Exam 3 Flashcards
(226 cards)
1
Q
Red flags for abdominal pain
A
fever, chills, leukocytosis with increases neutrophils and bands on the differential, and rebound tenderness
Abdominal pain lasting >6 hours or the pain wakes up the patient at night
New onset constipation >50 years old
2
Q
RUQ pain
A
cholecystitis, RLL pneumonia, acute hepatitis
3
Q
LUQ pain
A
Gastritis, pancreatitis, MI, LLL pneumonia
4
Q
RLQ pain
A
Appendicitis, ectopic pregnancy, ovarian cyst, diverticulitis, endometriosis
5
Q
LLQ pain
A
Diverticulitis
6
Q
GI imaging for plain flat/upright
A
Ileus, bowel obstruction, perforation
7
Q
GI imaging fo abdominal US
A
gallbladder, pelvic organs, appendix, kidneys, liver
8
Q
GI imaging CT
A
Acute abdominal pain, diverticulitis
9
Q
GI imaging MRI
A
Hepatocellular carcinoma, metastatic disease
10
Q
GI imaging EGD
A
Upper GI
11
Q
GI imaging colonoscopy
A
Lower GI
12
Q
Lower abdominal pain in females
A
Can indicate gynecologic problem–ovarian cyst, ectopic pregnancy
13
Q
Causes of acute abdominal pain
A
Appendicits, cholecystitis, diverticulitis, small bowel obstruction, perforated peptic ulcer, peritonitis, ruptured ectopic pregnancy, PID, ruptured AAA, hypercalcemia, superior mesenteric artery syndrome, acute intermittent porphyria
14
Q
3 s/s most predictive of acute appendicitis
A
Pain that starts in the epigastrium or periumbilical area, migration of the pain to the RLQ, and abdominal rigidity
15
Q
McBurney point
A
Appendicitis
16
Q
Rovsing sign
A
RLQ pain elicited by palpating left lower quadrant
17
Q
Obturator sign
A
Passive rotation of the right leg with the patient supine and right hip and knee flexed
18
Q
Psoas sign
A
Supine patient raises straightened right leg against resistant
19
Q
Perioperative antibiotics for appendicitis
A
Metronidazole and ceftizoxime
20
Q
intermittent and crampy abdominal pain, vomiting, obstipation, abdominal distention, hyperactive bowel sound and fever; pain usually relieved by vomiting, intestinal tube decompression or passage of intestinal contents through partial obstruction
A
Small bowel obstruction
21
Q
distended tympanic abdomen with peristaltic rushes and high pitched tinkling sounds initially but may be absent as disorder progresses; diffuse midabdominal tenderness common; localized tenderness, abdominal guarding, rebound tenderness and rigidity concerning signs
A
Small bowel obstruction
22
Q
abrupt onset of severe abdominal pain followed rapidly by peritoneal signs; pains begin in the epigastrium and spread rapidly throughout the abdomen with frequent early radiation of pain to the scapular areas
A
Perforated peptic ulcer
23
Q
Diagnosis of perforated peptic ulcer
A
Detection of pneumoperitoneum on upright abdominal or chest x ray
24
Q
high fever, acute abdominal pain that can be diffuse, localized or referred; tenderness, N/V, diarrhea or constipation
abdominal distention, rigidity, decreased bowel sounds, diffuse abdominal tenderness, rebound tenderness, guarding
A
Peritonitis
25
Antibiotics for peritonitis
3rd or 4th generation cephalosporin or quinolone
| Decline in leukocyte count after 24-48 hours after antimicrobial therapy
26
abdominal, flank, or back pain with radiation to the back
| Pulsatile painful mass palpated in the abdomen, aortic bruit
Ruptured aortic aneurysm
27
Risk factors for cholesterol stones
female, obesity, pregnancy, aging, drug induced, cystic fibrosis, rapid weight loss, spinal cord injury, ileal disease, DM, sickle cell anemia
28
biliary colic with intermittent or steady, right upper quadrant abdominal pain that radiates to the right posterior shoulder within an hour of eating any type of large meal, specifically high fat
Cholecystitis/cholelithiasis
29
Drugs that increase risk of cholelithiasis
Fibric acid derivatives, contraceptives, steroids, estrogen, progesterone, sandostatin, ceftriaxone
30
RUQ tenderness and guarding and rigidity, distended gall bladder, hypoactive bowel sounds, positive murphy sign, jaundice, dehydration
Cholecystitis
31
Cirrhosis
End stage consequence of progressive hepatic fibrosis affecting normal liver function; serious, irreversible disease which is the result of exposure to persistent toxins and resulting in liver failure and death
32
autoimmune destruction of the intrahepatic bile ducts and eventual development of cirrhosis and liver failure
