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Botany > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Who are the closest relatives to the kingdom plantae

A

Phylum chlorophyta

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2
Q

What are the shared characteristics of the kingdom plantae and phylum chlorophyta?

A
  • similar primary pigments:
    chlorophylls and carotenoids
  • store energy as starch
  • cellulose in cell walls
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3
Q

Kingdom plantae Synapomorphies?

A
  • specialized tissues for photosynthesis, conduction, support, anchorage, and protection
  • multicellular eukaryotes
  • exhibit alternation of generations
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4
Q

Kingdom plantae non vascular plants Symplesiomorphy?

A

lack xylem and phloem

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5
Q

Land adaptations for non vascular kingdom plantae plants?

A
  1. fatty cuticle to reduce water loss
    1. gametangia & sporangia are multicellular
    2. zygotes develop within parental tissues
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6
Q

Water related restrictions for non vascular kingdom plantae plants

A
  1. Require water so sperm can swim to eggs
  2. Lack of vascular tissues limits height; water must be able get to top of plant on its own
  3. Spores are water (or wind) dispersed
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7
Q

What phylums are apart of the non vascular kingdom plantae

A
  • Phylum Hepaticophyta
  • Phylum Anthocerophyta
  • Phylum Bryophyta
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8
Q

Phylum Hepaticophyta

A
  • liverworts
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9
Q

What are the two forms of Phylum Hepaticophyta

A
  • thallid: leaf-like bodies, most common

- “leafy”: bodies composed of 3 leaf-like layers, less common

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10
Q

Phylum Hepaticophyta (thallid)

A
  • “leaves” 10 cells thick at margin, 30 at midrib
  • Upper layer is composed of chambers
  • Middle layer is composed of parenchyma
  • Lower layer grows rhizoids
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11
Q

Phylum Hepaticophyta (thallid) asexual reproduction

A
  1. gametophyte thallus creates gemma cups via mitosis; contain gemmae
  2. gemma is splashed out by rain
  3. new thallus by mitosis
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12
Q

Phylum Hepaticophyta (thallid) sexual reproduction

A
  1. separate male and female gametophyte plants create either antheridiophores (male, tiny umbrellas) OR archegoniophores (female, tiny palm trees)
  2. gametangia create gametes:antheridia create spermarchegonia create 1 egg each
  3. raindrops stimulate sperm cell release
  4. sperm swim to archegonia
  5. fertilization creates zygote
  6. zygote → immature sporophyte; grows within archegonium via mitosis
  7. sporocytes in capsule create spores via meiosis 8. when sporophytes mature, capsule opens
  8. elater cells twitch to help with spore dispersal
  9. spores germinate and become male or female gametophyte plants
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13
Q

Phylum Hepaticophyta (leafy)

A
  • Leaf-like, but not actually leaves

- three layers: Top 2 layers are leaf-like thalli, Bottom layer: creates rhizoids that anchor the plant

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14
Q

Phylum Anthocerophyta

A
  • hornworts

- Gametophyte is leaf-like, very similar to liverwort

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15
Q

Phylum Anthocerophyta Sporophyte anatomy

A
  • foot: underneath surface; binds sporophyte to gametophyte
  • meristem: growth region that extends sporophyte from base
  • numerous stomata
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16
Q

Phylum Bryophyta

A
  • mosses
  • leaf-like blades one cell thick, except at midrib
  • no typical leaf structures
  • attach to stem-like axis
  • Root-like rhizoids anchor plant
  • Water conduction occurs primarily outside of plant
  • Gametophyte is green and “leafy”
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17
Q

Phylum Bryophyta reproduction

A
  1. male and female gametangia are on the same plant (monoecious)
  2. sperm swim to archegonia and down neck canal 3. fertilization creates a zygote
  3. zygote creates foot for attachment (via mitosis) gametophyte provides nutrients
  4. zygote matures into sporophyte
  5. Sporophyte creates spores via meiosis
  6. operculum and calyptra fall off
  7. spores released through peristome
  8. spores germinate into filamentous protonema(algae-like)
  9. protonema grow, develop leafy buds
  10. rhizoids extend from base
  11. buds grow into gametophytes
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18
Q

Phylum Bryophyta Sporophyte anatomy

A
  • calyptra = tip of venter that remains on sporophyte as it grows upward
  • seta = stalk
  • capsule = at tip of stalk; produces spores
  • operculum = protective lid
  • peristome - mouthlike opening of capsule
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19
Q

Seedless vascular plants Land adaptations

A
  1. fatty cuticle to reduce water loss
  2. gametangia & sporangia are multicellular
  3. zygotes develop within parental tissues
    - vascular tissues: xylem and phloem (most) true roots, stems, and leaves
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20
Q

Seedless vascular plants water restrictions

A

water still needed so sperm can swim to egg

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21
Q

What phylums are apart of the seedless vascular kingdom plantae

A
  • Sporophyte is dominant form
    1. Psilophyta
    2. Lycophyta
    3. Equisetophyta
    4. Polypodiophyta
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22
Q

Phylum Psilophyta

A
  • whisk ferns
  • lack roots, rhizomes have rhizoids that act like root hairs
  • lack leaves
  • stem and epidermis are photosynthetic
  • enations are little flaps/knobs that occur along stems
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23
Q

Phylum Psilophyta Reproduction

A
  1. sporangia create spores by meiosis
  2. spores germinate into gametophyte plants
  3. monoecious gametophyte plant creates both archegonia and antheridia
  4. sperm swim to egg and fertilize within archegonium 5. sporophyte zygote does mitosis creates a foot and a rhizome
  5. rhizome creates vertical stems that are adult sporophyte plants
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24
Q

Phylum Lycophyta

A
  • club mosses
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25
Q

what are the three groups in Phylum Lycophyta

A
  • ground pines
  • spike mosses
  • quillworts
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26
Q

Phylum Lycophyta ground pines

A
  • little Christmas trees
  • microphylls: leaves
  • spread underground via rhizomes
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27
Q

Phylum Lycophyta ground pines reproduction

A
  1. adult sporophyte creates cone-like strobili
  2. strobili grow little leaves called sporophylls
  3. sporangia grow in axils of sporophylls
  4. sporocytes in sporangia create spores via meiosis
  5. spores germinate into gametophyte plants
  6. each gametophyte plant develops both archegonia AND antheridia
  7. sperm swim to archegonia and fertilize eggs
  8. sporophyte zygote does mitosis and grows into adult sporophyte plant
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28
Q

Phylum Lycophyta Spike mosses

A
  • ~700 species in the genus Selaginella
  • ligules: tongue-like appendages on each leaf
  • create two different spore types: heterospory
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29
Q

Phylum Lycophyta Spike mosses reproduction

A
  1. adult sporophyte creates strobili
  2. strobili grow sporophylls
  3. two types of sporangia grow in axils of sporophylls: microsporangia → small spores, megasporangia → large spores
  4. spores escape sporangia
  5. spores germinate when conditions allow
  6. both gametophytes mature
  7. sperm swim to archegonia and fertilize eggs
  8. sporophyte zygote does mitosis and develops into adult sporophyte
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30
Q

Phylum Lycophyta Quillworts

A
  • develop corms
  • long-lived
  • leaves have ligules at spoon-shaped bases
  • frequently grow with roots under water
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31
Q

Phylum Lycophyta Quillworts reproduction

A
  1. adult sporophytes heterosporous: microsporangia → microspores, megasporangia → megaspores
  2. spores escape from sporangia
  3. spores germinate in proper conditions
  4. both gametophytes mature
  5. sperm swim to archegonia and fertilize eggs
  6. sporophyte embryo does mitosis and develops into adult sporophyte.
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32
Q

Phylum Equisetophyta

A
  • horsetails
  • reduced whorled leaves fused at nodes
  • silica in epidermal cells
  • longitudinal ribs along stem
  • vascular tissue arranged in a ring
  • pith in center disappears
  • may spread via rhizomes that create adventitious roots
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33
Q

Phylum Equisetophyta reproduction

A
  1. adult sporophyte creates strobili
  2. strobili have sporangia supported by sporangiophores
  3. sporangia create spores via meiosis
  4. dispersed spores equipped with elaters that extend like wings; increased humidity causes elaters to coil, dropping spore out of the air
  5. spores germinate into gametophyte plants
  6. antheridia and/or archegonia are createdsome plants are monoecious, some are only male
  7. sperm swim to archegonia and fertilize eggs
  8. sporophyte zygote does mitosis and grows into adult sporophyte plant
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34
Q

Phylum Polypodiophyta

A
  • ferns
  • body may or may not have vertical stem
  • often have pinnately compound leaves (fronds)
  • each little blade is called a pinna
  • rhizomes often used to spread underground
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35
Q

