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BCS 278 Social Neuroscience > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is social neuroscience?

A

Study of how we perceive, interpret, and respond to the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of others using neuroscientific methods

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2
Q

2 goals of social neuro

A
  1. Inform theories of psychological processes

2. Provide info regarding the function of neural systems

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3
Q

Why do we read journal articles?

A
  • Gain knowledge/info
  • Relieve misconceptions
  • Develop critical thinking and writing skills
  • New directions in field
  • Increased informed decision making
  • 23% of scientists’ time
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4
Q

What is the challenge of journal articles?

A
  • Decreased readability because of increased jargon

- Negative implications for reproducibility and broader accessibility to public

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5
Q

Types of scientific articles (3)

A
  1. Original research article
  2. Review article
  3. Editorial/opinion/commentary/perspective
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6
Q

Original research article (primary literature)

A

Original research/data, ex: case study, clinical trial, replication study, etc.

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7
Q

Review article (secondary literature)

A

Summary/synthesis/analysis of other work, ex: qualitative, quantitative (meta-analysis)

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8
Q

Editorial/Opinion/Commentary/Perspective

A

Personal point of view or opinion

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9
Q

How to do a first pass of an article

A
  • Title
  • Abstract
  • Figures & tables
  • Quickly skim article
  • No details yet
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10
Q

2 stages of cell signaling

A
  1. Electrical conduction: dendritic input to AP within neuron
  2. Chemical transmission across synaptic gap between pre- and post- synaptic cell
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11
Q

What is the forebrain composed of? (2)

A
  1. Cerebrum

2. Diencephalon

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12
Q

What is the brainstem composed of? (3)

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla
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13
Q

What do cranial nerves do?

A
  • Receive input from cranial sensory ganglia

- Give rise to axons that form cranial motor nerves

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14
Q

What is the basal ganglia composed of? (3)

A
  1. Caudate
  2. Putamen
    (striatum)
  3. Globus pallidus
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15
Q

Brain perturbation approach

A

Perturbation–>brain–>cognition–>measure task performance (ex: disease, stroke, TBI)

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16
Q

Neuromonitoring approach

A

Measure cognitive process–>cognition–>brain–>measure neural variable

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17
Q

Invasiveness

A

Whether the equipment is located internally (invasive) or externally (non-invasive)

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18
Q

Spatial resolution

A

Accuracy with which one can measure where an event is occurring

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19
Q

Temporal resolution

A

Accuracy with which one can measure when an event is occurring

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20
Q

How does TMS work?

A

Strong, rapidly changing magnetic field over scalp, changes electric field in brain tissue that interacts with neural processing

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21
Q

What is rTMS?

A

Application of many continuous pulses over extended period of time, effects will outlast stimulation period

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22
Q

What is single pulse TMS?

A

Single pulse at specific times, high temporal resolution-useful for evaluating timing of neural processes in cognition

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23
Q

What is tDCS?

A

Low amplitude electrical current applied directly to the scalp via simple device with two electrodes to make a circuit, 2 types

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24
Q

Anodal (+) tDCS

A

Increases cortical excitability of area being stimulated

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25
Q

Cathodal (-) tDCS

A

Decreases excitability

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26
Q

What is the neuromonitoring approach?

A
  • Single neuron electrophysiological recording
  • Measures APs produced by single/group neurons
  • Extracellularly (outside neurons)
  • Intracellularly
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27
Q

EEG

A

Measures electrical brain waves, signal derives from summed dendritic field potentials of groups of neurons firing together

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28
Q

ERPs

A

Small voltage fluctuation in the EEG signal trigger by sensory or cognitive events, very high temporal resolution but poor spatial, small, positive/negative peaks

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29
Q

MEG

A

Measures electrical currents using magnetic fields produced by those currents, sensitive to sulci (not gyri)

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30
Q

Neuromonitoring via metabolism/blood flow (2)

A
  1. PET
  2. fMRI
    Decent temporal resolution and excellent spatial resolution
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31
Q

PET

A

Isotopes injected into bloodstream and go to areas of increased neural activity

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32
Q

fMRI

A
  • Oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin have different magnet properties
  • BOLD: deoxy–>oxy, can be detected by large electromagnets and radio waves
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33
Q

What creates an increase in BOLD signal?

