Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Behavioral Neuroscience > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

two hypotheses for functions of default network

A
  1. sentinel: always be aware of our surroundings

2. internal mentation: thinking, remembering, and envisioning future events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

two types of attention

A

exogenous (bottom-up) & endogenous (top-down)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

attention enhances responses of neurons in what cortex

A

many areas, but especially parietal, where it was shown that response is enhanced if the target presentation is followed by a saccade to the target. V4 also showed the same thing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pulvinar nucleus

A

in thalamus, provides input to V4 and IT. may aid ability to focus attention on objects in contralateral field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

frontal eye field

A

organized by motor fields, which controls saccades to a specific place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

lateral intraparietal cortex

A

constructs a priority map based off of bottom up and top down inputs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what do lesions to LIP (lateral intraparietal cortex) lead to

A

neglect syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what’s the attention network called and what are some things it contains

A

frontoparietal attention network
lPFC, FEF, LIP, V4, V1, V2, pulvinar and superior colliculus
behavioral goals = established in frontal and parietal areas, priority map create in LIP and FEF, and modulation of visual areas enhances perception of selected objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

neural correlates of consciousness

A

minimal neuronal events sufficient for a specific conscious percept

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where are effects of binocular rivalry seen

A

inferotemporal cortex (IT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does an eeg measure

A

voltage generated by currents that flow. during excitation of dendrites of pyramidal neurons in cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

meg vs eeg vs fmri

A

meg is better at localizing sources of neural activity, especially deep ones. Both eeg and meg can record faster fluctuations of neural activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

kinds and ranges of oscillations

A
  1. delta (<4) deep sleep
  2. theta (4-7)
  3. alpha (8-13) quiet waking
  4. beta (15-30)
  5. gamma (30-90) attention
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

2 methods of generating synchrony

A
  1. pacemaker cell

2. mutual excitation and inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what structure acts as a pacemaker

A

thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how does a two neuron oscillator work

A

constant active input to an e cell, which synapses onto an I cell, which synapses back onto the e cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

atonia

A

loss of ability to move skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

waves during REM vs non REM sleep

A

REM: very fast, like in an awake brain, uses more oxygen than when awake and concentrating, sympathetic NS
non-REM: slow waves, parasympathetic NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how many stages of sleep

A

4, more REM as night progresses, cycle is about 90 minutes long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

two theories of sleep

A
  1. restoration

2. adaptation for conserving energy or staying out of harms way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

why do we dream

A
  1. activation-synthesis hypothesis: pontine neurons activate random stuff and cortex tries to synthesize it
  2. consolidation of memories
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how long do humans free run for

A

at first, about 25 hours, but eventually can get to 30-36 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

can the body have more than one biological clock

A

yes, sleeping/waking and temperature can be uncoupled from one another at their own pace

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

name for biological clock

A

suprachiasmatic nuclei. however, doesn’t really regulate sleep which appears to regulate itself based on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

james-lange theory of emotion

A

we experience emotion in response to physiological changes in our body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

cannon-bard theory of emotion

A

emotions can occur without physiological changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

unconscious emotion

A

we can have physiological responses to stimuli without even being conscious of them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

broca’s limbic lobe

A

group of cortical areas bordering corpus callosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

papez circuit aka limbic system

A

cingulate cortex determines emotional experience, which feeds to hippocampus, which feeds through fornix to HT, which governs emotional expression. HT goes through anterior nuclei of thalamus back to cingulate cortex. cingulate cortex also interacts both ways with neocortex, which is responsible for emotional coloring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

basic theories of emotion

A

anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are unique and innate across cultures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

dimensional theories of emotions

A

emotions can be broken down into different dimensions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

psychological constructionist theories of emotions

A

emotions are constructed from psychological components like language, attention, and internal and external sensations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

where is amygdala

A

in temporal lobe just below that one sulcus. medial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

groups within the amygdala

A

basolateral nuclei (where info comes in), corticomedial nuclei, and central nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

amygdala is very connected to what

A

hypothalamus

36
Q

what does amygdala control

A

fear and aggression, visual recognition of some emotions, and learned fear

37
Q

where does amygdala get inputs and outputs from in learned fear

A

inputs: somatosensory and sensory cortices to BL nuclei
outputs: from central nucleus to HT (autonomic response), brain stem (behavioral response), and cerebral cortex (emotional experience)

38
Q

neurobiology of aggression

A

cerebral cortex lesions cause sham rage. posterior HT may be particularly influential in this, and is probably normally inhibited by telencephalon. HT then influences ventral segmental area and periaqueductal gray matter

39
Q

serotonin deficiency hypothesis

A

lack of serotonin causes aggression

40
Q

HPA axis

A

HT releases CRH, AP releases ACTH, adrenal gland releases cortisol. hippocampal activation also suppresses CRH release

41
Q

amygdala controls what

A

HT, periaqueductal gray matter (avoidance behavior), and other systems (increased vigilance)

42
Q

gluticorticoid receptors

A

hippocampus contains them, help regulate negative feedback

43
Q

benzodiazepines

A

make GABA much more effective

44
Q

HPA theory of anxiety/depression

A

in depressed patients, feedback of hippocampus to HPA is disrupted. glutocorticoid receptors are regulated by early sensory experience

