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Animal Diversity Lab > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Clade Echinodermata

A 
true coelom
deuterostome
endoskeleton
absence of cephalization 
radial symmetry
Water vascular system
Nerve ring
Dermal branchiae (skin gills)
clade holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
clade echinoidea (sand dollars, sea urchins)
clade asteroidea (sea stars)
clade ophiuroidea (brittle stars, basket stars)
clade crinoidea (sea lillies, feather stars)
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2
Q

Deuterostomes

A

blastopore becomes anus
indeterminate development
radial clevage

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3
Q

Spines (Clade Asteroidea)

A

calcareous projections for protection and support

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4
Q

dermal branchiae/skin gills (Clade Asteroidea)

A

gas exchange and excretion by simple diffusion

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5
Q

ambulacral groove (Clade Asteroidea)

A

radiate from mouth to top of each harm

house tube feet

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6
Q

tube feet (Clade Asteroidea)

A

used for locomotion and prey capture

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7
Q

ampullae

ampulla = singular (Clade Asteroidea)

A

provide hydrostatic pressure for movement by tube feet

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8
Q

pyloric stomach and cardiac stomach (Clade Asteroidea)

A

chemical digestion
located on aboral side

Mechanical digestion
Oral side

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9
Q

(Clade Asteroidea)

A 
external fertilization
dioecious
pentaradial symmetry
nerve ring (contain nerves that radiate entire body)
water-vascular system
aboral (top)
oral (bottom)

**sea star

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10
Q

stone canal (Clade Asteroidea)

A

portion of water vascular system from madreporite to ring canal

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11
Q

madreporite (Clade Asteroidea)

A

porous entrance to water vascular system

pressure regulator and simple filter

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12
Q

pedicellariae (Clade Asteroidea)

A

keep sea star clean from organisms that settle on surface

Pincer like structures

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13
Q

ring canal (Clade Asteroidea)

A

portion of water vascular system that circles mouth

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14
Q

radial canals (Clade Asteroidea)

A

portion of water vascular system from ring canal to each arm

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15
Q

respiratory tree (Clade Holothuroidea)(Clade Echinodermata)

A

gas exchange

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16
Q

tentacles (Clade Holothuroidea)

A

used for food collection

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17
Q

cloaca (Clade Holothuroidea)

A

pumps water into and out of respiratory trees

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18
Q

tube feet (Clade Holothuroidea)

A

locomotion

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19
Q

(Clade Holothuroidea)

A

sea cucumber

can reform lost body parts; forces insides out of anus when provoked by other organisms

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20
Q

Clade chordata characteristics (7)

A 
tripoblastic
Well developed digestive, nervous, and excretory system
deuterostome
bilateral symmetry
endoskeleton (bone or cartillage)
highly cephalized
homologous structures
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21
Q

5 specific features that all chordates share at some point of development

A
  1. notochord: first part of endoskeleton; anchors myomere (muscles)
  2. pharyngeal gills slits: suspension feeding in simple chordates, pharynx in vertebrates
  3. dorsal, hollow nerve cord: vertebrate spinal cord
  4. postanal tail: motility in lower chordates, vestigial in humans
  5. endostyle or thyroid gland
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22
Q

Clade tunicata

A

suspension filter feeders
sessile as adults; motile as larvae
open circuatory system
hermaphroditic

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23
Q

endostyle (clade tunicata)

A

secrete mucus that coat pharynx in order to trap food particles

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24
Q

pharynx with gill slits (clade tunicata)

A

allow for outflow of water from pharynx into atrium

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25
Q

incurrent and excurrent siphons (clade tunicata)

A

water opening (bring in oxygen and food particles and carries out CO2 and waste)

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26
Q

notochord (clade tunicata)

A

skeletal support for anchoring of swimming muscles in larval form

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27
Q

postanal tail (clade tunicata) and dorsal nerve chord (clade tunicata)

A

not present in adult form

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28
Q

atrium (clade tunicata)

