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Animal Diversity Lab > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Ways populations can evolve

A

Genetic drift
Mutations
Migration and gene flow
Natural selection

Changes in genetic compositions over generations

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2
Q

Microevolution

A

Small phenotypic change within an isolated population

Better in experimental evolution

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3
Q

Macroevolution

A

Origin of new species or more complex organisms

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4
Q

Characteristics of animals

A

Multicellular
Lack cell wall
Heterotrophic
Blastula stage during development

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5
Q

Protosomes

A

Spiral cleavage
Regulative cleavage
Blastopore becomes mouth

Flatworms, nematodes, arthropods, and annelids

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6
Q

Deuterostomes

A

Radial cleavage
Mosaic cleavage
Blastopore becomes anus

Echinoderms and chordates

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7
Q

Diploblastic

A

2 germ layers

Ectoderm and endoderm

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8
Q

Ectoderm

A

Nervous system, epidermis, sweat glands, nails

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9
Q

Mesoderm

A

Muscles, bones, connective tissue, genitals

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10
Q

Endoderm

A

GI tract, respiratory tract, auditory system, urinary tract, pituitary gland

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11
Q

Animals development

A

Zygote-> morula-> blastula-> gastrula

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12
Q

Archenteron

A

In animal development

Becomes gut

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13
Q

Blastocoel

A

In animal development

Many small cells surrounding a fluid filled cavity

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14
Q

Blastopore

A

In animal development.

Opening of archenteron that becomes anus or mouth

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15
Q

3 R’s for use of animals in research

A

Reduction
Replacement
Refinement

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16
Q

Sister group

A

2 taxa on either side of a split with a common ancestor and no descendants

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17
Q

Monophyletic

A

Group including the most common ancestors and all of its descendants

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18
Q

Paraphyletic

A

Most common ancestor and some descendants

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19
Q

Polyphyletic

A

Group of organisms but not their common ancestor

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20
Q

Ruminants

A

Animals that obtain energy from plant cell walls (fiber)

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21
Q

Stomachs of cows

A

Rumen and reticulum

Omasum: recycling of water and minerals that return to rumen by saliva

Abomasum: like stomach of other animals

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22
Q

Amoebas

A

Classification is unclear; believed to evolve independently

Obtain nutrients by phagocytosis and use of pseudopodia

Asexual reproduction

23
Q

Pseudopodia

A

Extension of plasma membrane that elongates and surrounds food. Also used for motion

24
Q

Volvox

A

Plantae

Flagella for motion
Sexual and asexual reproduction

Daughter colonies and vegetative colonies

25
Q

Euglena

A

Euglenozoa

Found in freshwater
Autotrophic but can be heterotrophic
Flagella
Asexual reproduction

Eyespot!!!!

26
Q

Trypanosoma

A

Euglenozoa

Found in blood 
Parasitic, obtain nutrients from host
Motion by undulating membrane
Causes malaria by mosquitoes
Causes African sleeping sickness by tsetse fly
Flagella
27
Q

Plasmodium

A

Alveolata

Red blood cells of animals
Parasitic obtains nutrients from host

Life cycle

28
Q

Paramecium

A

Alveolata

Freshwater
Heterotrophic
Cilia 
Sexual and asexual reproduction 
Micronucleus and macronucleus
29
Q

Macronucleus

A

Contains many copies of a few genes

Primarily controls metabolic function

30
Q

Micronucleus

A

Contains entire genome

31
Q

Clade Porifera

A

Sponges

Asexual and sexual reproduction
endoskeleton made of spicules and collagen
gas exchange and waste elimination by simple diffusion
obtain nutrients by filtration
pores & canals
no symmetry

choanoflagellate ancestor

32
Q

Sponge body types

A

Ascon: simple, tube-shaped, no folding
Sycon: simple infoldings, canals
leucon: most comples, series of chambers connected by canals

33
Q

Osculum (sponge)

A

large opening located at the top through which water that has collected in the spongocoel is pushed out

34
Q

Spicules (sponge)

A

forms skeletal structure

35
Q

Spongocoel (sponge)

A

large, central cavity that passes through center

36
Q

Choanocytes (sponge)

A

lines interior surface; traps and engulf small food particles

37
Q

Pinacocytes (sponge)

A

covers surface of sponge, somewhat contractile and regulates surface area

38
Q

Amoebocyte (sponge)

A

distribute food throughout the cell and produce spicules

39
Q

Ostia (sponge)

A

pores

40
Q

Porocyte (sponge)

A

cells on outer surface that contain pores

41
Q

Clade Cnidaria

A 
diploblastic
hydroskeleton (need water for support)
gastrovascular cavity
radial symmetry
gas exchange and waste elimination by simple diffusion
nerve net (controls motor and sensory)
asexual (polyp) and sexual (medusa)
jelly fish, sea anemone, coral
42
Q

Life stages of Cnidarians

A

polyp: attached to surface
medusa: free-swimming

43
Q

Clade Hydrozoa (Clade Cnidaria)

A

dominant polyp stage

hydra, obelia, physalia

44
Q

Clade Scyphozoa (Clade Cnidaria)

A

dominant medusa stage

jellyfish

45
Q

Clade Anthozoa

A

no medusa stage

sea anemones, coral

46
Q

Cnidocyte (Clade Cnidaria)

A

stinging organ used for protection

47
Q

Nematocyst

A

stinging capsule in cnidocytes

48
Q

Obelia life cycle (Clade Hydrozoa)

A

medusa release egg/sperm (sexual reproduction) -> zygote-> blastula->planula larva-> settles on bottom budding (asexual)-> gonangium forms medusa buds and releases it-> mature into medusa

49
Q

Aurelia life cycle (Clade Scyphozoa)

A

medusae release sperm/egg (sexual)->zygote->planula larva settles and forms scyphistoma-> matures into strobila (budding/asexual)-> free swimming ephyra-> mature into medusa

50
Q

Clade Platyhelminthes

A 
acoelomate (no body cavity between gut and body wall)
tripoblastic
bilateral symmetry
cephaization
hydroskelton
gas exchange by simple diffusion
dorsal vs ventral
51
Q

Clade Turbellaria

A

planaria

52
Q

Clade Trematoda

A

flukes

53
Q

Clade Cestoda

A

tapeworms

Animal Diversity Lab (3 decks)

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