Primary biliary cirrhosis
33
jaundice, spider angiomata, gynecomastia, ascites, splenomegaly, palmar erythema, digital clubbing, and asterixis may be presenting signs; liver may be nodular, firm, enlarged or shrunken and spleen may be enlarged; fluid wave and increased abdominal girth if ascites is present
Cirrhosis
34
Tx of cirrhosis
Immunizations: pneumococcal, flu, hep A and B
Eliminate NSAID and alcohol
Antiviral for Hepatitis
35
Prevention of GI bleeding in cirrhosis
Administer a beta blocker (propranolol), consult with gastroenterologist, monitor PT and platelet count
36
Constipation
<3 bowel movements per week + passage of hard or lumpy stools, sensation of straining, feeling of incomplete evacuation, use of manual maneuvers to aid defecation
37
Alarm symptoms constipation
sudden change in bowel habits, weight loss >10 pounds, blood in stool, anemia, family history of colon cancer or inflammatory bowel disease, constipation resistant to treatment >50 years old
38
Chronic constipation differential
low dietary fiber, fundamental constipation, IBS, fecal impaction, anal fissure, hemorrhoids, drug induced, bowel tumors
39
First line constipation meds
Bulking agents
| Psylliym, methylcellulose, polycarbophil
40
Stool softeners
Docusate sodium, mineral oil
41
Osmotic laxatives
Magensium hydroxide, PEG, lactulose, sorbitol
42
Stimulant laxative
Senna, bisacodyl
43
Osmotic diarrhea
Lactase deficienc, magneisum sulfate, small bowel injury
44
Secretory diarrhea
Bacterial enterotoxins such as E Coli, laxative abuse, bile salt malabsorption, endocrine tumors
45
Treatment of C diff
Metronidazole or vancomysin
46
Treatment of IBD diarrhea
Sulfasalazine or mesalamine + steroid
47
Risk factors for diverticulitis
Consumption of red or processed meats, obesity, smoking, low fiber diet
48
Diverticulosis
asymptomatic or symptomatic presence of noninflamed multiple colonic diverticula: outpouching or mucosa through colon wall
may have flattened or ribbon like to hard pellet stools; may have alternating diarrhea and constipation, bouts of steady or crampy pain mainly in left lower quadrant and abdominal distention
49
Diverticulitis
complicated disease associated with inflammation in or more of the diverticula with possible resultant perforation leading to abscess or fistula formation
mild to moderate, colicky to steady, aching abdominal pain usually present in the left lower quadrant accompanied by fever and leukocytosis; may be loose stools or constipation and may be N/V
50
Treatment of diverticulitis
May have spontaneous resolution
Clear liquids, limit physical activity
Oral abx: Bactrim + metronidazole OR augmentin or Cipro + metronidazole
Short term low fiber diet
51
Treatment of choice for GERD
Prescription PPI
Prevents acid production at the final juncture of the histamine, gastrin and acetylcholine pathways
-Prazole
52
Barrett esophagus
Infrequent, pre-malignant condition associated with chronic >5 years esophageal injury resulting from reflux
Patches of normal gray-white stratified squamous cell mucosa of the esophagus change into the light pink columnar epithelium
53
Hepatitis A
caused mostly by contaminated food or water; risk factors include crowded conditions (prisons, nursing homes, daycares)
Transmitted by fecal oral route but can be detected in blood
Can be excreted in feces 2 weeks before symptoms
54
Hepatitis C
Risk factors: IV drug use, sex with IV drug user, tattooing, body piercing, alcohol use
55
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Associated with metabolic syndrome--abdominal obesity, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes
56
anorexia, fatigue, myalgias, nausea, fever, headaches, arthralgias, vomiting and abdominal pain; jaundice is rare
Hepatitis
57
most accurate test to determine amount of inflammation and scarring in the liver
Biopsy
58
Chronic inflammation of the lining of the colonic mucosa and the submucosal layer; beginning in the rectum and may involve the entire colon or only part of the colon (Worse in the rectum)
4-10 bowel movements per day; small to large amountso f blood and mucous; abdominal pain, impaired nutrition
Ulcerative colitis
Smoking protective
Friability, erosions and bleeding
59
All layers of the intestinal tract wall are affected; can occur in segments of the GI tract (patchy)