A

receives water passed from pharynx though pharyngeal slits

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29
Q

clade cephalochrodata

A 
Lancelet (amphioxus)
burrows in sand
some cartilage but no true skeleton
closed circulatory system for nutrient distribution rather than gas exchange (colorless)
cephalization is absent
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30
Q

rostrum (clade cephalochordata)

A

anterior projection shielding entrance to mouth

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31
Q

myomeres (clade cephalochordata)

A

provide muscular movement for swimming and burrowing

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32
Q

gill bars and gill slits (clade cephalochordata)

A

outflow of water from pharynx between gills bars for food capture and respiration

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33
Q

hepatic cecum (clade cephalochordata)

A

digestion and lipid/glycogen storage

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34
Q

Clade Agnatha

A

jawless

clade cephalaspidomorphi (lamprey)

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35
Q

clade vertebrata “craniata”

A 
bilateral symmetry
well-developed head with cranium
closed circulatory system
vertebral column encasing dorsal nerve cord
chambered heart
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36
Q

clade cephalaspidomorphi

A

lampreys

ammocoetes: larvae that live in sand or water for 3-5 years before undergoing metamorphosis

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37
Q

Adaptions to stay afloat (clade chondrichthyes)

A

heterocercal tail
cartilaginous skeleton
constantly swimming
oily liver

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38
Q

characteristics specific to sharks (clade chondrichthyes)

A 
cartilaginous skeleton
strong jaws with sharp teeth
paired fins
fusiform body
well developed sensory organs (olfactory organs, lateral line system, electroreceptors)
constantly swimming
heterocercal tail
heart with 2 chambers

**sharks, rays, chimaeras

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39
Q

claspers (clade chondrichthyes)

A

used in copulation to deliver sperm

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40
Q

spiracles (clade chondrichthyes)

A 
function as modified gill slits
allow water to draw into pharynx and across gills
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41
Q

liver (clade chondrichthyes)

A

oily

produce bile and detoxifies many constituents of absorbed digestive compounds

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42
Q

pancreas

A

produce digestive enzymes

produce hormone that control blood glucose levels

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43
Q

spleen

A

stores blood and recycle worn out RBC

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44
Q

illeum (valvular intestine, spiral valve) (clade chondrichthyes)

A

primary site of digestion and absorption of nutrients

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45
Q

First true vertebrates

A

less than 1 foot long
no tails, wiggled for movement
lacked jaws and teeth, bottom dwellers (food from ocean floor)

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46
Q

benefits of jaws and paired fins

A

jaws: grip food firmly
paired fins: maneuver more precisely

bottom feeders –> active predators

gills slits used for filter feeding –? gas exchange

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47
Q

Deuterostomes

A

blastopore becomes anus
indeterminate development
radial clevage

48
Q

Spines (Clade Asteroidea)

A

calcareous projections for protection and support

49
Q

dermal branchiae/skin gills (Clade Asteroidea)

A

gas exchange and excretion by simple diffusion

50
Q

ambulacral groove (Clade Asteroidea)

A

radiate from mouth to top of each harm

house tube feet

51
Q

tube feet (Clade Asteroidea)

A

used for locomotion and prey capture

52
Q

ampullae

ampulla = singular (Clade Asteroidea)

A

provide hydrostatic pressure for movement by tube feet

53
Q

pyloric stomach (Clade Asteroidea)

A

chemical digestion

54
Q

(Clade Asteroidea)

A 
external fertilization
dioecious
pentaradial symmetry
nerve ring (contain nerves that radiate entire body)
water-vascular system
aboral (top)
oral (bottom)

**sea star

55
Q

stone canal (Clade Asteroidea)

A

portion of water vascular system from madreporite to ring canal

56
Q

madreporite (Clade Asteroidea)

A

porous entrance to water vascular system

pressure regulator and simple filter

57
Q

pedicellariae (Clade Asteroidea)