Phylum Polypodiophyta reproduction

A
  1. adult sporophyte develops sori under frondssori = small clusters of sporangiaprotected by a flap called an indusium
  2. mature sporangia burst, throwing spores to the wind 3. spores germinate and grow into heart-shaped gametophytes (prothalli)
  3. prothalli create both antheridia and archegonia(monoecious)
  4. sperm swim to archegonia to fertilize eggs
  5. sporophyte zygote does mitosis and matures into adult sporophyte plant
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36
Q

what are the 4 phylums apart of Gymnosperms

A
  • Pinophyta
  • Cycadophyta
  • Ginkgophyta
  • Gnetophyta
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37
Q

what are the land adaptations for Gymnosperms

A
  1. fatty cuticle to reduce water loss
  2. gametangia & sporangia are multicellular
  3. zygotes develop within parental tissues
    - vascular tissues: xylem and phloem (most) true roots, stems, and leaves
    - no water needed for fertilization
    - seeds: waterproof capsules to protect sporophyte embryo
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38
Q

what are the land limitations for Gymnosperms

A
  • depend on wind to move “sperm” to egg

- depend on wind for seed dispersal

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39
Q

Phylum Pinophyta

A
  • Coniferous woody plants: pine, cedar, spruce, redwood

- Leaves modified into needles

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40
Q

Phylum Pinophyta Reproduction

A
  • sporophyte is dominant
    1. Adult sporophyte creates:
    1a. Pollen cones (male) covered in microsporophylls AND
    1b. Seed cones (female) covered in megasporophylls
    2a. Microsporocytes in microsporangia create microspores by meiosis
    2b. Megasporocytes in megasporangia create 4 megaspores by meiosis
    3a. Microspores develop into pollen grains 4 cells + 2 air sacs (“wings”) each
    3b. 3 megaspores die, remaining 1 becomes mature female gametophytecreates 2-6 archegonia, each with 1 egg
    4. Pollen is carried by wind and sticks to “pollen drop”
    5. Pollen is drawn to the top of the nucellus6. Pollen germinates
    7. 1 cell dies and 1 cell creates sterile cell and spermatogenous cell
    8. Spermatogenous cell creates 2 non-flagellated sperm
    9. Pollen tube contacts archegonium
    10. Sperm fertilizes egg
    11. Zygote grows into embryo, then pauses
    12. Integument of sporophyte develops into seed coat and wing
    13. Seed flies off and germinates
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41
Q

Phylum Ginkgophyta

A
  • Ginkgo trees
  • sperm are flagellated: swim in pollen tube
  • female ginkgos produce smelly, fleshy seeds
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42
Q

Phylum Cycadophyta

A
  • Cycads
  • huge strobili located in center of plant
  • sometimes pollinated by beetles
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43
Q

Phylum Gnetophyta

A
  • Gnetophytes
  • monoecious or dioecious
  • phylum synapomorphy: tracheid + vessels in xylem
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44
Q

Angiosperms

A
  • flowering plants
  • seeds and ovules surrounded by a carpel
  • Major advancement: flowers
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45
Q

what are annuals

A
  • produce flowers (and seeds) in 1 growing season
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46
Q

what are biennials

A

-in 2 growing seasons

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47
Q

what are perennials

A
  • in more than 2 growing seasons
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48
Q

Inflorescence

A

group of flowers on a stalk

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49
Q

Peduncle

A

the stalk for an inflorescence

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50
Q

Pedicel

A

the stalk for an individual flower

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51
Q

Receptacle

A

swollen area at a base of flower to which various parts are attached

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52
Q

Sepal

A
  • usually green, leafy protection of bud

- collectively, called calyx

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53
Q

Petal

A
  • usually showy, attracts pollinators

- collectively, called corolla

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54
Q

Tepal

A

used when petals and sepals can’t be differentiated

55
Q

Perianth

A

calyx + corolla

56
Q

Bract

A

specialized leaf that may be colorful; same function as a petal

57
Q

Stamen

A

male reproductive unit

58
Q

Anther

A

pollen-bearing structure

59
Q

Filament

A

thread-like stalk that holds up the anther

60
Q

Carpel

A

female reproductive unit

61
Q

Stigma

A

the pollen receiving structure

62
Q

Style

A

holds up stigma

63
Q

Ovary

A

contains ovule(s)

64
Q

Ovule

A

sac with egg

65
Q

simple Pistil

A

equal to a single carpel

66
Q

compound pistil

A

multiple carpels fused together

67
Q

Superior

A

ovary is above attachment of perianth

68
Q

Inferior

A

ovary is below attachment of perianth

69
Q

bilateral

A

1 plane of symmetry

70
Q

biradial

A

2 planes of symmetry

71
Q

radial

A

more than 2 planes of symmetry

72
Q

Spike

A

flowers attached to peduncle more or less directly

73
Q

Raceme

A

flowers attached to peduncle via pedicels

74
Q

Simple umbel

A

pedicels originate at a single spot at end of peduncle

75
Q

Compound umbel

A

peduncles end in rays, each have many pedicels attached at a single point

76
Q

Head

A

flowers attached to a disk-shaped structure

77
Q

Catkin

A

flowers attached to peduncle which hangs down from stem

78
Q

Corymb

A

similar to simple umbel, but all flowers bloom in a single plane

79
Q

Funnel

A

funnel-shaped

80
Q

Salverform

A

narrow with fused petals, tube-like

81
Q

Rotate

A

normal saucer/wheel shape

82
Q

Bell-shaped

A

petals fused, but much broader than salverform

83
Q

Urn-shaped

A

petals fused, opening is small, oval

84
Q

2-lipped

A

bilateral symmetry, fused petals

85
Q

Pea-like

A
  • bilateral
  • Banner petal: 1 upper petal partially divided
  • Wing petals: 2 side petals
  • Keel: 2 lower petals fused into one
86
Q

What is a fruit?

A
  • Mature ovary and accessory tissues

- Seed-bearing

87
Q

So what is a vegetable?

A

Any other part of the plant that one eats:stems, roots, flowers, and leaves

88
Q

exocarp

A

the skin

89
Q

mesocarp

A

fleshy part

90
Q

endocarp

A

boundary between seed and mesocarpnot always distinguishable

91
Q

pericarp

A

exocarp + mesocarp + endocarp

92
Q

seed

A
  • seed coat
  • embryo
  • endosperm - nutritive tissues
93
Q

what are the 2 types of fruit?

A
  • fleshy

- Dry fruit

94
Q

what is a fleshy fruit

A
  • moist, juicy areas of mesocarp around seed
95
Q

what is a drupe fleshy fruit

A
  • simple fleshy fruit with a single seed enclosed in a stony endocarp
96
Q

berry fleshy fruit

A

compound fleshy fruit that contains more than 1 seed; endocarp and mesocarp very similar

97
Q

true berry

A

fruit with thin skin and soft pericarppeppers, grapes, tomatoes

98
Q

pepo berry

A

fruit with thick rindpumpkins, watermelons, cucumbers

99
Q

hesperidium berry

A

fruit with leathery skin with aromatic oils

100
Q

pome

A
  • fruit developed from floral tube

- papery endocarp

101
Q

what is a dry fruit

A

mesocarp is dry at maturity

102
Q

dehiscent fruits

A

split open at maturity

103
Q

follicle

A

splits along 1 side or seam

104
Q

legume

A

splits along 2 sides or seams

105
Q

silique

A

splits along 2 sides, but seeds attach to structure in the middle

106
Q

capsule

A

splits a variety of ways, seeds can be shaken out

107
Q

indehiscent fruits

A

do not split open at maturity

108
Q

achene

A

only base of seed attaches to pericarp, so seed is easily removed

109
Q

nut

A

nut: similar to achene, but pericarp is much harder, often with fused bracts at base

110
Q

grain

A

pericarp is inseparable from seed

111
Q

samara

A

pericarp becomes a wing for dispersal

112
Q

schizocarp

A

fruits are composed of 2 seeds that split apart when mature

113
Q

simple composition

A

1 flower with 1 pistil

114
Q

aggregate composition

A

1 flower with many pistils; mature as unit

115
Q

multiple fruits

A

many flowers in an inflorescence fuse

116
Q

Seed coat

A

protects against drying, bacteria, fungi

117
Q

Cotyledons

A

food storage

118
Q

plumule

A

-embryo shoot

119
Q

Ranunculaceae

A
  • aka buttercup
  • annual
  • shrub
  • leaves: opposite or alternate
  • inflorescence: single or raceme
  • symmetry: radical
  • bisexual
  • fruit: achene, follicle, or berry
  • ovary: superior
  • most are poisonous
  • some roots are editable
  • some leave editable after boiling
120
Q

Lauraceae

A
  • aka laurels
  • perennial
  • trees
  • leaves: simple, alternate
  • inflorescence: umbel
  • bisexual
  • fruit: berry
  • ovary: superior
  • no petals
  • whirled arrangement if flowers
  • cold remedy
121
Q

papaveraceae

A
  • aka poppies
  • annual and perennial
  • tree and shrubs
  • leaves: simple or compound, alternate
  • inflorescence: single or raceme
  • bisexual
  • symmetry: radical, biracial, bilateral
  • Fruit: dehiscent capsule
  • ovary: superior
  • used in baking and pharmaceuticals
122
Q

