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ANSC 2000 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

evolved in North America 40 million years ago; looked like a cross between a weasel and a fox; extinct 15 million years ago

A

Hesperocyon

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2
Q

about 34 million years ago; larger hyena-like animals with large jaws and strong teeth; extinct 2.5 million years ago

A

Boraphagines

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3
Q

includes all living species of canines

A

Canines

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4
Q

What was the first animal domesticated?

A

dog

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5
Q

genus of dog

A

Canis

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6
Q

species of dog

A

lupus

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7
Q

subspecies of dog

A

C. l. familiaris

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8
Q

Where were dogs first domesticated?

A

East Asia, perhaps China

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9
Q

the point at which the care, feeding, and breeding of a species come under the control of people

A

domestication

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10
Q

occurs when humans become the primary selection agents in the evolution of a specie

A

domestication

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11
Q

dogs have lived with humans for at least ____ years

A

15,000

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12
Q

cats were domesticated _____ years ago

A

~9,000

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13
Q

benefits for humans when dogs lived around them

A
  • security around their encampment

- detection of visitors and act as a warning system

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14
Q

humans adopted _____ as a way to feed rapidly growing populations (food and clothing)

A

animal husbandry

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15
Q

explains how species have adapted to their environment

A

variation and natural selection

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16
Q

What were the behavioral modifications from domestication?

A
  • changes in response threshold to certain stimuli
  • increased docility and adaptability
  • perpetuation of infantile behavior patterns
  • trend to promiscuity rather than pair-bond matings
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17
Q

how many species of the cat family?

A

38

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18
Q

largest species of cat

A

Siberian tiger

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19
Q

smallest species of cat

A

black-footed cat

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20
Q

genus of cats

A

Felis

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21
Q

species of cats

A

F. silvestris

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22
Q

subspecies of cats

A

F. s. catus

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23
Q

the process by which two species evolve in concert

A

coevolution

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24
Q

the major subdivision of a genus and composed of individuals that can successfully breed with one another

A

species

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25
Q

animals having a common origin with characteristics that distinguish them from other groups within the same species

A

breed

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26
Q

how many breeds of dogs in the world?

A

estimated between 700-800

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27
Q

how many dog breeds does AKC recognize?

A

175

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28
Q

hunting and other field activities

A

sporting

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29
Q

scenting powers, stamina to run; diverse size

A

hound

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30
Q

guarding property, pulling sled, water rescues

A

working

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31
Q

feisty and energetic; low tolerance for other animals

A

terrier

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32
Q

diminutive size; popular with city dwellers

A

toy

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33
Q

diverse group

A

non-sporting

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34
Q

control movement of other animals

A

herding

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35
Q

enrolled in AKC Foundation Stock Service until breed accepted for regular status

A

miscellaneous

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36
Q

how many days do kittens open their eyes?

A

7-10 days

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37
Q

cats can see __ better than humans at night

A

6x

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38
Q

what is the dental formula for cats?

A

3131 / 3121

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39
Q

teeth used for cutting

A

incisors

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40
Q

long, sharp; used to seize and kill prey

A

canine

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41
Q

3rd upper premolar and 1st lower molar

- used to shear through food

A

carnassial

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42
Q

which set of vocal chords produces a meow?

A

lower

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43
Q

which set of vocal chords produces a purr and growl?

A

upper

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44
Q

what is the average life expectancy for a cat?

A

10-14 years

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45
Q

which species is ranked 3rd among pets in U.S. households?

A

birds

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46
Q

climbing birds like parakeets and cockatiels would need a cage with _____ bars

A

horizontal

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47
Q

t/f: guinea pigs can suffer from scurvy

A

true

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48
Q

aside from certain plants, list one common toxicological hazard to birds

A

zinc

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49
Q

metabolic bone disease in lizards and turtles is the result of being fed a diet low in calcium or this housing issue

A

inappropriate UV lighting

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50
Q

what are some examples of ectotherms?

