Exam 3 Flashcards
What are the 5 views of animal welfare in order using animals the most to not using animals at all?
Animal Exploitation, Animal Welfare, Animal Protection, Animal Rights, Animal Liberation
What is animal liberation?
extreme view of animal rights, absolutely no use of animals, not even pets
What is animal welfare?
a social issue, with ethical, scientific, political and aesthetic properties.
What are welfare and protection groups worried about when they talk about animal well-being?
Physical well-being - state of clinical health.
Psychological well-being - good health, free of distress, exhibits range of species behavior, and adaptation to environment.
What is the general welfare criteria?
Freedom from hunger, thirst, and malnutrition
Proper shelter
Prevention and treatment of disease and injury
Freedom from fear and to display most normal behavior patterns
Is health alone sufficient enough for good welfare?
no, health is essential for welfare but health alone is no sufficient enough for good welfare.
What are factors affecting animal productivity?
Facilities, manager, climate, nutrition, disease, breeding
What are exotherms? Endotherms?
Cold blooded animals
warm blooded animals
What is the equation to maintain constant temperature?
heat produced + heat received = heat loss
What are the four major avenues of heat gain or loss?
convection, conduction, radiation, evaporation
What is radiation? Give example.
transfer of heat from non-touching objects.
gain heat from sun
What is conduction? Give example.
transfer of heat from touching objects.
pig lying on cold concrete will lose heat
What is convection? Give example.
flow of heat through air or water, blood.
wind blowing in cold weather will increase heat loss
What is evaporation?
flow of heat via vaporization from the lungs of perspiration from the skin
What is the Heat Balance Equation?
Change in core temp = [+/-Rd +/-Cd +/- cv] - ev + heat produced.
What is the range of temperatures where an animal is comfortable (neither too hot or too cold)?
Thermoneutral Zone (TNZ). Goal is to raise animals as close to TNZ as possible.
BE SURE TO LOOK AT GRAPHS.
What prohibits animal production more, heat stress or cold stress?
heat stress
What is the effective temperature?
the sum of all environment effects on the animal, including temperature, humidity, and wind chill
What are the two important functions of the swine industry?
source of food and other products and biomedical research animal model
What allowed for the change from fat uneconomical pigs to lean economical pigs?
short generation interval, 7-12 piglet litter, and nonseasonal breeders
What are the pros and cons of the farrowing house?
high investment, but low labor cost and high survival rate
What are the two main causes of preweaning mortality?
crushing and starvation
A baby pig environment should be ______, _______, ________, and ________.
clean, warm, draft free and well ventilated
When is processing for baby pigs and what all happens?
1 to 3 days
iron shots, dip nose in iodine, dock tails, ear notch, castrate males
When are pigs weaned?
14-28 days
Which management operation is the highest stress on the pig?
the nursery
What are the four productions operations?
farrow to wean, finishing producer, contract finisher, farrow to finish
Explain the farrow to wean production operation.
maintain sow herd and breeding
Explain the finishing producer production operation.
buys feeder pigs at weaning and feeds to market weight
Explain the contract finisher production operation.
individual supplies facilities and utilities
Explain the farrow to finish production operation.
take pigs from birth to market. most people do this (profit)
What are the maternal breeds of pigs?
those which excel in mothering ability.
white breeds.
Yorkshire, Landrace, Chester White
What are the terminal breeds of pigs?
those which excel in carcass and growth traits.
colored breeds.
hampshire, duroc, spotted, poland, and berkshire
True or false. Domesticated chickens reproduce year round.
true
What does oviposition mean?
to lay an egg
What is unique about male birds?
testes located inside the body, sperm lives in the female tract for days and they have a cloaca
What is unique about the hen’s ovaries?
only one is functional
The follicle that is ovulated is known as the ____.
yolk
what is the average time from ovulation to oviposition and when is the next ovulation?
26 hours. 15 minutes to 2 hours after oviposition.
hence egg layed every 26-28 hours
what is a clutch?
eggs layed on consecutive days
True or False. Males are more apt to exhibit agnostic behavior more than females.
true
true or false. a utilitarian point of view regarding animal use would mean the benefits outweigh the costs.
true
true or false. castration of an animal increases their social rank in group.
false
True or false. Your hand could be the first hand to touch the egg you eat at breakfast.
