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BCS 278 Social Neuroscience > Exam #3 > Flashcards

Exam #3 Flashcards

1
Q

Social-conventional norms

A

Arbitrary and consensually agreed upon behavioral uniformities that regulate social interactions within social systems

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2
Q

Moral norms

A

Acts that have intrinsic consequences for others’ rights or welfare that are judged to be categorically “right” or “wrong”

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3
Q

What age does intuitive sense of moral/social-conventional distinction come online?

A

4 years old

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4
Q

Moral transgression

A

Wrong because they affect others’ welfare, more serious

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5
Q

Social-conventional transgressions

A

Wrong because they create disorder, not as serious, can have good reasons to break

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6
Q

Moral judgment: source of info (3)

A
  1. Whether it feels right or wrong
  2. Whether society deems it right or wrong
  3. Whether the consequences of an action is likely to be net positive or net negative (utilitarian decision)
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7
Q

Moral intuition (emotion-based)

A

Based on automatic emotional evaluations or gut instincts

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8
Q

Moral reasoning (cognitive-based)

A

Deliberate attempt at reasoning through a problem; reliant upon controlled cognitive processes

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9
Q

What part of the brain is engaged during abstract reasoning, cognitive control, and problem-solving tasks?

A

DLPFC

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10
Q

More utilitarian judgment = ______ activity

A

DLPFC activity, relies on controlled cognitive processes

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11
Q

What brain region is a critical neural substrate for intuitive/affective, but not conscious/rational system for making moral judgment?

A

VMPFC- relies on explicit norms relating to maximizing people’s welfare, and reducing harm

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12
Q

What brain region is sensitive to differences and judges intentions? (ToM)

A

RTPJ

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13
Q

Pain network

A
  • Sensory aspects of pain experience (localization): SSC

- Affective/unpleasant aspects of pain experience: dACC, AI

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14
Q

What do lesions to dACC and AI affect/not affect?

A

Does not affect ability to localize pain, but results in patients reporting they are not bothered by pain

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15
Q

What do lesions to SSC affect/not affect?

A

Impair ability to localize pain, but leave the distress of the painful experience intact

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16
Q

Brain region involved in reward anticipation

A

Ventral striatum

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17
Q

Brain region involved in rewarding outcomes and experiences

A

VMPFC

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18
Q

Social reward and monetary reward commonly recruit…

A

Striatum

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19
Q

What brain region is uniquely involved in social reward?

A

MPFC; may involve representing how others perceive us

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20
Q

Making judgments about oneself vs. others recruits…

A

Nucleus accumbens

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21
Q

Cooperation vs. non-cooperation recruits… (3)

A
  1. OFC-coop. involves mental state attribution
  2. VS-coop. is rewarding
  3. SSC
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22
Q

Greater activation in _____ during support-giving (donating) vs. other conditions

A

VS

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23
Q

These 2 brain regions are activated for pure $ reward and decision to donate

A
  1. VTA

2. Striatum

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24
Q

Being treated unfairly associated with regions associated with pain/distress (1) and emotion regulation (2)

A
  1. Anterior insula

2. VLPFC

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25
Q

Greater ____ activation associated with greater distress

A

ACC

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26
Q

Greater ____ activation associated with less distress

A

Ventral prefrontal

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27
Q

Trust and the amygdala

A

Unworthy faces activate amygdala, if there is damage then patients will rate faces as more trustworthy

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28
Q

Trust and the VMPFC

A

Patients with VMPFC damage are less trusting, implicated in long-term planning and long-term benefits of trust

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29
Q

Trust and the DMPFC and RTPJ

A

DMPFC recruited during trust game, higher initially when building trust and then declines once trust is est.

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30
Q

Deciding to break a promise recruits ______ and ______

A

ACC and DLPFC

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31
Q

What 2 things may interfere with the ability to envision the partner’s emotional reaction to potential offers?