A

lizards, snakes, turtles

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51
Q

ranchers have a unique breeding system with this animal involving tunnel systems where the female is fitted with a collar while the male is not. their valuable fur also makes them a target of trappers

A

chinchilla

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52
Q

what is coprophagy?

A

when an animal eats their own feces

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53
Q

what are some behavioral modifications as a result of domestication?

A
  • increased docility
  • perpetuation of infantile behaviors
  • low reactivity to man
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54
Q

what does the acronym CFA mean?

A

Cat Fanciers’ Association

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55
Q

how many breeds of dogs are recognized by the AKC?

A

175

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56
Q

how many total teeth does a cat have on its upper jaw?

A

16

57
Q

define the term coevolution

A

when two species evolve at the same time

58
Q

what is the tabby hair pattern?

A

ticked or agouti hairs + solid

59
Q

what are whiskers actually called?

A

vibrissae

60
Q

what are some purposes of vibrissae on cats?

A
  • serve as an antennae to feel environment
  • valuable in navigation
  • used in communication
61
Q

diluted black

A

blue

62
Q

orange, ginger

A

red

63
Q

chocolate

A

brown

64
Q

lavender, a light gray-brown with pink overtones

A

lilac

65
Q

light brown with red overtones

A

cinnamon

66
Q

dilute cinnamon

A

fawn

67
Q

white + one other color

A

bicolor

68
Q

tricolor; white, black, and red, or the diluted versions

A

calico

69
Q

bands of color on hair

A

agouti

70
Q

mixture of red and black or diluted versions (usually females)

A

tortoiseshell

71
Q

face, paws, and tail are darker in color

- temperature dependent enzyme involved in pigment synthesis

A

colorpoint

72
Q

sole registration body of Britain, recognizes ~100 breeds

A

Government Council of the Cat Fancy

73
Q
  • founded in the U.S.
  • world’s largest registry of pedigreed cats
  • recognizes 42 breeds (40 in championship class + 2 misc.)
A

Cat Fanciers’ Association (CFA)

74
Q

<3% of all owned cats worldwide are ____

A

pedigreed

75
Q

partial to complete tail-lessness

A

Manx trait

76
Q

no tail whatsoever (required for showing)

A

rumpy

77
Q

stub of cartilage; noticeable when tail is up

A

riser or rumpy riser

78
Q

partial tail; more than a “riser”, less than a “tailed”

A

stumpy

79
Q

complete or near complete tail

A

tailed or longy

80
Q

most common order of birds

A

Psittaciformes

81
Q

order of birds

A

Passeriforms

82
Q

unfeathered areas on birds

A

apteria

83
Q

hollow central stalk below skin

A

calamus or quill

84
Q

what are bird feathers made of?

A

keratin

85
Q

what is the part above the skin on birds called?

A

rachis

86
Q

developing feathers are called _____

A

blood feathers

87
Q

____ and _____ grow out of rachis and interlock for waterproofing

A

barbs and barbules

88
Q

cover body and give it shape and color

- include flight feathers and tail feathers

A

contour feathers

89
Q

smaller, lack the barbules, insulate

A

down feathers

90
Q

scatters throughout and grown continually

- barbs from these break down, provide powder to keep the feathers clean

A

powder feathers

91
Q

located at base of the tail

- secrete oily fluid that spreads over feathers when preening

A

uropygial glands

92
Q

rhinotheca

A

upper jaw

93
Q

gnathotheca

A

lower jaw

94
Q

birds have _____ bones to enable flight

A

lightweight

95
Q

bones in legs and wings are hollow and they provide tiny air sacs. this is referred to as ______ and assist with respiration

A

pneumatic

96
Q

what makes the respiration system in birds unique?

A
  • lungs are paired, not lobulated like in mammals
  • do not have a diaphram
  • 8 air sacs which facilitate air movement through respiratory tract
97
Q

terminal end of digestive, repro, and urinary tract

A

cloaca

98
Q
  • muscular stomach that grinds food

- some ingest grit to assist in grinding

A

gizzard

99
Q

secretes chemicals that aid in digestion

A

proventriculus

100
Q

normal body temp of birds

A

106 F

101
Q

aorta reaches to the right in birds (left in humans)

A

four-chambered heart

102
Q

what is the leading cause of disease among birds?