Diarrhea with blood intermittently, steatorrhea, abdominal cramping and pain
Crohn Disease
Fistulas can occur
Smoking makes worse
60
abdominal pain (diffuse or localized to the right or left lower quadrants); spasms, urgency and fecal incontinence may be reported with active rectal inflammation; stools loose or watery and may have blood
Inflammatory bowel disease
61
1st line for IBD
Mesalamine, sulfasalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid)
62
Medications for IBS
Antispasmodics--dicyclomine (bentyl)
| Anti-diarrheals, anti-constipation, antidepressant
63
Cornerstones of antiemetic therapy
5-HT3 recepto blockers: ondansetron and dolasteron
64
Treatment of generalized N/V
Bismuth subsalicylate, metoclopramide, prochlorperazine, promethazine
65
Treatment of nausea associated with chemo
Serotonin blockers (ondansetron), dopamine receptor blockers (phenothiazines), cannabinoids, benzos
66
Treatment of motion sickness
Antihistamine/anticholinergic
| Diphenhydramine, meclizine, promethazine, scopolamine
67
Ranson criteria
For acute pancreatitis
| if >7 there is 100% mortality
68
Most common cause of pancreatitis
Gallstones
69
ABC causes of acute pancreatitis
Alcohol, autoimmune, arteritis, biliary, congenital, drugs, ERCP, eosinophila, formation of tumors, genetic, hyperlipidemia, hypercalcemia, idiopathic infections
70
sudden onset of sharp, poorly localized abdominal pain that radiates to the back
Pancreatitis
71
patient usually reluctant to take a deep breath due to severe abdominal pain; pain worse in supine position; abdominal distention due to leakage of fluid into the retroperitoneum; rebound tenderness are late signs
Pancreatitis
72
Diagnostics for pancreatitis
Serum amylase and lipase
| Rise 6-12 hours after onset of symptoms
73
Management of acute pancreatitis
Early IV hydration
Pain treated with opioid--demerol
Clear fluids when pain-free
74
Causes of chronic pancreatitis
Chronic alcoholism, duct obstruction from tumors, hypercalcemia, hyperlipidemia, genetics, autoimmune
75
abdominal pain epigastric with potential referral to upper back, anterior chest or flank; N/V may accompany the pain; pain intensifies with alcohol or fatty food; weight loss, diarrhea and steatorrhea due to fat
Pancreatitis
76
2 types of PUD
NSAID or H Pylori
77
epigastric pain (sharp, burning, aching, gnawing pain) or dyspepsia; pain usually relieved by food or antacids or have pain with eating
PUD
78
1st line therapy for PUD
Antisecretory therapy
| Discontinue NSAID or COX-2 inhibitors
79
H2 blockers for PUD
Cimetifine, famotidine, nizatidine, ranitidine
80
PPI for PUD
Omeprazole, lansoprazole, rabeprazole, esomeprazole
81
Prostaglandin therapy for PUD
Misoprostol only available agent for NSAID induced gastric ulcer
82
H Pylori treatment
1. Omeprazole + Clarithromycin, then omeprazole
2. Ranitifine bismuth + Clarithromycin, then ranitidine
3. Bismuth subsalicylate + Metronidazole + Tetracycline + ranitidine
4. Lansoprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin
83
1st line treatment for fever
Acetaminophen
84
Differentials for lymphadenopathy CHICAGO
Cancers, hypersensitivities, infection, connective tissue disease, atypical lymphoproliferative disorders, granulomatous lesions, other
85
fever, chills, headache, malaise, myalgia, loss of appetite
| dry cough, nasal congestion with clear discharge and sore throat
Influenza
86
4 treatments of flu
Amantadine, rimantadine, zanamivir, oseltamivir
87
Most common cause of acute diarrhea
Norovirus
88
Most common organism for travelers diarrhea
E Coli
89
Abx for travelers diarrhea
Cipro or azithromycin
90
Treatment of C Diff
Oral metronidazole or oral vancomycin
91
food poisoning 1-6 hours after ingestion
Staph aureus, bacillus cereus
92
food poisoning 8-14 hours aftrer ingestion
Clostridium perfringens, bacillus cereus
93
fever, pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, fatigue, atypical lymphocytosis, may have palatal petechiae, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly
mono
94
pink-red spherical rash at the site of the tick bite called erythema migrans; usually appears within 3-30 days of the tick bite; has a target-like lesion with central clearing that is painful, burning or itchy
Early localized lyme disease
95