A

Increase in oxy to deoxy

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34
Q

What could BOLD mean in terms of neural activity? (3)

A
  1. Outgoing communications
  2. Incoming communications
  3. Within region communication
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35
Q

Block design

A

-Many stimulus repetitions from given condition strung together in a block which alternates with many stimulus repetitions
-Higher statistical power
Ex: “Is the person happy?”

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36
Q

Event-Related design

A
  • Trials of different experimental conditions are interspersed in a random order rather than being blocked together
  • Avoids issue of habituation
  • Needs many trials spaced out
37
Q

fMRI analysis of neural activity within regions (4)

A
  1. Whole-brain analysis
  2. ROI analysis
  3. Multi-voxel pattern analysis
  4. Repetition suppression
38
Q

fMRI analysis of neural activity relations between regions (2)

A
  1. Functional connectivity

2. Effective connectivity

39
Q

Whole-brain analysis

A

Look across all voxels in the whole brain for those that are significantly more active for condition A vs B

40
Q

ROI analysis

A

Select regions of interest, average signal across all vowels in that region

41
Q

MVP analysis

A

Looks at patterns of activation across voxels that consistently respond to a particular stimulus/event

42
Q

Repetition Suppression

A

Brain responds less to repeated occurrence of identical stimulus than first presentation

43
Q

Functional connectivity

A
  • Statistical dependencies
  • Temporal correlation between spatially remote neurophysiological events
  • “seed” region
  • Resting-state connectivity vs. psychophysiological interaction (PPI)
44
Q

Effective connectivity

A
  • Causal interactions
  • Influence of one neuronal system on another
  • Infers directional influences of one region on another
  • Structural equation modeling and dynamic causal modeling
45
Q

When was the “Decade of the Brain”?

A

1990

46
Q

Forward inference

A

Present experimental conditions that differ in some cognitive process regions that show difference in activation are inferred to take part in that mental process

47
Q

Reverse inference

A

Inferring a cognitive process from the presence of brain activation (not OK, logical fallacy)

48
Q

Formal reverse inference

A

Accurately classifying mental states (cognitive processes) across individuals from patterns of brain activity

49
Q

Associations

A

Experimentally associate a specific cognitive function with the neural structures that underlie them

50
Q

Dissociation

A

Showing that a cognitive function is not associated with a neural process/region

51
Q

What is selectivity?

A

Difference between association and dissociation

52
Q

Double dissociation

A

Functional relationship in which one area of the brain is experimentally associated with a particular cognitive process and dissociated from another, while another brain region is opposite

53
Q

Domain specificity

A

Cognitive process is specialized for processing only one particular kind of info, origins in modules or modularity

54
Q

Domain generality

A

Brain is not uniquely specialized for social processes, but instead is also involved in non-social aspects of cognition

55
Q

Hybrid models

A

Some degree of neural specialization within a network that interacts and communicates with domain general processes

56
Q

Other accounts (Mitchell, 2009)

A

Certain regions process concepts that are less stable and less definite than those involved in perception and action, social brain is special

57
Q

Reductionism

A

Instance in which one type of explanation for a complex phenomenon will be replaced with another, more basic type of explanation

58
Q

Why is the brain/neuroscience so seductive?

