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Behavioral Neuroscience > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

fxn of glia

A

insulate support and nourish neurons

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2
Q

nissl stain

A

stains nuclei of all cells as well as a clump surrounding nuclei called a nissl body aka rough ER

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3
Q

Golgi stain

A

stains a small portion of neurons completely

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4
Q

golgi vs cajal views

A

golgi: everything is connected
cajal: no they’re not (neuron doctrine)

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5
Q

how many ATP per pyruvic acid

A

17

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6
Q

differentiation between axon and soma

A

no rough er and few ribosomes in axon. protein composition is different

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7
Q

parts of the axon

A

hillock, real axon part, and terminal

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8
Q

differences of an axon vs axon terminal

A
  • MTs don’t extend into terminal
  • terminal contains synaptic vesicles
  • inside part of synapse has tons of proteins
  • terminal has a bunch of mitochondria
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9
Q

purpose of dendritic spines

A

isolate various chemical reactions that are triggered by some types of synaptic activation

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10
Q

classification of neurons based on number of neurites

A

unipolar: 1
bipolar: 2
multipolar: more
most are multipolar

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11
Q

stellate vs pyramidal

A

in cerebral cortex, distinguished by shape of dendritic tree. all pyramidal cells are spiny, stellate cells can be aspinous

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12
Q

types of neurons based on connections

A

sensory, motor, and interneurons

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13
Q

golgi type I vs II

A

type I: long axons

II: short, local circuit neurons

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14
Q

astrocytes

A

type of glial cell, surrounds and cleans up synaptic cleft, also have nt receptors, can control other substances like potassium as well

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15
Q

myelinating glia

A

two types: oligodendroglial (in CNS) and Schwann (peripheral)

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16
Q

microglia

A

remove debris left by dead or degenerating neurons or glia

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17
Q

cation vs anion

A

cat is + an is -

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18
Q

electric potential aka voltage

A

, is the force exerted on a charged particle; it reflects the differ- ence in charge between the anode and the cathode

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19
Q

electrical conductance

A

the relative ability of an electrical charge to migrate from one point to another. depends on number of ions and the ease in which these particles can travel through space

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20
Q

resistance

A

inverse of conductance

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21
Q

calcium pump

A

pumps calcium out

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22
Q

pore loop

A

part to the 3ary structure that makes a hairpin turn, used to select by shape and r groups

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23
Q

what is the membrane the most sensitive to

A

potassium, lots of introduced extracellular potassium depolarizes the cell

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24
Q

blood brain barrier

A

limits movement of potassium and other substances into the brain

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25
Q

potassium spatial buffering

A

when one astrocyte picks up excess potassium and like shifts it everywhere

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26
Q

oscilloscope

A

special type of voltmeter used for action potentials, records rate over time

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27
Q

phases of an action potential

A
  1. rising phase (rapid depolarization until 0mv)
  2. overshoot (0-40)
  3. falling phase
  4. undershoot (to about -80) aka after-hyperpolarization
  5. restoration of resting potential
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28
Q

how long does an action potential ask

A

about 2ms

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29
Q

steps of ion channels and stuff

A
  1. na+ permeable channels. open, so na+ crosses the membrane, depolarizing it. if it goes past a threshold an action potential is triggered
  2. na+ channels close
  3. k+ channels open, so potassium rushes out
  4. k+ channels close
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30
Q

maximum firing frequency

A

about 1000hz

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31
Q

absolute refractory period

A

once an action potential is initiated it is impossible to initiate another for about 1ms

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32
Q

relative refractory period

A

can be difficult to initiate another action potential for several ms after end of absolute refractory period. this is because the membrane stays hyper polarized until the voltage gated potassium channels close

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33
Q

voltage clamp

A

clamps the membrane potential at any value, and then look at the changes in channels opening by looking at current

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34
Q

what activates/inactivates/deinactivates sodium channels

A
  1. activated by depolarization above threshold
  2. inactivated (closed and locked) by positive membrane potential
  3. deinactivated (unlocked) after membrane potential is restored

they stay open for about 1ms and cannot be opened again until membrane returns to a negative value (this causes absolute refractory)