A

keep sea star clean from organisms that settle on surface

58
Q

ring canal (Clade Asteroidea)

A

portion of water vascular system that circles mouth

59
Q

radial canals (Clade Asteroidea)

A

portion of water vascular system from ring canal to each arm

60
Q

respiratory tree (Clade Holothuroidea)(Clade Echinodermata)

A

gas exchange

61
Q

tentacles (Clade Holothuroidea)

A

used for food collection

62
Q

cloaca (Clade Holothuroidea)

A

pumps water into and out of respirator trees

63
Q

tube feet (Clade Holothuroidea)

A

locomotion

64
Q

(Clade Holothuroidea)

A

sea cucumber

can reform lost body parts; forces insides out of anus when provoked by other organisms

65
Q

Clade chordata

A 
tripoblastic
true coelom
deuterostome
bilateral symmetry
endoskeleton (bone or cartillage)
highly cephalized
homologous structures
66
Q

5 specific features that all chordates share at some point of dvelopment

A
  1. notochord: first part of endoskeleton; anchors myomere (muscles)
  2. pharyngeal gills slits: suspension feeding in simple chordates, pharynx in vertebrates
  3. dorsal, hollow nerve cord: vertebrate spinal cord
  4. postanal tail: motility in lower chordates, vestigial in humans
  5. endostyle or thyroid gland
67
Q

Clade tunicata

A 
suspension feeders
sessile as adults; motile as larvae
filter feeder
open circuatory system
hermaphroditic
68
Q

endostyle (clade tunicata)

A

secrete mucus that coat pharynx in order to trap food particles

69
Q

pharynx with gill slits (clade tunicata)

A

allow for outflow of water from pharynx into atrium

70
Q

incurrent and excurrent siphons (clade tunicata)

A

water opening (bring in oxygen and food particles and carries out CO2 and waste)

71
Q

notochord (clade tunicata)

A

skeletal support for anchoring of swimming muscles in larval form

72
Q

postanal tail (clade tunicata) and dorsal nerve chord (clade tunicata)

A

not present in adult form

73
Q

atrium (clade tunicata)

A

receives water passed from pharynx though pharyngeal slits

74
Q

Clade cephalochrodata

A 
Lancelet
burrows in sand
some cartilage but no true skeleton
closed circulatory system for nutrient distribution rather than gas exchange (colorless)
cephalization is absent
75
Q

rostrum (clade cephalochordata)

A

anterior projection shielding entrance to mouth

76
Q

myomeres (clade cephalochordata)

A

provide muscular movement for swimming and burrowing

77
Q

gill bars and gill slits (clade cephalochordata)

A

outflow of water from pharynx between gills bars for food capture and respiration

78
Q

hepatic cecum (clade cephalochordata)

A

digestion and lipid/glycogen storage

79
Q

Clade Agnatha

A

jawless

clade cephalaspidomorphi (lamprey)

80
Q

clade vertebrata “craniata”

A 
bilateral symmetry
well-developed head with cranium
closed circulatory system
vertebral column encasing dorsal nerve cord
chambered heart
81
Q

clade cephalaspidomorphi

A

lampreys

ammocoetes: larvae that live in sand or water for 3-5 years before undergoing metamorphosis

82
Q

Adaptions to stay afloat (clade chondrichthyes)

A

heterocercal tail
cartilaginous skeleton
constantly swimming
oily liver

83
Q

characteristics specific to sharks (clade chondrichthyes)

A 
cartilaginous skeleton
strong jaws with sharp teeth
paired fins
fusiform body
well developed sensory organs (olfactory organs, lateral line system, electroreceptors)
constantly swimming
heterocercal tail
heart with 2 chambers

**sharks, rays, chimaeras

84
Q

claspers (clade chondrichthyes)

A

used in copulation to deliver sperm

85
Q

spiracles (clade chondrichthyes)

A 
function as modified gill slits
allow water to draw into pharynx and across gills
86
Q

liver (clade chondrichthyes)