A
  1. VMPFC lesions

2. Testosterone

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32
Q

Disruption to right DLPFC

A

Increased acceptance rate of unfair offers despite similar perceptions of unfairness, more selfish

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33
Q

Social Identity Theory/Self-Categorization Theory

A

Shift from individual to the collective level, ingroup positivity and outgroup negativity

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34
Q

Minimal group paradigm

A

Assigning people to in-groups and out-groups based on trivial, random, and/or non-existent distinctions, produces discrimination in favor of in-group

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35
Q

More ______ activation associated with in-group bias

A

DMPFC

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36
Q

Stronger _____ activation for same race associated with stronger own race memory bias

A

FFA

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37
Q

Processing of race: other race vs. other-race

A
  • Own: processed as individuals (subordinate level)

- Other: interchangeable representatives (superordinate level)

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38
Q

What part of the brain is associated with racial bias?

A

Amygdala

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39
Q

Role of FFA for ingroup bias

A

Does not reflect familiarity/expertise, but motivated individuation

40
Q

Role of amygdala for ingroup bias

A

Motivational relevance and salience of members in current group context

41
Q

Role of OFC for ingroup bias

A

Tracks subjective social value

42
Q

Observing own team video trials vs. other team recruits _____

A

Left inferior parietal lobule (IPL), implicated in “mirroring”

43
Q

Seeing pain in in-group vs. out-group

A
  • In-group: AI (pain)

- Out-group: VS (pleasure)

44
Q

Prejudice

A

Evaluations and emotional responses towards a group and its members based on (negative) preconceptions

45
Q

Stereotype

A

Generalized characteristics ascribed to social groups, such as personal traits or circumstantial attributes

46
Q

Prejudice network (5)

A
  1. Amygdala
  2. Insula
  3. Striatum
  4. OFC
  5. Ventral MPFC
47
Q

Prejudice: amygdala

A
  • Learned threat response to (racial) outgroups rooted in fear-conditioning
  • Reflects goal-directed/approach-related motivation and attention towards members of the in-group
48
Q

MPFC recruitment reflects _______ and _______

A

Humanization and empathy

49
Q

Prejudice: insula

A

Subjective experience of negative affect, which often accompanies a prejudiced response

50
Q

Prejudice: striatum

A

Positive attitudes and approach-related behavioral tendencies towards in-group members

51
Q

Stereotyping networks (4)

A
  1. DMPFC: impression formation
  2. IFG: stereotype activation
  3. ATL: social knowledge
  4. Lateral temporal lobe: semantic and episodic memory
52
Q

Regulation network (5)

A
  1. dACC: conflict processing
  2. MPFC: representation of interpersonal cues
  3. rACC: monitoring external cues
  4. DLPFC: response selection
  5. IFG: response inhibition
53
Q

Interventions for prejudice and stereotyping (2)

A
  1. Target implicit prejudice

2. Target cognitive control of behavior

54
Q

Social cognition

A

Psychological processes that are involved in the perception, encoding, storage, retrieval, and regulation of info about other people and ourselves

55
Q

Non-social cognition

A

Executive functions, attention, learning/memory

56
Q

5 characteristics of SZ

A
  1. Delusions
  2. Hallucinations
  3. Disorganized thinking (speech)
  4. Grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior
  5. Negative symptoms
    (2 or more of the following with at least 1, 2, or 3-psychotic)
57
Q

Schizotypal personality disorder

A

Personality disorder characterized by pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits; cognitive and perceptual distortions; eccentricities of behavior

58
Q

Delusional disorder

A

1 month of delusions, but no other psychotic symptoms, and no marked impact on behavior/functioning

59
Q

Brief psychotic disorder

A

Same criteria as SZ, but lasts between 1 day and 1 month

60
Q

Schizoaffective disorder

A

A mood disorder and symptoms of SZ occur together with mood symptoms present for majority of time that SZ symptoms are present

61
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of the distribution (frequency, pattern) and determinants (causes, risk factors) of health conditions and events

62
Q

Etiology

A

The cause or origin of a health condition

63
Q

Prevalence

A

Total number of existing cases

64
Q

Incidence

A

Number of new cases

65
Q

Aberrant salience

A

Assigning inappropriate significance to innocuous stimuli

66
Q

Clinical characteristics of ASD

A
  • Social communication deficits

- Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior interest or activities

67
Q

Weak Central Coherence (ASD)