35
Q

structure of a voltage gated sodium channel

A

4 domains, each domain has 6 transmembrane alpha helices. these domains clump together to form a pore, which twists based on voltage. na+ ions are stripped of most of the water as they pass into the channel. there is a voltage sensor of positively charged AA residues in helix 4

36
Q

patch clamp

A

clamp a very small patch of the membrane, hopefully one that just contains one channel. clamp the potential at a certain value and look at current

37
Q

stuff about voltage gated potassium channels

A

they’re a delayed rectifier. also open when the membrane is depolarized but takes them about 1ms to open

38
Q

how does action potential conduction velocity relate to axonal diameter

A

wider neurons mean faster speed

39
Q

saltatory conduction

A

using myelin sheath to skip from node to node

40
Q

spike initiation zone

A

area that has a bunch of voltage gated sodium channels, so the AP probably starts there

41
Q

electrical synapses

A
  • happen at gap junctions, which have a diameter of about 1-2nm and are nonselective
  • very fast and failsafe, found in reflexes
  • causes a postsynaptic potential
  • usually bidirectional
  • helps coordinate oscillations and synchrony
42
Q

synaptic cleft

A
  • 20-50nm wide

- filled with fibrous extracellular protein

43
Q

two kinds of presynaptic vesicle things

A
  1. synaptic vesicles (50nm diameter)

2. secretory granules (100nm diameter) aka dense core vesicles

44
Q

membrane differentiations

A

presynaptic: active zones
postsynaptic: postsynaptic density

45
Q

differentiation of cells based on what they connect to

A
  1. axodendritic (connects to a dendrite)
  2. axosomatic
  3. axoaxonic
  4. axospinous
  5. dendrodendritic
46
Q

grays type I vs II

A 
gray's type I: 
-membrane differentiation is thicker on postsynaptic side
-usually excitatory 
gray's type II
-symmetrical membrane differentiation
-usually inhibitory
47
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

the synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle

48
Q

3 categories of neurotransmitters

A
  1. amino acids
  2. amines
  3. peptides
49
Q

which NTs are most common in fast junctions

A

glutamate, GABA, gly in CNS, ACh in neuromuscular

50
Q

where are the different NTs made

A

in axon terminal: amino acid and amine, concentrated into a vesicle by transport proteins
in soma: peptides. made in rough ER, split in Golgi, one of the fragment is the NT. secretory granules bud off from Golgi and are carried to axon terminal by axoplasmic transport

51
Q

role of voltage gated calcium channels

A

depolarization of the terminal membrane causes these two open, so Ca2+ rushes in. this causes synaptic vesicles to be exocytosed. secretory granules are a little further away and generally require multiple APs to activate

52
Q

types of NT receptors

A
  1. transmitter gated ion channels (generally not as selective as voltage gated ion channels)
  2. G-protein-coupled receptors
53
Q

EPSPs vs IPSPs

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential: created when a transmitter gated ion channel lets in positive ions (like ACh and glutamate)
IPSP: negative ions (gly, GABA)

54
Q

how do g protein coupled receptors work

A
  1. nt binds to a receptor
  2. this activates G proteins, which activate effector proteins

these effector proteins can be ion channels or enzymes that synthesize second messengers, which diffuse into the cytosol and can activate other things that regulate ion channel function and cell metabolism

55
Q

another name for G protein coupled receptors

A

metabotropic receptors

56
Q

autoreceptors

A

presynaptic receptors. usually g-protein-coupled. allows regulation of NT production

57
Q

how does synapse get cleaned up

A
  1. simple diffusion out of synapse
  2. reuptaken by a transporter protein and either reused or degraded
  3. enzymatic destruction in the synaptic cleft
58
Q

receptor antagonist

A

binds to receptor and blocks the NT

59
Q

receptor agonist

A

binds to receptor and mimics NT

60
Q

synaptic integration

A

multiple synaptic potentials combine in a postsynaptic neuron. includes both spatial and temporal summation