45
Q

what brain region is associated with depression

A

anterior cingulate cortex

46
Q

antidepressant drugs

A
  • tricyclic compounds which do a bunch of stuff but also block reuptake of NE and ser
  • SSRIs
  • NE and 5-HT selective reuptake inhibitors
  • MAO inhibitors, reduce enzymatic degradation of ser and NE
47
Q

dopamine hypothesis

A

too much dopamine in SZ

48
Q

glutamate hypothesis

A

inhibition of NMDA receptors in SZ

49
Q

three steps of homeostasis behavior

A
  1. humoral response (HT neurons respond to signals by controlling pituitary hormones)
  2. visceromotor response (HT neurons adjust balance of sympa and para outputs of ANS)
  3. somatic motor response (lateral HT incites behavioral response)
50
Q

two forms energy is stored in

A

glycogen (found in liver and muscle) and triglycerides (adipose tissue)

51
Q

anabolism

A

assembly of macromolecules from simple precursors

52
Q

catabolism

A

breaking down complex macromolecules

53
Q

lipostatic hypothesis

A

brain monitors amount of body fat and acts to defend this energy store from changes

54
Q

leptin

A

released by fat cells and acts directly on HT neurons to decrease appetite

55
Q

legions of lateral HT cause

A

anorexia

56
Q

lesions of ventromedial HT cause

A

obesity

57
Q

total fed pathway

A

fat cells release leptin, activates arcuate nucleus, releases alphaMSH and CART, which activates paraventricular nucleus, which regulates TSH & ACTH to increase metabolism

58
Q

other projections

A

arcuate nucleus projects directly to spinal cord and lateral HT to inhibit feeding behaviors, paraventricular nucleus also projects to brain stem and spinal cords

59
Q

anoretic peptide

A

diminish appetite

60
Q

orexigenic peptides

A

increase appetite

61
Q

AgRP and alphaMSH are

A

antagonistic NTs, bind to MC4 receptor

62
Q

three phases of eating

A
  1. cephalic (sight and smell trigger hunger)
  2. gastric (chewing and swallowing)
  3. substrate (nutrients absorbed)
63
Q

ghrelin

A

released into bloodstream when stomach is empty

64
Q

vagus nerve

A

extends from stomach wall to brain and activates nucleus of the solitary tract in medulla to inhibit eating

65
Q

cholecystokinin

A

released in response to stimulation of intestines by fatty foods, acts on vagal axons

66
Q

insulin

A

triggers cell uptake of glucose. rises after start of each of the three phases

67
Q

does dopamine control liking food or wanting it

A

wanting it: dopamine is more involved in reward prediction

68
Q

serotonin response to food

A

rise in anticipation and spike during a meal, then decrease, especially with carbs. elevated baseline serotonin decreases appetite

69
Q

volumetric thirst

A

thirst triggered by decrease in blood volume. vasopressin (ADH) is released bc of reduced blood flow to kidneys and mechanoreceptors in heart. also stimulates ANS to constrict arterioles and motivate behavior

70
Q

osmometric thirst

A

thirst triggered by hypertonicity of blood. sensed by vascular organ of lamina terminalis (OVLT) which directly excites the cells that secretes ADH

71
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

no ADH secreting neurons, so lots of thirst and urination

72
Q

where are neurons for temperature homeostasis

A

anterior HT. fall in temperature stimulates TSH release

73
Q

periventricular zone of hypothalamus

A

where deviations from optimal range are detected

74
Q

prandial state

A

blood is filled with nutrients after a meal

75
Q

what organ is affected by rabies

A

hippocampus

76
Q

two major pathways that connect amygdala to hypothalamus

A

ventral amygdalofugal pathway and stria terminalis

77
Q

two major pathways that connect the hypothalamus to the brain stem

A

medial forebrain bundle (projects to ventral segmental area in midbrain and stimulates predatory aggression) & dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (projects to periaqueductal gray matter for affective aggression)

78
Q

adenosine in sleep

A

caffeine is an antagonist of the adenosine receptor, so adenosine promotes sleep. how? it inhibits stuff like ACh, NE, and serotonin which promote wakefulness

79
Q

nitric oxide

A

triggers release of adenosine

80
Q

muramyl dipeptide

A

cause fever and stimulate immune cells usually, but in sleep-deprived goats it facilitated sleep

81
Q

interleukin-1

A

a cytokine, which is a small signaling peptide involved in immune system. promotes sleep

82
Q

melatonin

A

derivative of tryptophan, only released at night

83
Q

melanopsin

A

photopigment in light sensitive ganglion cells that feed directly to suprachiasmatic nucleus

84
Q

clock gene

A

transcribed to mRNA, then protein, the protein decreases gene expression, but eventually more gene expression starts. this cycle takes about 24 hours

85
Q

default mode network includes what regions

A

posterior cingulate cortex, mPFC, precuneus, angular gyrus

86
Q

attention and voluntary movement associated with which direction

A

lateral

Behavioral Neuroscience (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions