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BCS 278 Social Neuroscience > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Theory of Mind

A

Process by which we attribute and reason about the mental states of others
*Domain specific process mediated by LTPJ

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2
Q

ToM positive social outcomes (4)

A
  1. Increased popularity
  2. Better success when negotiating
  3. Increased prosocial behavior
  4. Positive evaluations of perspective-taker
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3
Q

ToM negative social outcomes (3)

A
  1. Friendlessness
  2. Loneliness and social isolation
  3. Risk for psychiatric illness
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4
Q

How is ToM measured? (6 ways)

A
  1. False belief attribution
  2. Trait judgments
  3. Strategic games with another person or computer
  4. Social animations
  5. Reading mind in eyes
  6. Rational actions
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5
Q

False-Belief task

A

Sally-Anne task, kids reliably pass it after 3.5 years of age

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6
Q

Problem with reading the mind in eye task

A

RMET may be biased against less education, non-white individuals who do not share race/ethnicity of task’s stimuli (reasons: culture, complex vocab, white faces)

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7
Q

Brain regions associated with ToM (7)

A
  • DLPFC
  • TPJ
  • IFG
  • STS
  • Temporal pole
  • PC
  • MPFC
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8
Q

Cognitive components of ToM (4)

A
  1. Representing people and social relationships
  2. Representing representations
  3. Representing mental representations
  4. Executive functions
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9
Q

LTPJ damage

A
  • Necessary for ToM

- Deficit in false-belief understanding

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10
Q

Frontal lobe damage

A
  • False-belief understanding deficit

- Other cognitive deficits, affects executive functioning

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11
Q

Diverse lesion sites

A

Unimpaired

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12
Q

What brain regions respond more to beliefs?

A

RTPJ (may be special for belief info), LTPJ, PC, MPFC

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13
Q

Which brain regions respond more to thoughts?

A

RTPJ, LTPJ, PC=

respond selectively to mental states

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14
Q

Which brain region does not differentiate between thoughts, bodily sensations, and appearances?

A

MPFC=

recruited for any socially-relevant information, false>true beliefs, ToM still ok if damaged

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15
Q

Alternative account of RTPJ

A

Attention shifting/exogenous attention account, damage=impairment in reorienting attention

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16
Q

Mitchell (2008) interpretations about RTPJ

A
  • Not selective for social cognition or mental state attribution
  • ToM and attentional reorienting may require similar computation implemented in RTPJ
  • Support for process-specific view of RTPJ (not content)
  • Invalid>valid
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17
Q

Theory-theory (TT)

A

Naive psych or lay theory of psych that’s constructed from observation, inference, and instruction and used to predict or explain another person’s mental state or behavior (ex: apple falling from tree, where to sit), we understand workings of the mind and people

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18
Q

Simulation-theory (ST)

A

We can use our own body and mind as model for another person’s mind, simulate their experiences

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19
Q

Evidence for ST

A
  • You slow down when you know that someone else is performing action incompatible with your own
  • You only compute what other people see
  • “Mirror system”-action observation
  • “Pain matrix”-physical sensations
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20
Q

ST evidence-division of labor in MPFC

A

-DMPFC: thinking about others (ToM), dissimilar others
-VMPFC: thinking about self, making mental state inferences about similar others
DOUBLE DISSOCIATION

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21
Q

Evidence for TT/Against ST

A
  • Systematicity of errors from children and adults suggest we rigidly use rules derived from theories to explain others’ mental states
  • RTPJ doesn’t differentiate between culturally familiar vs. foreign or between common-sense beliefs and absurd beliefs
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22
Q

Sighted vs blind patients ToM

A
  • Same neural network recruited for ToM
  • RTPJ equally selective for belief info and seeing and hearing
  • THEREFORE: visual experience plays little role in ToM in adults
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23
Q

Anchoring and Adjustment

A

We generate a plausible “anchor” value (MPFC) and then serially adjust away from that anchor, use ourselves as anchor, might use underlying TT processes

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24
Q

Building a brain

A

NS derived from cells arranged in hollow cylinder called the neural tube, neurons migrate out from tube to regions where they’ll mature

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25
Q

What part of the brain undergoes protracted synaptic development that continues well into adolescence?

A

Prefrontal cortex

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26
Q

White vs grey matter in development

A
  • Linear increase in white matter during first 2 decades of life
  • Grey matter volume (GMV) decreases between childhood and adulthood (inverted U)
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27
Q

Where does GMV loss start in the brain?