Brassicaceae

A
  • aka Mustards
  • annual and perennial
  • shrubs
  • leaves: simple, alternate
  • inflorescence: raceme
  • bisexual
  • symmetry: biracial
  • Fruit: silique
  • ovary: superior
  • food
123
Q

Roseaceae

A
  • aka roses
  • annual and perennial
  • tree and shrubs
  • leaves: simple or pinnately/palmately compound, alternate
  • inflorescence: single or raceme
  • bisexual
  • symmetry: radical 5
  • Fruit: pomes, achenes, drupes, follicles
  • ovary: superior or inferior
  • food and ornamental
124
Q

Fabaceae

A
  • 2nd largest dicot family
  • aka Legumes
  • annual and perennial
  • tree and shrubs
  • leaves: compound, alternate
  • inflorescence: raceme, umbel, head or spike
  • bisexual
  • symmetry: bilateral “pea-like”
  • Fruit: legume
  • ovary: superior
  • many food uses
125
Q

Euphorbiaceae

A
  • aka spurge
  • annual and perennial
  • tree and shrubs
  • leaves: simple or palmately compound, alternate or opposite
  • inflorescence: cyathium (small with males and females in cup)
  • unisexual
  • symmetry: radical
  • Fruit: capsule
  • ovary: superior
  • no petals
126
Q

Cactaceae

A
  • aka cacti
  • perennial
  • tree and shrubs
  • leaves: no leaves; spines attached to areole
  • inflorescence: single
  • bisexual
  • symmetry: radical
  • Fruit: some fleshy and some dry
  • ovary: superior
  • some edible, many ornamental
  • native to north and South America only
127
Q

Lamiaceae

A
  • aka mint
  • annual and perennial
  • shrubs aromatic
  • leaves: simple on squared stems, opposite
  • inflorescence: spike like puff balls
  • bisexual, z-lipped
  • symmetry: radical, bilateral
  • Fruit: nutlets indehiscent
  • ovary: superior
  • aromatic oils, cooking
128
Q

solanaceae

A
  • aka nightshade
  • annual and perennial
  • shrubs
  • leaves: simple, alternate
  • bisexual
  • symmetry: rotate
  • Fruit: berry or capsule
  • ovary: superior
  • many: poisonous, many: edible
129
Q

Apiaceae

A
  • aka carrots
  • annual and perennial
  • shrubs aromatic
  • leaves: simple or complex, alternate
  • inflorescence: compound umbel
  • bisexual
  • symmetry: radical
  • Fruit: schizocarp
  • ovary: inferior
  • edible roots, food seasonings, few: poisonous
130
Q

Cucurbitaceae

A
  • aka pumpkins
  • annual and perennial
  • shrubs
  • leaves: simple, alternate
  • inflorescence: male: racemes, female: single
  • unisexual
  • symmetry: radical, bell shaped, rotate
  • Fruit: capsule or berry
  • ovary: inferior
  • food or decoration
131
Q

Asteraceae

A
  • largest in the dicot family
  • aka sunflowers
  • annual and perennial
  • shrubs and trees
  • inflorescence: flowers on head
  • bisexual, unisexual, sterile florets
  • symmetry: radical, bilateral
  • ovary: inferior
  • no sepals; edible seeds, stems, buds, leaves; ornamental
132
Q

poaceae

A
  • aka grasses
  • annual and perennial
  • shrubs
  • leaves: simple, alternate
  • inflorescence: spikes
  • bisexual
  • fruit: grain
  • ovary: not inferior or superior
  • no perianth; usually wind pollinated; food; ornamental
133
Q

Liliaceae

A
  • aka lilies
  • perennial
  • shrubs
  • leaves: alternate or whorled
  • inflorescence: raceme single
  • bisexual
  • symmetry: radical or salver- form
  • fruit: capsule or berry
  • ovary: superior
  • has tepals; ornamental; food: onion, asparagus
134
Q

Orchidaceae

A
  • largest flowering plant family
  • aka orchids
  • perennial
  • shrubs
  • leaves: alternate or opposite
  • inflorescence: single, spike, or raceme
  • bisexual
  • symmetry: bilateral
  • fruit: capsule
  • ovary: inferior
  • primarily ornamental; medicinal, has lip petal= pollinator “landing pad”

Botany (4 decks)

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