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Botany > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a plant?

A

it’s in the kingdom plantae

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2
Q

Order of plants

A
  • kingdom
  • phylum
  • class (groups of 3)
  • order (pollinated by wind or self pollenated
  • family (grasses)
  • genus (Barlies)
  • species
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3
Q

how do you write a species name?

A
  1. Genus- always capitalized

2. Species- lowercase either italicized or underlined

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4
Q

what does a cladogram represent

A

Evolutionary relationships

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5
Q

node

A

branching off in a cladogram

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6
Q

monophyletic group

A

a single clade and all its members

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7
Q

paraphyletic group

A

a clade and most of its members

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8
Q

polyphyletic group

A

members grouped together due to similar seeming characteristics derived independently

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9
Q

apomorphy

A

a unique characteristic that is RECENTLY derived in a lineage

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10
Q

synapomorphy

A

a shared characteristic that is RECENTLY derived in a lineage

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11
Q

plesiomorphy

A

an ancestral characteristic

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12
Q

symplesiopmorphy

A

a shared ancestral characteristic

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13
Q

what are the steps in the scientific method

A
  1. make an observation
  2. ask a question
  3. form a hypothesis
  4. test your hypothesis
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14
Q

properties of life

A
  1. cellular
  2. order
  3. energy use
  4. growth and development
  5. reproduction
  6. responsiveness to maintain homostasis
  7. adaptive evolution
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15
Q

levels of organization for cells and tissues

A
  1. cells
  2. tissues
  3. organs
  4. organ system
  5. organism
  6. population
  7. Community
  8. Ecosystem
  9. biosphere
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16
Q

prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes

A
  • no nucleus vs. has a nucleus
  • nucleoid (DNA) vs.
  • no mmb- bound organelles vs. mmb- bound organelles
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17
Q

what are the cell wall layers?

A
  1. middle lamella - between cells pectin
  2. Primary cell wall- flexible, cellulose, hemicellulose glycoproteins
  3. secondary cell wall- strong, cellulose, thicker in some cells
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18
Q

plasmodesmata

A
  • cytoplasmic pathways

- allow for intercellular communication

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19
Q

protoplasm

A
  • everything within plasma mmb. Including the nucleus
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20
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • everything within plasma mmb. except the nucleus
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21
Q

microbodies

A
  • contain enzymes
    • peroxisomes- detox enzymes, toxic byproducts
    • glyoxysome- converting lipids into sugar
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22
Q

microfilaments

A

small, structural, nautical movement, cytoplasmic streaming

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23
Q

vacuole

A
  • storage
  • controls pH, water pressure
  • colors for petals
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24
Q

anthrocyanins

A
  • water soluble pigments in vacuole

- blue, violets, reds

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25
Q

proplastid

A

stores lipid soluble pigments

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26
Q

chromoplast

A
  • stores pigments

- carotenoids: carotenes (oranges), xanthophlls (yellows)

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27
Q

amyloplast

A

store starches

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28
Q

elaioplast

A

store lipids

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29
Q

lumen

A

open space within thylakoid

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30
Q

what are the 2 categories for tissues?

A
  1. apical meristems- lengthen of root or shoot

2. lableral meristem- widening

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31
Q

simple tissues

A
  • one kind of cell in each tissue

- 3 types of simple tissue: parenchyma, collenchyma- thicker but irregular walls, sclerenchyma- THICKER

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32
Q

complex tissues

A

2 or more cell types

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33
Q

Xylem

A

Transport of water and dissolved minerals

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34
Q

What are the 3 types of cells in xylem

A
  1. Vessel elements: end to end, make vessels; perforation plates; dead at maturity; thick secondary wall; spirally reinforced within
  2. Trancheid: pits allow fluid movement plugged by torus; dead at maturity; irregular secondary walls
  3. Ray cells: allow lateral conduction; alive at maturity
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35
Q