61
Q

shunting inhibition

A

when you have a really strong inhibitory synapse at a really late site, so earlier excitatory synapses can’t do SHIT

62
Q

criteria to be a NT

A
  1. must be synthesized and stored in presynaptic neuron
  2. must be released upon stimulation
  3. must produce a response in postsynaptic cell that can be experimentally replicated
63
Q

immunocytochemistry

A

an NT from a different animal is injected into an animal, then withdraw antibodies. these antibodies are tagged and applied to brain tissue, so you can label the cells that contain the NT

64
Q

in situ hybridization

A

create a probe that binds to mRNA you want to look at

65
Q

microiontophoresis

A

technique where u use a really small pipette and inject some of your NT candidate and measure postsynaptic membrane potential

66
Q

rule of NTs

A

no two NTs bind to the same receptor, but one NT can bind to many receptors. each of these is a receptor subtype

67
Q

three ways to identify NT subtypes

A
  1. neuropharmacological analysis (see how the NT affects different cells OR see how antagonists/agonists of the NT affect different cells)
  2. ligand binding methods (label the ligand and see if it binds to receptors on certain membranes. ligand could be NT, agonist, or antagonist)
  3. molecular analysis (look at structure of polypeptides and subunits that make up the receptors)
68
Q

co-transmitters

A

when two or more transmitters are released together from one terminal. often happens with amino acid OR amine and peptide. the AA/amine are often used to differentiate neurons

69
Q

production of acetylcholine

A

choline acetyltransferase in the soma adds an acetyl group from acetyl CoA to choline. transport of choline into the neuron is the rate limiting step. cells also released acetylcholinesterase which breaks ACh down in the cleft

70
Q

catecholamine synthesis

A

tyr-> dopa-> dopamine-> norepinephrine -> epinephrine. all share a catechol group. regulate movement, mood, attention

71
Q

serotonin synthesis

A

tryp-> 5-HTP -> serotonin aka 5-HT

regulates mood, emotions, sleep

72
Q

GABA synthesis

A

comes from glutamate

73
Q

retrograde messengers and a specific type of them

A

go from post to pre. an example is endocannabinoids, which don’t need to be packaged in vesicles bc they are made quickly and, being small lipids, diffuse across membrane. usually g-coupled and help to close Ca2+ channels

74
Q

how is NMDA receptor voltage and transmitter gated

A

mg2+ clogs the pore and only pops out when the membrane is depolarized. but you still need glutamate to bind to it to open it

75
Q

5 steps in G protein operation

A
  1. each G protein has 3 subunits, alpha beta and gamma. GDP is bound to alpha subunit. whole thing is just floating around
  2. if the protein bumps into a receptor that has the NT attached, then it exchanges a GDP for a GTP
  3. the G protein splits into alpha and beta gamma complexes
  4. g alpha subunit is an enzyme that breaks down gtp to gdp
  5. alpha and beta gamma complexes come back together
76
Q

shortcut pathway

A

G protein to ion channel pathway. fast and requires no intermediary

77
Q

second messenger cascade

A

the process from an NT to a g protein to several other steps to a downstream enzyme

78
Q

modulation

A

sometimes G coupled proteins indirectly effect stuff, like they cause a protein kinase to close a potassium channel. this makes the cell more excitable

79
Q

mitchell

A

Mitchell miya

80
Q

lobes of the brain

A

frontal in front, parietal on top, occipital in back, and temporal on bottom

81
Q

fissures of the brain

A

central sulcus between frontal and parietal, sylvian fissure in middle between frontal temporal and parietal

82
Q

which motor protein helps anterograde transport and which is retrograde

A

kinesin: anterograde
dynein: retrograde

83
Q

muscarinic vs nicotinic receptors

A
  • Ach
  • muscarinic is G-coupled & involved in contraction of smooth muscle
  • nicotinic is ionotropic and involved in muscle contraction
84
Q

nmda vs ampa

A
  • glutamate
  • AMPA: allows Na & K to flow quickly through
  • NMDA: also requires depolarization, allows Ca, Na, and K to flow through

Behavioral Neuroscience (3 decks)

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