Secondary annular lesions, severe malaise or fatigue, headache, fever, chills, regional or generalized lymphadenopathy, migratory arthralgias or arthritis, splenomegaly, neurologic abnormalities, AV block, pancarditis, conjunctivitis, hepatitis, sore throat, sough; occurs within several weeks
Early disseminated lyme disease
96
Spastic paraparesis, scleroderma like lesions, ataxic gait, mental disorders, keratisis, fatigue; occurs months after disease onset
Late persistent lyme disease
97
Treatment of lyme disease
Doxycycline
| Second line is amoxicillin
98
fever, severe headache and rash (usually begins around wrist and ankles and may involve the palms and soles)
Rocky mountain spotted fever
99
fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, night sweats, cough, chest pain, hemoptysis, irregular mesnes, low grade fever
TB
100
First step for TB management
Screening with mantoux test
101
Major side effects of INH
Hepatitis, peripheral neuropathy
102
Sprain
Ligament injury
103
Strain
Tendon injury
104
Fibromyalgia
>3 months of musculoskeletal pain present in 19 areas as well as severity of symptoms associated with fibromyalgia
105
Predominant cause of hyperuricemia
Undersecretion of urate by the kidneys
106
Treatment of acute gout flare up
NSAIDs, colchichine, steroids, ACTH
107
Long term treatment of gout
Allopurinol
108
Gout prevention diet
Low purine, low protein, alcohol restricted diet
109
Radicular back pain
Often have leg and thigh pain greater than back pain; may have numbness, tingling, weakness, reflex changes and root tension signs
Exacerbated by prolonged sitting, coughing, sneezing, bending
110
Medications for low back pain
Ice, heat, NSAIDs or acetaminophen, skeletal muscle relaxants (cyclobenzaprine)
111
Drop arm test
Shoulder injury
112
Empty can test
Rotator cuff injury
113
Impingement test
Shoulder injury
114
Hawkin test
Shoulder injury
115
Spurling test
Shoulder injury
116
shoulder pain aggravated by movement, especially overhead activity and radiating to the anterior aspect of the arm; abduction is painful and weak and tenderness may be elicited over the insertion of the greater tuberosity
Rotator cuff tear
117
increased bone fragility and increased susceptibility to fracture
Osteoporosis
118
Causes of osteoporosis
Aging and estrogen deficiency
| Glucocorticoid use
119
Secondary causes of osteoporosis
Hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism
120
Treatment of osteoporosis
Biphosphanates (alendronate, zoledronic acid), calcitonin, raloxifene, calcium 1000-1200mg, vitamin D 800-1000IU
121
Osteoclasts in the affected area are increased in number, size and activity and cause breakdown of focal areas of bone at great speed
Paget disease
122
Chief symptom of paget disease
```
Bone pain
Often tender to touch and warm
Pagetic bone noticebaly enlarged
Bow shaped bones
May have enlarged head
```
123
Diagnosis of Paget disease
Serum alkaline phosphatase or urinary n-telopeptide cross links level
124
Treatment of paget disease
Biphosphanates, calcitonin, pain management
125
Progressive degenerative joint process; degeneration of articular cartilage layer on the ends of the bones of the joints; increases thickness and sclerosis of the bone plate
Osteoarthritis
126
insidious, progressive pain or stiffness of one or more joints; prevalent on arising for less than one hour duration and after a prolonged activity and relieved by rest
Weight bearing causes pain and weakness
Osteoarthritis
127
Physical exam findings for OA
o Joint crepitus, deformities, swelling, gradual los of motion as condition progresses
o Heberden’s nodes: distal
o Bouchard’s nodes: proximal
o OA of the hip manifests with groin or buttock pain that can radiate to the knee—resultant gait is Trendelenburg gait
128
Tx of OA
Acetaminophen, NSAIDs, tramadol
129
• Autoimmune disorder characterized by symmetric inflammatory polyarthritis and varying degrees of extra-articular involvement
RA
130
Physical exam of RA
o Ulnar deviations, swan neck deformity, boutonniere deformity of thumb
n palpation, inflamed joint feels warm and tender and the synovial membrane feels thickened and boggy; skin may look shiny and have a ruddy color
131
Sjogren syndrome
Commonly seen in RA patients
| characterized by dry eyes and dry mouth—due to immune mediated destruction of the salivary and lacrimal glands
132
Treatment of RA