True
What are the main poultry states?
Arkansas and Georgia
What are characteristics of the poultry industry?
major capitol investment, low land requirement, short production cycles, highly automated, highly integrated, concentrated ownership and geographic location
What is the life cycle of a typical broiler?
breeder flock –> hatching eggs –>hatchery –> day old chicks –> contract grower –> processor –> market –> consumer
In the life cycle of a broiler, how long from conception to market?
10 weeks, 7 weeks from contract grower to market
What is the cycle of egg production?
breeder flock –>hatching egg–>hatchery—21 days—>day old pullet (sexed males killed) —18 to 20 weeks—>started pullet –> Egg producer—52 to 82 weeks—>egg processor (old hens used for processed foods–>supermarket–>consumer
What novel was written to bring attention to unsafe food handling and corruption of meat industry?
Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle
What are the slaughter procedures?
- Stun/Immobilize
- Exsanguinate (bleed or stick)
- Remove hide, hair or pelt
- Eviscerate - removal of internal organs
- Final Carcass Preparation
- Chilled
What is the dressing percentage and how do you figure it?
percentage of live animal that is carcass.
(Carcass weight/live weight) x 100
What does chilling do for meat preservation?
slows microorganism growth
What does steam pasteurization do for meat preservation?
quick blast of steam kills surface microorganisms
What does irradiation do for meat preservation?
kills surface microorganisms
What does freezing do for meat preservation?
slows growth of microorganisms
What does drying and salt do for meat preservation?
lowers water activity
What does curing do for meat preservation?
add nitrites and salt
What does fermenting do for meat preservation?
add bacteria to lower pH
What are major challenges for the meat industry?
shelf life, food safety, new product development
What is gregarious?
flocking instinct that sheep and goats have
Where are sheep that are known for their wool from?
Spain and France
Where are sheep that specialize in meat from?
england
True or false. Sheep are completely dependent on man and cannot return to the wild.
true
True or false. Sheep are short day breeders.
true
What is a lambing jug and what is its purpose?
a lamb and mother placed in small pen to bond the lambs.
If a sheep is slaughtered under one year of age it is considered _____.
lamb
What are impurities of some wool?
sebaceous oil, suint, yolk, acquires dirt, and shrink when impurities are washed
Do you want wool with a small diameter or large diameter?
small diameter
Kid goats marketed at 2-3 weeks of age are called ______.
cabrito
Goats marketed around weaning or 4-5 months of age are called _______
chevon
What are the two main breeds for Dairy cows?
Holstein and Jersey
What are characteristics of the Holstein?
black and white, big, high milk production
What are characteristics of the Jersey?
little, brown, high fat and protein production
What initiates lactation?
parturition
What are cells that all female mammals have that make milk?
alveoli
What do lobules do?
carry milk away
What do lobes do?
enter gland in cistern
What are muscle cells that surround the alveolus?
myoepthelial
What is mastitis?
inflammation of mammary gland
How do modern dairies milk?
automatic pulsation vacuum system
What are some digestive problems with a horse?
colic, laminitis, heaves, aztouria
What is a colic?
upset stomach in horse.
What is laminits?
inflammation of laminae of feet (or layers of hoof)
What are heaves?
respiratory distress in exhaling, caused by dusty or moldy feed
What is Aztouria?
Monday morning disease, temporary paralysis
What are the four natural gaits of a horse?
walk, trot, canter, gallop
Describe a bay horse.
body color ranging from tan, red and reddish brown with black points on mane, tail and legs.
Describe a Sorrel horse.
body color reddish or copper-red. Mane and tail usually the same color.
Describe a Bucksin horse.
body color yellowish or gold with black mane and tail
What are characteristics of quarterhorse breed?
american breed, incorporation of many breeds, speed over short distances and used for many thiings
What are characteristics of paint breed?
colorful coat patter, more paint the better
What are characteristics of thoroughbred?
speed over long distance, universal race horse, and Jockey club
What are characteristics of Arabian breed?
stamina, speed and beauty, purest of all breeds, unique look to head
