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Animal Science > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the six step process of reproduction?

A
  1. Produce sex cells
  2. Estrous cycle/libido - sex drive
  3. Mating
  4. Pregnancy
  5. Birthing
  6. Maternal Behavior
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2
Q

What is the goal of reproduction?

A

PREGNANCY

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3
Q

What are some environmental influences on reproduction?

A

nutrition, daylight, temperature, disease

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4
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

production of follicles

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5
Q

What are the 4 phases of the estrous cycle?

What is the predominate hormone, site, and effects of each phase?

A
  1. Proestrus (preparation) - FSH, anti pituitary, grow follicles
  2. Estrus (heat) - estrogen, grown follicles, many effects
  3. Metestrus (transition) - decrease in estrogen and increase in progesterone
  4. Diestrus (quiescence) - progesterone, corpus luteum, calming effect
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6
Q

What day of cycle is pregnancy recognition?

A

Day 17, happens in diestrus phase

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7
Q

Which hormone creates estrogren?

A

FSH - Follicle Stimulating Hormone

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8
Q

What does polyestrus mean?

A

Many recurring heat cycles (cattle, hogs)

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9
Q

What is anestrus?

A

w/o heat

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10
Q

Function of infundibulum?

A

catches ovum

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11
Q

The oviduct serves as a ________

A

passageway for egg and sperm

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12
Q

What are the functions of the uterus?

A

site of implantation and attachment, provides all nutrients for growing fetus

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13
Q

What are the 3 main tissues of the uterus?

A
  1. Amnion - innermost layerAllantois or
  2. Allantoic cavity - extension of fetal hindgut, disposal area for fetal waste products
  3. Chorion - contact with wall of uterus
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14
Q

The stronger the chorion attachment the _______.

A

longer the post-partum interval

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15
Q

What is a free martin?

A

only in cattle, a female born twin to a bull is called a free martin. free martin becomes sterile

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16
Q

What are the three primary functions of the scrotum?

A
  1. Carry testis outside body cavity, allowing spermatogenesis to happen
  2. regulates temp
  3. protects testis
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17
Q

What is monorchid?

A

one testicle is hidden

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18
Q

If the testis of a male are removed late in life it is called a _____.

A

Stag

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19
Q

sperm+_________=semen

A

accessory gland fluids

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20
Q

What is a zygote?

A

union of genetic material

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21
Q

What is an embryo?

A

when young takes form

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22
Q

What is parturition?

A

act of giving birth

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23
Q

What is the gestation of length and act of birthing for a cow?

A

283 days, calving

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24
Q

What is the gestation length and act of birthing for a mare?

A

330 days, foaling

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25
Q

what is the GL and AoB for a sow?

A

114 days, farrowing

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26
Q

What is the GL and AoB for a ewe?

A

143 days, lambing

27
Q

What is the GL and AoB for a goat?

A

150 days, kidding

28
Q

What is the GL and AoB for a dog?

A

62-65 days, whelping

29
Q

What is the GL and AoB for a cat?

A

62-65 days, queening

30
Q

Advantages of pasture mating?

A

less time, low labor input

31
Q

Disadvantages of pasture mating?

A

fewer animals, disease, injury-risk, pasture exposed - don’t know time of mating, time of early pregnancy recognition or birth date

32
Q

What is pasture mating?

A

sire housed w/ dams

33
Q

What is handmating?

A

sire and dams separated except at time of mating

34
Q

Advantage of handmating?

A

more animals per sire

35
Q

Disadvantages of handmating?

A

disease, time, poorer % conception, heat detection

36
Q

What is artificial insemination?

A

semen collected and deposited in dams by people

37
Q

Advantages of AI?

A

most animals per sire, better control of disease, “ALLOWS USE OF SUPERIOR SIRE”

38
Q

Disadvantages of AI?

A

Management, time, some breed restrictions

39
Q

What is embryo transfer?

A

use of surrogate dam

40
Q

Why would one want control of estrous cycle?

A

to manage labor, group breeding/birithing

41
Q

What are hormonal methods to control estrus?

A

extend the cycle by adding progesterones or shorten the cycle by adding prostaglandins,

42
Q

What are behavioral methods to control the estrous cycle?

A

weaning the piglet, moving and mixing, calf removal

43
Q

When was the first animal cloned?

A

Steen Willadson, Cambridge, 1985

44
Q

What was the first adult animal cloned?

A

Dolly a sheep, cells were grown in pitri dish, Rosling Institute in Scotland 1996

45
Q

What is enucleation?

A

removal of genetic material

46
Q

What is nuclear transfer?

A

the transfer of a donor nucleus, remove 1N stuff from egg and add 2N skin cells - get embryo

47
Q

Why clone livestock?

A

produce more consistent food product, fewer number of animals needed for research trials, disease resistance, human medicine

48
Q

What is zoonosis?

A

movement of pathogens from animals into humans

49
Q

What is an antibody?

A

any of various proteins in the blood generated in reaction to foreign antigens - they produce immunity to certain micro-organisms

50
Q

What is an antigen?

A

a substance that when introduced to the body stimulated production of an antibidy

51
Q

What is an antibiotic?

A

any substance produced by certain fungi bacteria or other organisms that inhibit growth or destroy micro-organisms

52
Q

What is active immunity?

A

animal builds an antibody in response to antigen challenge, long term protection

53
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Animal ingests antibodies, short term protection

54
Q

What is the mother’s first milk called?

A

Colostrum, strengthens infants immunity

55
Q

What are signs that an animal is in heat?

A

vocalization, excitement, seek-males, mount other animals/willingness to be mounted, enlargement of external genitalia, vaginal discharge

56
Q

What does cryptorchid mean?

A

both testis hidden

57
Q

Intact and castrated names of cattle?

A

bull, steer

58
Q

Intact and castrated names of sheep?

A

ram. whether

59
Q

Intact and castrated names of goats?

A

buck, whether

60
Q

Intact and castrated names of pigs?

A

boar, barrow

61
Q

Intact and castrated names of horses?

A

stallion, gelding

62
Q

intact and castrated names of chicken?

A

cock, capon

63
Q

what are analgesics?

A

painkillers

Animal Science (4 decks)

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