A

oily

produce bile and detoxifies many constituents of absorbed digestive compounds

87
Q

pancreas

A

produce digestive enzymes

produce hormone that control blood glucose levels

88
Q

spleen

A

stores blood and recycle worn out RBC

89
Q

illeum (valvular intestine, spiral valve) (clade chondrichthyes)

A

primary site of digestion and absorption of nutrients

90
Q

First true vertebrates

A

less than 1 foot long
no tails, wiggled for movement
lacked jaws and teeth, bottom dwellers (food from ocean floor)

91
Q

benefits of jaws and paired fins

A

jaws: grip food firmly
paired fins: maneuver more precisely

bottom feeders –> active predators

gills slits used for filter feeding –> gas exchange

92
Q

Clade actinopterygii

A 
bony fish
swim bladder to stay afloat
paired fins supported by parallel bony rays
gills
heart with 2 chambers

**perch

93
Q

pyloric ceca (clade actinopterygii)

A

3 pouches extending from intestine that increase surface area for digestion

94
Q

swim bladder (clade actinopterygii)

A

gas-filled sac; buoyancy organ

95
Q

clade amphibia

A 
external gills
lungs (positive pressure breathing)
three chambered heart
tetrapod
ectotherm
thin skin
96
Q

fat bodies (clade actinopterygii)

A

repositories for lipid reserve

97
Q

cloaca (clade actinopterygii)

A

chamber for collecting urine, feces and gametes prior to discharge from body

98
Q

reasons why amphibians are restricted to living near water

A

skin needs to stay moist
eggs need to be in water (lack tough protective shell)
larvae have external gills (adults have lungs)

99
Q

difference between Axolotl and amphibians

A

retain external gills throughout adulthood

lose gills and develop lungs as they search for a new water source

100
Q

specialized body part of frog used for jumping

A

back legs are long and muscular
body is shortened and has a fused head
lack true ribs
fused caudal vertebrae

101
Q

frog fertilization

A

internally

advantage: more eggs are laid, less stress on mother, increased survival rate of offspring
disadvantage: protection of egg (require water source)

102
Q

Clade gnathostomata

A

animals with jaws

103
Q

clade reptilia

A 
fully terrestrial
shelled eggs/amniotic membrane
tough/protective skin
internal fertilization
diapsid (crocodile, lizards, snakes)
anapsid (turtle)
ecothermic
internal fertilization
direct development (no larvae stage)
keratinized scales
104
Q

clade aves

A

feathers
reptilian ancestry
endothermic
no urinary bladder (uric acid instead of urea)
reproductive organ large during reproductive period only
4 chambered heart

105
Q

modification in clade aves for flight

A 
forelimbs into wings
hollow bones
efficient respiratory system (always have O2 in respiratory system)
high metabolic rate
anapsid
106
Q

diapsid

A

2 temporal openings behind eye socket
allowed for attachment of jaw muscle, light skulls, provide space for jaw muscle to budge

crocodile, lizards, snakes, birds

107
Q

Synapsid

A

1 temporal opening

turtle

108
Q

anapsid

A

lack opening

109
Q

plastron (clade reptilia)

A

lower section of turtle shell

110
Q

carapace (clade reptilia)

A

upper section of turtle sell

111
Q

proventriculus (clade aves)

A

stomach of birds

112
Q

crop (clade aves)

A

stores food; helps in regurgitation of young

113
Q

changes that occurred in reptiles for transition to terrestrial life

A 
amniotic egg
scales & tough skin
internal fertilization
efficient lungs
modified nervous system
high-pressure circulation
114
Q

hints of reptilian past in birds

A

scaly feet

3 toes

115
Q

respiration in birds

A

lack diaphragm but breathe by negative pressure
air pulled in by thoracic and abdominal muscle that expand thoracic cavity. during expiration, abdominal muscles contract to push air out of air sacs

Animal Diversity Lab (3 decks)

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