A

deficiencies

103
Q

canaries and other nonclimbers

A

vertical bars

104
Q

birds toes should not wrap around completely

A

perches

105
Q

cockatiels, lovebirds, parakeets, and other climbers

A

horizontal bars

106
Q
  • affect any body system like digestive, repro, circulatory
  • common among birds with outdoor access
  • develop diarrhea, anorexia, and weight loss
A

Ascarids - Roundworms

107
Q
  • grows readily in warm, moist environment

- diffilculty breathing, loss of appetite, frequent drinking or urination, cyanosis, or sudden death

A

Aspergillosis - respiratory disease caused by fungus

108
Q

blue colored gums

A

cyanosis

109
Q

caused by liver diseases, vitamin D3 deficiency, soft food, malnutrition, or trauma

A

beak disorders

110
Q

transmissable to humans

A

zoonotic

111
Q
  • zoonotic
  • caused by bacteria Chlamydia psittaci
  • conjunctivitis, breathing difficulty, sinusitis, tremors, death
A

Chlamydiosis - AKA psittacosis or parrot fever

112
Q

obstruction of uterus or oviduct by an egg

- often result of a diet deficient in calcium

A

egg binding

113
Q

blood level of uric acid (protein breakdown) exceeds ability of kidneys to remove
- symptoms: enlarged, stiff and painful joints, unable to fly

A

Gout - common among humans, birds, and reptiles

114
Q
  • severe cases causes deformed beak; interferes with eating

- some result in scratching and feather picking

A

Mites - causes scaly legs and face by burrowing in skin

115
Q
  • highly contagious virus with no treatment

- sneeze, cough, nasal discharge, gasp for breath, or die

A

Newcastle disease - AKA avian distemper

116
Q

what are common toxicological hazards for birds?

A
  • zinc, lead
  • nicotine products
  • inhalants
  • avocado
  • some plants
117
Q

secrete slimy coating that protects skin

A

mucous glands

118
Q

specialized; secrete variety of substances from antimicrobial and analgesics to pheromones and toxins

A

granular glands

119
Q

glands behind eyes secrete toxins to prevent ingestion

A

toads

120
Q

____ is toxic to frogs

A

chlorine

121
Q

animals that rely on heat from environment

A

ectotherms

122
Q

act of shedding skin

A

Ecdysis

123
Q

what is an inappropriate substrate for lizards?

A

softwood shavings (pine/cedar)

124
Q

difference in physical characteristics such as size and color

A

sexually dimorphic

125
Q

females produce genetically identical offspring

A

parthenogenic

126
Q

what are the 3 basic groups of venomous snakes?

A
  • vipers
  • elapids
  • colubrids
127
Q

what are some examples of vipers?

A

rattlesnakes, copperheads, gaboon vipers

128
Q

what are some examples of elapids?

A

cobras, coral snakes, mambas

129
Q

what are some examples of colubrids?

A

boomslangs, brown tree snakes, mangrove snakes

130
Q

all groups can deliver fatal bites

A

venom

131
Q

tremendous tissue damage

A

viper

132
Q

attacks the central nervous system

A

elapids

133
Q

are turtles reptiles or amphibians?

A

reptiles

134
Q

why do turtles require UV light?

A

for vitamin D metabolism

135
Q

rodent native of Andes Mountains in South America

A

chinchillas

136
Q

active in twilight

A

crepuscular

137
Q

why are chinchillas used in biomedical research of the human ear?

A

anatomical ear structure and hearing range are very similar

138
Q

how many digits do chinchillas have on each foot?

A

4

139
Q

first brought to U.S. in 1954 for medical research

- used an animals models for brucellosis, tuberculosis, stroke, leprosy, rabies, etc

A

gerbils

ANSC 2000 (5 decks)

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