DMARDs
Steroids
NSAIDs
133
Chronic multisystem inflammatory rheumatic disease
SLE
134
malaise and fatigue, anorexia and weight loss, fevers, lymphadenopathy, tachycardia, anemia, butterfly rash, discoid lupus rash, discoid lupus skin lesions
SLE
135
Management of SLE
Avoid sun exposure
Low dose omega 3
Steroids, statins, NSAIDs, hydroxychloroquine, immunosuppresants
136
Reversible vasospastic disorder that affects the blood flow to the digits
Raynauds
137
classic tricolor changes of first white, then blue and then red after vasospasm ends; can be triggered by cold exposure, rapid changes in ambient temperature or emotional stress; may involve single digits or multiple body parts
Raynaud's
138
Management of SLE
Environmental measures--keep body warm, stress management, strict avoidance of smoking
Vasodilators (nifedipine), antiplatelets (aspirin), oral and inhaled prostaglandin inhibitors
139
Addison disease
Primary adrenal insufficiency
Chronic malaise, dizziness, nausea, chronic abdominal pain, muscle cramps, hyperpigmentation, decreased libido, weight loss, salt craving
Decreased axilla and pubic hair
140
Diagnostics of Addison disease
elevated serum ACTH and decreased cortisol; hyponatremia and hyperkalemia, screen for TB
141
Management of addison disease
Outpatient: oral hydrocortisone, mineralocorticoid replacement with fludrocortisone
142
Cushing syndrome
Overproduction of cortisol
143
Central obesity, moon face, buffalo hump, muscle weakness and wasting, hirsutism, red-purple abdominal skin striae of >1cm
Cushing syndrom
144
o Catecholamine-secreting tumor of chromaffin cells
Pheochromocytoma
145
Hallmark of new onset of moderate to severe hypertension with systolic pressure >170
Pheochromocytoma
146
Management of pheochromocytoma
Surgical removal
147
Leading cause of cardiovascular disease, renal failure, blindness, and nontraumatic lower limb amputation
Diabetes
148
Pre-diabetic lab values
o FPG: 100-125
o OR 2 hour plasma glucose 140-199
o OR A1C 5.7-6.4%
149
Early morning hyperglycemia controlled by
Basal insulin
150
Postmeal glucose spikes controlled by
Prandial insulin
151
Rapid acting insulin
Lispro, aspart, glulisine
| Give just before, during or immediately after a meal
152
First drug for type 2 DM
Metformin
153
Postmeal BG should be
<180 1-2 hours after eating
154
Routine labs for DM
HbA1C every 3 months, yearly urinary microalbumin and urinalysis, BUN, Cr, ophthamology, lipid profile
155
After initiating lipid lowering drugs, a second panel should be obtained in
4-12 weeks
| Initial test of liver fx before beginning statins
156
Most sensitive indicator of overall thyroid function
TSH
157
If TSH abnormal,
A free T4 should be obtained
158
Most common cause of goiter in the world
Iodine deficiency
159
Most common cause of hyperthyroidism
Graves disease
160
Drug induced hyperthyroidism
Amiodarone, interferon alfa, lithium
161
Management of tremors and palpitations in Graves
Propranolol or atenolol
162
Thiamide therapy for hyperthyroidism
Methimazole and PTU
| Baseline CBC and liver function tests
163
Pregnancy and thiamides
PTU limited to first trimester
164
Management of hypothyroidism
Levothyroxine
Check TSH every 6 weeks until stable and then every 6-12 months
Take 2 hours before or 4 hours after food
Monitor BG levels
165
Incontinence and aging
Not considered normal at any age
166
loss of urine associated with activities that increase intra-abdominal pressure
Stress incontinence
167
involuntary loss of urine usually preceded by a strong, unexpected urge to void
Urge incontinence
| Overactive bladder
168
involuntary loss of urine associated with incomplete emptying
Overflow incontinence
169
Tx of stress incontinence
Timed voiding, smoking cessation, weight loss, pelvic muscle exercises, bowel management
Alpha agonists, TCAs, estrogen
170
Tx of urge incontinence
Bladder training, scheduled voiding, bladder irritant minimization, urge suppression
Anticholinergic-antimuscarinics (Oxybutynin)
171
Tx of overflow incontinence
Timed voiding, clean intermittent catheterization
| Alpha 1 blockers, 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors
172
Main mediator of prostate growth
DHT
173
Management of BPH
alpha blockers: terazosin, dozazosin
| 5-alpha reductase inhibitors: dustaseride and finasteride (may take 6-12 months)
174
Most common sign of bladder cancer
Hematuria
175
Hallmark clinical signs of CKD
Decreased GFR, increased serum Cr and albumin in urine
176
Management of ED
Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors: enhance effects of NO and block degradation of cGMP; do not initiate an erection--sildenafil, vardenafi, tadalafil
177
increased frequency, urgency, dysuria, suprapubic pain, odorous urine, hematuria occasionally
UTI
178
Management of UTI
Nitrofurantoin
Cephalexin
Amoxicillin
Augmentin
179
Tx of chlamydia
Azithromycin 1g or doxycycline
180
Tx of gonorrhea
Ceftriaxone IM + azithromycin or doxycycline
181
Tx of syphilis
Penicillin
182
Tx of herpes
Acyclovir
183
Discoid rash
Present in SLE
184
Lachman test
Identifies integrity of ACL
with the knee flexed 20-30°, the tibia is displaced anteriorly relative to the femur; a soft endpoint or greater than 4 mm of displacement is positive (abnormal)
185
Anterior drawer test
Identify integrity of ACL
186
Bouchard node
RA; proximal interphalangeal joints
187
Heberdens nodes
RA; distal interphalangeal joints
188
Dawn phenomenon
abnormal early morning increase in blood sugar (between 2 and 8am)
189
Somogyi effect
rebound hyperglycemia after an episode of hypoglycemia when sleeping
190
Murphy's sign
palpate gallbladder medial to midclavicular line while patient lying supine; tests for cholecystitis
191
McBurney's sign
tests for appendicitis
192
Bulls eye rash
Lyme disease
193
TB PPD >5mm is positive for
recent contact with active TB patient, nodular or fibrotic changes in chest X ray, organ transplant
194
PPD >10mm positive for
recent antivirals, IV drug use, congregate settings, mycobacteriology lab personnel, comorbid conditions, children <4, infants, children and adolescents exposed to high risk categories
195
PPD >15mm positive for
Persons with no known risk factors for TB
196
Phenazopyridine
Analgesia used to treat dysuria
197
Normal TSH
0.4-4
198
When to repeat C4 count in hIV
every 3-4 months
199
how much carbs to give if hypoglycemic
15g
200
hematuria
Defined as >3RBC per high power field
201
Proteinuria value
>150mg per day
| 30-150mg per day is early renal disease
202
Most accurate way to quantify protein in urine
24 hour urine collection
203
Bence jones protein associated with
multiple myeloma
204
Transient urinary incontinence related to
Delirium, infection, medications, underlying systemic illness
205
overflow incontinence causes
DM, injuries to sacral cord, outlet obstruction
206
Causes of stress incontinence
Laxity of pelvic floor, bladder outlet or sphincter weakness
207
Do not prescribe Bactrim for UTI if
Resistance >20% E Coli
208
Sudden onset fever, shaking, chills, N/V, unilateral or localized flank pain, fatigue, diarrhea
Pyelonephritis
209
Urinalysis positive for.... in pyelonephritis
Bacteria, proteinuria, leukocyte esterase, urinary nitrites, hematuria, pyuria, WBC casts
210
Diagnostic for pyelonephritis
Presence of WBC casts
211
Most common kidney stones
MoCalcium oxalate or calcium phosphate
212
Struvite stones
Found predominantly in women; associated with UTI; occur when urine is alkaline
213
Oxalate rich foods
beets, black tea, chocolate, lamb, nuts, rhubarb, spinach
214
Purine rich food
Red meat, seafood, poultry, legumes, whole grains, alcohol
215
sudden and rapid deteriotation of renal function, resulting in an accumulation of nitrogenous wastes
Acute renal failure
| Often completely reversible
216
Most common causes of AKI
Intrarenal causes by nephrotoxins
| Decreased blood flow to the kidneys
217
Phases of acute renal failure
Initiation
Maintenance/oliguric
Recovery: diuresis common; may have plyuria
218
Common cause of intrarenal failure
Acute tubular necrosis
219
Hallmark signs of renal failure
Decreased GFR
| Increased serum Cr and albuminuria
220
Treatment of prostatitis
Fluoroquinolone
| Bactrim or doxycycline
221
Treatment of nonbacterial prostatitis
may benefit from eyrthromycin, bactrim or fluoroquinolone
222
Screening for syphilis
RPR
223
Causes of epididymitis
STI
224
What will relieve pain with epididymitis
Elevaiton of testes
225
Tx of epididymitis
One time dose of ceftriaxone IM and doxycycline
| Cipro or Bactrim if not STI
226
Nonpharm tx of epididymitis
Bed rest with scrotal eelvation; ice pack or warm compresses, avoidance of physical straining