A

Core deficit in central processing resulting in failure to extract global form/meaning; a processing bias for featural and local info, and relative failure to extract gist or “see the big picture” in everyday life

68
Q

Extreme Male Brain (ASD)

A

Females have a stronger drive to empathize, males have stronger drive to systemize (analyze or construct rule-based systems), people with ASD shift toward masculine brain possibly due to increased exposure to fetal testosterone

69
Q

Etiological Theory of SZ and ASD

A
  • First hit: prenatal genetic and environmental disruptions

- Second hit: environmental factors

70
Q

Brain structure of SZ

A

Reduced GMV in regions associated with social cognition (MPFC, STS/gyrus, TPJ, ATC)

71
Q

Brain structure of ASD

A

Reduced GMV in precuneus and amygdala-hippocampal complex

72
Q

Featural processing

A

Encoding specific elements (ex: eyes, nose, etc)

73
Q

Configural processing

A

Encoding the relationships between features

  1. First-order relational info: basic organization of the features of the face common to all faces
  2. Second-order: specific spacing and distances between facial elements and holistic processing of those elements as an integrated representation
74
Q

Inversion effect affects ______info but not ______ info

A

Affects configural info but not featural info

75
Q

Face perception in SZ

A
  • Reduced face inversion effect
  • Less reliance on configural info
  • Smaller fusiform gyrus volumes
  • Impaired occipital-temporal cortex
76
Q

Face perception in ASD

A
  • Mixed findings on inversion effect
  • Preserved configural processing and enhanced featural processing
  • Reduced fusiform gyrus activation and increased ITG activation
77
Q

ToM in SZ

A
  • Under-recruitment of MPFC and premotor cortex

- Over-recruitment of TPJ areas

78
Q

ToM in ASD

A

Under-recruitment of MPFC, ACC, amygdala, and STS

79
Q

There is empathy if (4)

A
  1. One is in an affective state
  2. State is isomorphic (identical) to another person’s affective state
  3. State is elicited by the observing/imagination of another person’s affective state
  4. One knows that the other person is the source of one’s own affective state
80
Q

Empathy in SZ

A

Less recruitment of:

  • IFG
  • Precuneus
  • Amygdala
81
Q

Empathy in ASD

A

Mixed findings

82
Q

Limitations to literatures on psychopathology

A
  • Neuroimaging with small samples
  • Reverse inference
  • Contribution of non-social cognition
  • Disorders are heterogenous-replication with different patient samples unclear
83
Q

3 general types of plasticity

A
  1. Experience-independent
  2. Experience-expectant
  3. Experience-dependent
84
Q

Experience-Independent

A

Not the result of external environmental changes or influences, brain produces rough neural structure

85
Q

Experience-Excpectant

A

Brain uses input from external environment to effect normal developmental changes, ex: sensitive period for the development of visual cortex

86
Q

Experience-Dependent

A

Result of modification to internal or external environment, ex: learning

87
Q

Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP)

A

Helped social deprivation in Romania, evaluate causal effects, used randomized-controlled trial

88
Q

Plasticity in grey or white matter after social deprivation?

A

White matter

89
Q

Brain regions involved in city living (2)

A
  1. Amygdala: negative affect, environmental/social threat

2. ACC: components of stress regulation

90
Q

Where is oxytocin synthesized/transported to/released?

A

Hypothalamus–> posterior hypothalamus–> posterior pituitary gland

91
Q

OT influences _____ behavior, not _____ behavior

A

Approach, not reciprocity

92
Q

What does OT affect in SZ?

A

Small positive effect on high-level social cognition

93
Q

What does OT affect in ASD?

A

Small effect on ToM

94
Q

Compassion=

A

Feeling for

95
Q

Empathy=

A

Feeling with

96
Q

Compassion vs. Empathy

A
  • Empathy via pain network

- Compassion via reward, love, and affiliation network

97
Q

Empathy training increases _______, which is reversed through _______

A

Negative affect, compassion training

BCS 278 Social Neuroscience (3 decks)

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