A
  • Bias for reductionism

- Brain images/neuro explanations provides tangible physical explanations for unobservable cognitive process

59
Q

Historical self definition

A

Broad range of processes related to: self-reflection, self-knowledge, personality, emotion, motivation, and self-regulation

60
Q

Current self definition

A

Refers to self-reflection and indicates a person’s capability and awareness of paying the role of a perceiver and the object of that perception

61
Q

Evidence for the self not being special

A

“Silent” frontal lobes, could remove large portions of PFC without severe changes

62
Q

Frontal-Lobe personality

A

Phineas Gage, changed personality, self is special

63
Q

Self in memory

A

Items that are encoded in reference to oneself are better remembered

64
Q

Patient WJ

A
  • 18 year old with TBI
  • Amnesia for 6-7 mo prior to injury
  • Accurate self-description
65
Q

Patient KC

A
  • TBI from motorcycle
  • Couldn’t remember anything
  • Described personality with great accuracy
66
Q

Patient DB

A
  • 78 year old male with memory post heart attack
  • Couldn’t remember anything
  • Tested high for self-trait knowledge
67
Q

Medial Prefrontal Cortex (MPFC)

A
  • Larger than any other prefrontal region
  • MPFC and PCC cover most of cortex
  • Greater density of dendritic spines and smaller density of cell bodies
  • MPFC receives inputs from multiple sensory areas and shares connections with PCC
  • Engaged while thinking of self and similar others
68
Q

MPFC and PCC: which one is more abstract and which one is more concrete?

A

MPFC: abstract
PCC: concrete

69
Q

Evidence for the self as a default

A

MPFC and PCC had highest baseline metabolic activity at rest

70
Q

Does neural activity in MPFC at rest prime self-referential thinking?

A

YES, reflexively engaged MPFC at rest nudges self-referential thinking (like a prime)

71
Q

Face specialization account

A

Face processing is specialized (domain specific)

72
Q

Face expertise account

A

Face processing is a domain general process in which we have particular experience and expertise

73
Q

What is not affected by face inversion?

A

Detecting changes in individual features (eg. shape of nose, color of face)

74
Q

Face recognition similar to whole-part effect

A

Superior identification of object features (eg. nose) when presented within context of whole object, disappears when stimulus inverted

75
Q

Acquired prosopagnosia

A
  • Results from brain damage usually to occipitotemporal cortex
  • Damage near OFA in inferior occipital gyrus
  • TMS produces deficit (not configurable) face processing
76
Q

Developmental prosopagnosia

A
  • Mechanism less clear

- Normal levels of neural activity in visual areas in response to faces

77
Q

Kanwisher (1997) results on faces

A
  • Faces>objects activates right fusiform gyrus
  • Objects>faces activates bilateral parahippocampal region
  • Double dissociation
  • Support for face specialization account
78
Q

Gauthier (1999) results on faces

A
  • FFA activity reflects expertise, not a specialized process for face processing
  • Expertise=individuation fine-tuned by experience
79
Q

FFA

A
  • Specialized for faces (not bodies or objects)
  • Processes invariant/stable aspects of faces (face parts and configuration)
  • Important for computing unique identity based on faces
80
Q

OFA

A
  • Specialized for faces

- Codes the physical aspects of facial stimuli (face parts and expression) but NOT configuration between face parts

81
Q

pSTS

A

Sensitive to changeable aspects of faces (eye gaze, expression, lip movement)

82
Q

Damage to occipitotemporal cortex

A
  • Deficit in recognition of facial identity

- NOT facial expression

83
Q

Damage to ventral frontal lobe

A
  • Deficit in recognition of facial expression

- NOT identity

84
Q

Simulation Theory (ST)

A

We internally simulate the somatomotor responses associated with the observed emotion, which facilitates our recognition and understanding of the other person’s emotion

85
Q

Embodied cognition

A

Cognitive processes are grounded in states of the body, and is influenced/biased by states of the body

86
Q

Behavioral evidence for ST

A
  • Exposure to facial expressions produces corresponding expression-relevant changes in our own facial musculature
  • Biting a pen disrupts recognition of happiness
87
Q

What does somatosensory representation play a critical role in?

A

Recognizing facial expressions of emotion, can occur through internal simulation

88
Q

What is facial expression discrimination dependent on?

A

rOFA and rSC

89
Q

rOFA vs. rSC

A
  • rOFA: processes info at earlier stages in face processing stream
  • rSC: processes info at later stages for longer time

BCS 278 Social Neuroscience (3 decks)

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