A

Primary sensorimotor areas–>PFC–>parietal cortex–>occipital cortex–>temporal cortex

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28
Q

Kids <4 engage in behaviors that imply mental state understanding such as (3)

A
  1. Kids can deceive and lie
  2. Imitate intended actions
  3. Engage in pretend play
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29
Q

Two-Systems Account

A
  1. Cognitively efficient, but limited and inflexible (implicit ToM), intact in infants and allows them to pass looking-time tests
  2. Flexible, but demanding of general cognitive resources (explicit ToM), develops more gradually
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30
Q

Anatomical changes in brain

A
  • GMV follows cubic trajectory in all regions, peaks at ages 8-12
  • Cortical thickness shows linear decrease from ages 8-23 in all regions except ATC
  • Relates to synaptic pruning
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31
Q

Which developmental possibility is most accurate?

A

ToM is still developing after 4 years of age

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32
Q

TPJ and precuneus for functional changes in brain

A

Mental>People>Physical

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33
Q

MPFC for functional changes in brain

A

Mental, People>Physical

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34
Q

Increasing age and functional changes in brain

A

Increased specialization (Mental>People) of RTPJ, but not other brain regions

35
Q

Difference between ToM network (mental>physical) in children vs adults

A

No difference, ToM network present by 6 years of age, but adults have greater mental state selectivity in RTPJ, LTPJ, and PC (increases with age)

36
Q

What is ToM ability related to in older adults?

A

Social participation, affects mortality, may be at risk for negative effects of social disconnection

37
Q

What is the chance that an older adult will perform worse than a younger adult on ToM tasks?

A

74%

38
Q

Summary of ToM brain regions overall

A
  • Increased selectivity of TPJ for mental states=better ToM performance
  • Later in life, DMPFC has reduced activation
39
Q

Affect

A

Refers to the general experience of feeling or emotion

40
Q

Emotion

A

Mind state manifested through physical, cognitive, and behavioral responses to stimuli

41
Q

Feelings

A

Subjective representation of a(n) emotion(s)

42
Q

Mood

A

Diffuse affective state, lacking context, lasts longer than the experience of emotion, may be less intense

43
Q

Temperament

A

Consistent individual differences in physical, cognitive, and behavioral responses to stimuli

44
Q

Describing emotions: valence

A

Measures pleasure (negative to positive)

45
Q

Describing emotions: arousal

A

Measures intensity (relaxed to stimulated)

46
Q

Describing emotions: dominance

A

Measures preference for hierarchy (controlled to controlling)

47
Q

Describing emotions: action-orientation

A

Measures motivation (avoidance to approach)

48
Q

The Basic (Classical) Theory of Emotion (BET)

A
  • Emotions are evolutionarily acquired: UNIVERSAL and limited core and discrete emotions
  • Emotion is an independent faculty
  • Triggered by unique pattern of physio/bio responses
49
Q

Theory of Constructed Emotion (TCE)

A
  • Emotions result from context and situation: no discrete emotions
  • Core affect shared among cultures
  • Aid in allostasis in body
  • Emotions are domain-general
50
Q

6 basic biological emotions (Ekman’s universal facial emotions)

A
  1. Anger
  2. Disgust
  3. Fear
  4. Happiness
  5. Sadness
  6. Surprise
51
Q

Plutchick’s wheel of emotions

A
  • Expanded on Ekman’s emotion theory
  • 4 pairs of basic emotions:
    1. Joy and Sadness
    2. Trust and Disgust
    3. Fear and Anger
    4. Surprise and Anticipation
52
Q

Appraisal Theories of Emotion

A

Dependent on evaluation, absence of physiological changes

53
Q

Range of theories

A

Constructionism (TCE at bottom)–>Faculty Psychology (BET at top)

54
Q

Locationist Hypotheses

A
  • Fear: amygdala
  • Disgust: insula
  • Anger: OFC
  • Sadness: ACC
55
Q

Constructionist Hypotheses

A

-Core affect
-Conceptualization
-Language
-Executive attention
These are NETWORKS

56
Q

What can we regulate? (4)

A
  1. Cognitions
  2. Expressions
  3. Behaviors
  4. Interactions
57
Q

How do we regulate? (7)

A
  1. Acceptance
  2. Avoidance
  3. Problem-solving
  4. Reappraisal
  5. Rumination
  6. Suppression
  7. Social support
58
Q

When do we regulate?

