 24-36 hours of ____, mammary gland starts to make “normal” milk
lactation
depending on size of dam and number of pups, ______ of dam can be 2-3x that needed during pregnancy
nutrient requirements
milk fat supplies majority of _____ for puppies
energy
source of essential fatty acids, cholesterol, and lipids
milk fat
bitch milk is nearly __% water
80
excluding water, milk is…
34% protein
35% fat
31% lactose
growth rates should be ____ g/day per lb of expected adult weight
1-2
at 3-4 weeks, puppies must transition to ~80% water to _____% water in dry foods
10-12
adaptations must take place in ____ and ____ systems of young to switch from milk to dry, solid food
digestive and hormonal
breaks down lactose to glucose + galactose
lactase
breaks up casein
proteases
breaks down fat
lipase
weaning in the wild in it’s final stages is a _____ process, initiated by the ____
rapid
mother
inflammation and damage
gastroenteritis
the ____ the feeding transition in weaning the better
slower
intro or removal or major foods sources during weaning can cause:
- diarrhea
- gas
- constipation
- gastroenteritis
break down peptide bonds between specific amino acids
other proteases
for plant starch
amylase
for amylopectin
amylopectinase
to break down maltose to two glucose units
maltase
secrete protective ____ to coat intestinal lining
mucopolysaccharides (mucus)
mechanical; chewing (mastication) breaks down large pieces of food to swallow
mouth
salivary gland located under the tongue
sublingual
salivary gland on each side of lower jaw
mandibulary (or submaxillary)
salivary glands located in front of each ear
parotid glands
salivary glands located in upper jaw below the eyes
zygomatic glands
lubricate mouth and esophagus for swallowing
production of mucus
- first major digestive organ; secretes acids and proteases
- stores food and controls rate of passage into intestine
stomach
inactive precursor of pepsin
pepsinogen
cleaves peptides from pepsinogen to form pepsin
HCl
cleaves food into polypeptides
pepsin
protects against autodigestion by pepsin and HCl
mucus
required to bind and absorb vitamin B12
intrinsic factor (IF)
thick, semifluid mass of food leaving stomach
chyme
majority of digestion occurs here
- absorb glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals
small intestine
buffers acidic pH from stomach
bicarbonate
added for digesting carbohydrates
amylase
trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, elastase
proteases
added for digesting fats
lipase
sucrase, maltase, lactase
brush border enzymes
process by which digested nutrients are transferred from the lumen of the GI tract to the blood or lymph
absorption
finger-like projections which absorb digested food nutrients
- lipophilic membrane
villi
- energy is used to move substances across the membrane
- for monosaccharides and amino acids
absorption requires active transport
breaks fats into free fatty acids, monoglycerides and diglycerides
pancreatic lipase and colipase
- emulsify fats and forms micelles
- small aggregates of lipids emulsified with bile salts
bile salts from liver
fatty acids and monoglycerides diffuse directly from _____ into the lipid- rich layer of intestinal chylomicrons
micelles
fatty acids transported to ER to be resynthesized into TG and then incorporated into ____
chylomicrons
absorbed with dietary lipids
fat-soluble vitamins
absorbed by simple diffusion
water soluble vitamins
first role: absorption of water and salts
large intestine
relatively short large intestine in ___ and ___
dogs and cats
transit time of undigested food (varies with fiber)
~12 hours
undigested feed such as fiber passes to the large intestine to be ______ and absorbed as VFA
fermented
formulated to provide proper mix of nutrients
puppy chow
why is making your own puppy chow a bad idea?
- too expensive
- time consuming
- often not nutritionally balanced
why is there no need to supplement vitamins and minerals during nursing or weaning?
milk and food provide all that is necessary
how many feedings a day is adequate for puppies?
four
examples of puppy formula substitute
Esbilac
Borden
methods of feeding orphaned puppies
nipple bottles
droppers
spoons
tube feeding
How many weeks should you keep an orphaned puppy in a warm environment?
2
what is the single biggest goal with growing dogs?
encourage proper eating behavior (avoids problems with digestive upset and obesity)
T/F: you do NOT have to have a regular exercise program for your dog
false
feeding management goals begins with…
establishing good eating habits
after the intestinal lining matures and closes, _____ start to break down lactose, fat, and protein
enzymes
after the enzymes began to be secreted, and protein is broken down, the Ig remaining in the intestinal tract will be broken down into
amino acids and absorbed. no longer will provide immune protection
at what age are puppies to big for mother’s milk?
3-4 weeks
after weaning, puppies begin making and secreting enzymes from the mouth, stomach, intestines, and ____
pancreas
how do we wean?
present moistened puppy show
breaking down of large pieces of food by the mouth
mastication
examples of performance dogs
police dogs
racing dogs
hunting and field exercising dogs
what is the goal of feeding management?
to maintain body weight and composition
what percent of fetal weight gain happens during last 3-4 weeks of gestation?
70%
parturition in dogs
whelping
average lifespan of domestic dog
12 years
dogs are considered senior at what age?
seven
period in which young develop inside the body of the mother, carrying or being carried in the womb
gestation
the only major companion species that are true nutritional carnivores
cat
two problems in meats for cats
- too much protein
- not enough calcium
cats have a high degree of _____
gluconeogenesis
cats require more protein amino acids in diets to maintain normal rates of metabolism than nearly all companion animals
gluconeogenesis