Phloem

A

Moves sugars

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36
Q

What are two cell types in phloem

A
  1. Sieve tube members- alive at maturity

2. Companion cells- help sieve tube members live, have nuclei

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37
Q

Epidermis

A
  • 1 cell thick
  • fat layer of cut in which makes up the cuticle
  • cuticle is topped with wax
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38
Q

Why is the cuticle topped with wax

A

Water proofing

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39
Q

What are root hairs function

A

-Increase water and mineral absorption

-

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40
Q

What is the function of trichomes

A
  • reduce leaf temp

- reduce water loss

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41
Q

Periderm

A
  • Replaces epidermis in woody plants
  • dark
  • dead at maturity
  • includes cork cells and dead phloem
  • bark secrets suberin
  • presents gas exchange
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42
Q

Lenticels

A

Outgrowths of suberin-free parenchyma

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43
Q

Secretory tissues

A
  • modified parenchyma

- depending on function, secrete: waste products, latex, sticky mucilage, nectar oils

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44
Q

Phylum magnoliophyta? What are the two classes

A
  • Flowering plants
  • class Liliopsida (lilies)
  • class Magnoliopsida ( magnolias)
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45
Q

Conifers

A

Cone bearing plants

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46
Q

Herbaceous

A

Nonwoody, delicate

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47
Q

What is a baby root called

A

Radicle

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48
Q

What are root functions

A
  • anchoring
  • absorption of water and minerals
  • storage of water and nutrients
  • conduction
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49
Q

2 root system

A
  1. Taproot system: one big primary root and laterals

2. Fibrous root system: network of small roots

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50
Q

What are the 4 regions in a growing root?

A

From tip

  1. Root cap
  2. Region of cell division
  3. Region of elongation
  4. Region of maturation
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51
Q

Root cap?

A
  • pushes into soil
  • cells get sloughed off
  • mucilage provides lubrication, protection, affects bacterial growth and soil contact
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52
Q

Region of cell division

A
  • apical meristem: Lengthening matures into 3 meristem areas
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53
Q

What are the 3 Apical meristem areas

A
  1. Protoderm: outermost, creates epidermis
  2. Ground meristem- middle layer, create parenchyma tissue
  3. Procambium- inner most layer, crests inner vascular tissues
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54
Q

Region of elongation

A
  • Just behind the region of cell division
  • cells get longer
  • ## pushes cap farther into soil
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55
Q

Region of maturation

A
  • just behind region of elongation aka root hair zone
  • cuticle May be secreted in mature roots
  • function: very thin, only for defense
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56
Q

Cortex

A

Parenchyma
Food storage
Aerenchyma in aquatic and wetland plants

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57
Q

What happens as roots age

A

Casparian strips thicken and and impermeability

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58
Q

Pericycle

A

Lateral roots
Vascular cambium
Cork cambium

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59
Q

Monocot roots

A
  • xylem makes a loose circle
  • phloem cluster between circles
  • pith- central parenchyma
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60
Q

Dicot and conifer roots

A
  • xylem makes an “X”
  • phloem fills in armpits
  • cork cambium- cork in woody plants
  • periderm- protective; replaces epidermis and cortex
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61
Q

Woody dicot and conifer roots

A
  • vascular cambium- between xylem and phloem
  • secondary xylem inside
  • secondary phloem outside
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62
Q

What cells are food storage for roots

A

Parenchyma

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63
Q

Water storage roots

A

Typically in areas of of seasonal drought

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64
Q

Propagation roots

A

Shallow roots that sprout adventitious buds where shoots can be generated

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65
Q

Pneumatophores

A

“Snorkels” for underwater root to get oxygen

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66
Q

Aerial roots

A
  • Develop above ground
  • multiple functions: prop roots in corn help support stem, adventitious roots in ivy help it climb or become tree trunks
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67
Q

Contractile roots

A
  • pull plant down in secessive seasons

- food depletion causes roots to contract

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68
Q

Buttress roots

A
  • support large trees in shallow soil, reinforce anchoring
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69
Q

Hemiparasite

A

Uses host for water and soil nutrients; may also derive carbohydrates

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70
Q

Holoparasite

A

Uses host for water, soil nutrients, and carbohydrates

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71
Q

Endotrophic

A

Fungi directly enters parenchyma cells

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72
Q

Ectotrophic

A

Fungi enters spaces between cells

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73
Q

What are the soil horizons

A

O, A,B,C horizons

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74
Q

O horizon

A

Leaf litter

100% organic (humus)

75
Q

A horizon

A
  • topsoil, rich, dark, large organic component
76
Q

B horizon

A
  • subsoil, lighted in color, large inorganic component
77
Q

C horizon

A
  • parent material, rock
78
Q

What are the 3 basic types of rock

A
  1. Igneous rock - volcanic origin
  2. Sedimentary rock- deposition; often layered, may have fossils
  3. Metamorphic rock- extreme temp and pressure
79
Q

What does more rain do to soil

A

More weathering; produces well developed souls

80
Q

What does too much rain do to soil?

A
  • too much runoff ; soils wash away
81
Q

What does freezing do to soil

A
  • frost wedging; breaks apart large stones
82
Q

What effect does living organisms have on soil

A
  • decomposers make O horizon absorbable primary bacteria, 1/1000 of soil weight
  • burrowing animals allow carbon dioxide to escape, create rich dark soils= humus
83
Q

What effect does topography have on soils

A
  • steep slopes = fast water= erodes soils
  • standing water = slows down decomposers, reduces quality of soil
  • moderate slopes are optimal
84
Q

Sand

A

Drains quickly large spaces between particles and allows root gas exchange

85
Q

Silt

A
  • drains slower than Sand but faster than Clay moderate size spacing between particles
86
Q

Clay

A

Absorbs and drain slowly, less empty space between particles, more time for water

87
Q

Loam

A

Ideal nutrients and water constent; decreased erosion; tillable

88
Q

What is the function of a stem?

A
  • support transport photosynthesis climbing and storage
89
Q

What are leaves attached to?

A

Nodes

90
Q

What are the three patterns of attachment for leaves?

A
  1. Opposite
  2. Alternate
  3. Whorled
91
Q

What is an axle

A

Upper leaf stem angle

92
Q

What is a terminal bud

A

The one at the very tip

93
Q

Auxiliary bud

A

Hey but on the axle

94
Q

where are Stipules found

A

Where in monocots often paired in dicots

95
Q

What do bud scales indicate

A

Stem Age

96
Q

What do you leave scars indicate

A

Site of leaf loss

97
Q

What is a bundle scar

A

Where are vascular tissue broke off

98
Q

Abscission

A

Leaf drop

99
Q

What does it mean if a plant is Evergreen

A

Keeps green leaves all year long and regular rate of abscission

100
Q

Deciduous

A

The one time of year where abscission rates are higher (fall to winter)

101
Q

What is a monocot stem tissue pattern

A
  • no lateral meristems , epidermis covers sclerenchyma, xylem and phloem in scattered vascular bundles
102
Q

What is a herbaceous dicots stem tissue pattern

A
  • Not woody, No Cork cambium, vascular bundles create ring between pith and cortex
103
Q

Vascular cambium

A
  • Permanent growth region creates xylem (inner) and phloem (outer)
  • May extend it between vascular bundles to create parenchyma
104
Q

What is the tissue pattern for a woody dicot stem

A

Vascular cambium is a ring, lateral growth makes very little phloem (bark) makes lots of xylem (wood)

105
Q

Spring xylem

A
  • bigger than summer xylem

- Lots of vessel elements

106
Q

Summer xylem

A
  • Small then spring xylem

- Lots of tracheids, not made in fall and winter, ring size indicates rainfall total

107
Q

Cork cambium

A
  • cork cells filled with a suberin
  • cork cells —-> bark
  • causes epidermis death
  • gas exchange via lenticels
108
Q

Vascular rays

A
  • Lateral conduction
  • typically about one Cell thick
  • phloem rays, xylem rays
109
Q

Heartwood

A
  • Old xylem in the center of wood - nonfunctional due to tyloses resins and tannins darken wood
110
Q

Sapwood

A
  • functional new xylem closer to your edges form as quickly as old
111
Q

Softwood

A
  • primary Tracheids no fibers

- pines

112
Q

Hardwood

A
  • Fibers present

- woody dicot

113
Q

Bark

A
  • all tissue outside the vascular cambium phloem included
  • phloem long lived eventually crushed against Cork
  • new phloem closest
114
Q

Rhizomes

A

Horizontal underground stems

- reproductive storage organs with adventitious roots

115
Q

Runners

A
  • Horizontal above ground stems

- reproductive adventitious roots and buds

116
Q

Tubers

A

Underground storage stems

117
Q

Bulbs

A
  • Large buds surrounded by fleshy leaves

- stem is very small with adventitious roots

118
Q

Corns

A

Primarily stem adventitious roots, reduce number of papery leaves

119
Q

Cladophylls

A

Flattened, leave like Stems auxiliary buds at nodes in Center

120
Q

Tendrils

A

Spiral stems that help climb

121
Q

Pinnately compound leafs

A

Multiple leaflets off rachis (petiole extension)

- if further division—-> bipinnately conpund

122
Q

Palmately compound leafs

A

Handish

123
Q

What are the leaf shapes

A
  • Linear - linger wide, straightish
  • ovate- broad near petiole narrow at tip
  • lanceolate - tappers to a point
  • lobed- looks like a flower
124
Q

What are leaf margins?

A

Edges of leaf

125
Q

Dentate leaf margins

A

Rectangular, point outward lobed

126
Q

What do things look like in Monocots

A

Parallel

127
Q

Dicot vein leafs options

A
  • pinnately veined : many Bain of petiole

- dichotomously veined: no main vein, veins branch and branch

128
Q

Cutin

A
  • cover leaf

- water proof leaf

129
Q

What is the epidermis made out of in a leaf

A
  • pavement cells that lack chloroplast
130
Q

Leucoplast function?

A

Nutrient storage

131
Q

What can pavement cells be modified into

A
  • trichomes: hairy, temp regulation, water loss

- glands : secrete substances

132
Q

What are the functions of guard cells that have chloroplast

A
  1. Control gas exchange

2. Control movement of water from roots via regulation of stomata opening and closing

133
Q

Bulliform cells

A
  • monocots
  • prevent water loss
  • cell water depletes ——> cell folds up protecting upper epidermis
134
Q

Mesophyll on leaf

A
  • Area between top and bottom epidermis

- cloranchama

135
Q

Upper parenchyma in mesophyll

A
  • palisade mesophyll, tight columns
136
Q

Lower parenchyma in mesophyll

A

Spongy mesophyll

Lots of air space

137
Q

Shade leafs

A
  • broader thinner
  • few but larger chloroplasts
  • darker (more chlorophyll)
  • few trychomes
138
Q

Sun leaves

A
  • small thicker
  • more chloroplast but smaller
  • lighter (less chlorophyll)
  • more trichomes
139
Q

Arid regions leaves

A
  • dry areas
  • thicker, tough, leathery, hairy
  • stomata in pits
  • leaves reduced, absent, or modified for water storage
  • light in color
140
Q

Aquatic plant leaves

A
  • mesophyll lacks layers
  • usually have air spaces ( aerenchyma)
  • less xylem then phloem
141
Q

Tendrils

A

Spiral leaves that help plants climb

142
Q

Spines

A
  • sclerenchyma Replaces most leaf tissues

- reduces water loss

143
Q

How can you tell if something is a true spine

A

Auxiliary buds

144
Q

Thorns

A

Modified stems grow from axils

145
Q

Prickles

A

Modified epidermis or cortex

146
Q

Storage leaves a.k.a. succulently leaves

A
  • Store water or carbohydrates

- large chloroplasts less parenchyma cells surrounded by chlorenchyma

147
Q

Flower pot leaves

A
  • mutualistic with ants
  • hollow leaves create homes for ants
  • ants deposit soil in leaves plants grow in roots
148
Q

Window leaves

A
  • Adapted for dry windy environments
  • cone shaped leaf buried in sand
  • Thick transparent epidermis waxy cuticle
149
Q

Reproductive leaves

A
  • Edges of leaves produce plantlets

- plantlets fall/get knocked off

150
Q

Floral leaves

A
  • brightly colored and look like petals

- designed to attract pollinators

151
Q

Insect trapping leaves

A
  • Photosynthetic

- Typically in soil is lacking nitrogen and nutrients

152
Q

Pitcher plants

A
  • leaves shaped like pitchers
  • water deep down but sweet nectar above
  • walls not climb able
153
Q

Sundews

A
  • leaves covered in extremely sensitive hair, hair tips covered in sticky adhesive fluid, hair/leaf curls up when in contact with insect
154
Q

Venus’s-flytraps

A
  • folded leaf with hinged midrib, when two years are touched, trap closes, enzymes digest insects
155
Q

Bladderworts

A

-aquatic plants with airfield bladders, insect hits hairs, trap door closes, water rushes in, sucks insect in, very quick

156
Q

In autumn why do the leaves change color

A

Alternate pigments revealed due to degrading of chlorophyll

157
Q

How does abscission occur

A
  • hormones from young age

- In order leaves abscission zone is formed at Petiole base

158
Q

What are the two layers of a petiole base

A
  • protective layer

- separation layer

159
Q

Why does abscission occur

A
  • leaves are too expensive with decreased light intensity
  • Re-absorption of nutrients
  • decreased water loss during dry season
160
Q

Brownian movement

A

All molecules in Atoms are in constant motion

161
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of Molecules down a concentration gradient from area of high concentration to an area of low concentration; no energy required

162
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

163
Q

Solvent

A

Liquid part

164
Q

Solutes

A

Dissolved particles

165
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Has a relatively lower concentration of solutes

166
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Has a relatively higher concentration of solute‘s

167
Q

Isotonic

A

Have approximately the same concentration of solutes

168
Q

Turgor pressure

A

Pressure against the wall primarily due to water inside the vacuole

169
Q

Plasmolysis

A

When a cell loses water pressure

170
Q

Imbibition

A
  • Absorption of water and subsequent swelling of cells/tissue
  • occurs due to presence of large polar molecules
171
Q

Active transport

A
  • uses energy
  • allows plants to retain necessary molecules and maintain osmotic potentials
  • Photosynthesis uses energy to move protons against gradient
172
Q

Transpiration

A
  • Evaporation of water through stomata
  • provides evaporative cooling
  • moves water and minerals from root to leaves
173
Q

What is the old theory on water getting from roots to the tip of a stem

A

Cohesion and adhesion

174
Q

Cohesion

A

Water sticks to itself

175
Q

Adhesion

A

Water sticks to other things

176
Q

What is the new theory on water getting from route to the tip of a stem

A

Cohesion tension theory

177
Q

Macronutrients

A
  • 0.5%- 3% of a plants dry weight

- N,P,K,Ca and leads Mg, S

178
Q

Nitrogen

A
  • proteins, nucleic acid‘s, chlorophyll

- lack causes all this leads to turn pale

179
Q

Potassium

A
  • coenzymes

- lack causes yellowing of leaves, starting at margins

180
Q

Calcium

A
  • middle lamellae

- lack causes death of terminal buds, leaves are hooked and/or withered

181
Q

Phosphorus

A
  • ATP, Calvin cycle

- lack causes stunted growth, purpleish leaves

182
Q

Magnesium

A
  • heart of chlorophyll

- lack causes yellow spots, sudden dead spots, curled leave edges

183
Q

Sulfur

A
  • some amino acids

- lack causes pale leaves, veins often light in color

Botany (4 decks)

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