A
  • Antecedent focused: situation, attention, appraisal

- Response focused: response

59
Q

Cognitive control networks (4)

A
  1. DLPFC-working memory and selective attention
  2. VLPFC-language and response inhibition
  3. dorsal ACC-monitoring control processes
  4. DMPFC-reflecting upon one’s own or someone else’s affective states
60
Q

Emotion networks (2)

A
  1. Amygdala-attention and recognition of affective stimuli, encoding of affect into memory
  2. MOFC-determining the pleasantness of a stimuli
61
Q

Neural relations interpretation involving brain regions

A

Reappraisal activates the LPFC to reduce the effects of the amygdala and MOFC

62
Q

Emotion dysregulation (3)

A
  1. Avoidance
  2. Rumination
  3. Suppression
63
Q

Emotion regulation in practice (3)

A
  1. CBT
  2. DBT (“ABC” please)
  3. Mindfulness CBT
64
Q

What is one way to assess levels of empathy?

A

Empathy concern test, part of interpersonal reactivity index

65
Q

Historical view of empathy

A
  • Referred to person’s physiological/affective response to witnessing/learning about another’s emotion/situation
  • Later emphasized cognitive aspects
66
Q

Contemporary view of empathy

A

Describes empathy as multidimentional

67
Q

There is empathy if…(4)

A
  1. One is in an affective state
  2. The state is isomorphic (identical) to another person’s affective state
  3. This state is elicited by the observation/imagination of another person’s affective state
  4. One knows that the other person is the source of one’s own affective state
68
Q

Empathy is NOT (just)…(3)

A
  1. Perspective-taking/cognitive empathy: representation mental states without being emotionally involved
  2. Sympathy/empathic concern: affective state related to another person, but not isomorphic
  3. Emotional contagion/experience sharing: affective sharing but not self-other distinction
69
Q

Imitation theory of empathy

A
  • Mirror neuron system (MNS) in ventral premotor cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, area F5
  • Human analogue of monkey MNS
  • Evidence in humans through surgery (temporal lobe)
  • Activates primary/premotor cortex and amygdala
70
Q

Chameleon effect

A

Nonconscious mimicry of postures, expressions, actions of others such that one’s behavior is changed to match that of the other

71
Q

Criticisms of Imitation theory

A
  • Mirror neurons can arise from associative learning
  • Mirror neurons may represent consequences of actions but not intended goals
  • Monkeys have mirror neurons but can’t imitate well
72
Q

Simulation Theory of Empathy

A
  • Possible to have simulation of emotions (and empathy) without having motor/action representations as linking step
  • Separate pathways for understanding sensory aspects of emotions (sensory inputs) and subjective feeling states (unpleasantness of sensory inputs)
73
Q

Empathy/pain matrix results with romantic partner

A
  • Sensory-discrimination components (location, quality, intensity of pain): SI, SII, MI
  • *Affective (subjective) components: ACC, insula
  • If empathy depends on mirror system then we should see neural activity in sensory-discrimination regions while watching other in pain
74
Q

Other models of empathy

A

Alternate, slightly different conceptualizations, emphasizing emotional, cognitive, and motivational component

75
Q

Other models of empathy: triangle

A

Mentalizing (cognitive empathy, perspective taking, ToM)–>Experience sharing (affective empathy, shared self-other, representations, emotional contagion)–>Prosocial concern (empathic motivation, sympathy, empathic concern)–>

76
Q

What brain region does social pain activate?

A

MPFC-mentalizing

-Contributes to real-world social behavior

77
Q

Great empathy associated with greater neural activity in what brain regions?

A

Experience sharing regions: AI, anterior cingulate cortex

-Contributes to real-world social behavior

78
Q

What brain regions does watching a friend being excluded activate?

A

Affective pain regions: AI, ACC

79
Q

Neural bases of empathy relating to what context is

A

In women, there is greater neural activity in pain matrix for fair vs unfair players

80
Q

Affective/emotional empathy

A
  • Lower-level, state-matching process involving the MNS (inferior frontal gyrus in humans) and pain network (AI, ACC)
  • IFG lesions impaired
81
Q

Cognitive empathy

A
  • Higher-level, perspective-taking (ToM) involving the mentalizing system (TPJ, MPFC)
  • VM lesions impaied
82
Q

Bright side of empathy (3)

A
  1. Humans have fundamental need to belong
  2. More prosocial helping behavior in children
  3. Lack of empathy associated with psychopathy
83
Q

Dark side of empathy (5)

A
  1. Clashes with fairness
  2. Personal distress can reduce helping behaviors
  3. Can motivate people to harm others
  4. Can motivate aggression
  5. Can contribute to burnout

BCS 278 Social Neuroscience (3 decks)

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