Exam 1

Question 1

Ways populations can evolve

Answer 1

Genetic drift
Mutations
Migration and gene flow
Natural selection

Changes in genetic compositions over generations

Question 2

Microevolution

Answer 2

Small phenotypic change within an isolated population

Better in experimental evolution

Question 3

Macroevolution

Answer 3

Origin of new species or more complex organisms

Question 4

Characteristics of animals

Answer 4

Multicellular
Lack cell wall
Heterotrophic
Blastula stage during development

Question 5

Protosomes

Answer 5

Spiral cleavage
Regulative cleavage
Blastopore becomes mouth

Flatworms, nematodes, arthropods, and annelids

Question 6

Deuterostomes

Answer 6

Radial cleavage
Mosaic cleavage
Blastopore becomes anus

Echinoderms and chordates

Question 7

Diploblastic

Answer 7

2 germ layers

Ectoderm and endoderm

Question 8

Ectoderm

Answer 8

Nervous system, epidermis, sweat glands, nails

Question 9

Mesoderm

Answer 9

Muscles, bones, connective tissue, genitals

Question 10

Endoderm

Answer 10

GI tract, respiratory tract, auditory system, urinary tract, pituitary gland

Question 11

Animals development

Answer 11

Zygote-> morula-> blastula-> gastrula

Question 12

Archenteron

Answer 12

In animal development

Becomes gut

Question 13

Blastocoel

Answer 13

In animal development

Many small cells surrounding a fluid filled cavity

Question 14

Blastopore

Answer 14

In animal development.

Opening of archenteron that becomes anus or mouth

Question 15

3 R’s for use of animals in research

Answer 15

Reduction
Replacement
Refinement

Question 16

Sister group

Answer 16

2 taxa on either side of a split with a common ancestor and no descendants

Question 17

Monophyletic

Answer 17

Group including the most common ancestors and all of its descendants

Question 18

Paraphyletic

Answer 18

Most common ancestor and some descendants

Question 19

Polyphyletic

Answer 19

Group of organisms but not their common ancestor

Question 20

Ruminants

Answer 20

Animals that obtain energy from plant cell walls (fiber)

Question 21

Stomachs of cows

Answer 21

Rumen and reticulum

Omasum: recycling of water and minerals that return to rumen by saliva

Abomasum: like stomach of other animals

Question 22

Amoebas

Answer 22

Classification is unclear; believed to evolve independently

Obtain nutrients by phagocytosis and use of pseudopodia

Asexual reproduction

Question 23

Pseudopodia

Answer 23

Extension of plasma membrane that elongates and surrounds food. Also used for motion

Question 24

Volvox

Answer 24

Plantae

Flagella for motion
Sexual and asexual reproduction

Daughter colonies and vegetative colonies

Question 25

Euglena

Answer 25

Euglenozoa Found in freshwater Autotrophic but can be heterotrophic Flagella Asexual reproduction Eyespot!!!!

Question 26

Trypanosoma

Answer 26

Euglenozoa ``` Found in blood Parasitic, obtain nutrients from host Motion by undulating membrane Causes malaria by mosquitoes Causes African sleeping sickness by tsetse fly Flagella ```

Question 27

Plasmodium

Answer 27

Alveolata Red blood cells of animals Parasitic obtains nutrients from host Life cycle

Question 28

Paramecium

Answer 28

Alveolata ``` Freshwater Heterotrophic Cilia Sexual and asexual reproduction Micronucleus and macronucleus ```

Question 29

Macronucleus

Answer 29

Contains many copies of a few genes Primarily controls metabolic function

Question 30

Micronucleus

Answer 30

Contains entire genome

Question 31

Clade Porifera

Answer 31

Sponges Asexual and sexual reproduction endoskeleton made of spicules and collagen gas exchange and waste elimination by simple diffusion obtain nutrients by filtration pores & canals no symmetry choanoflagellate ancestor

Question 32

Sponge body types

Answer 32

Ascon: simple, tube-shaped, no folding Sycon: simple infoldings, canals leucon: most comples, series of chambers connected by canals

Question 33

Osculum (sponge)

Answer 33

large opening located at the top through which water that has collected in the spongocoel is pushed out

Question 34

Spicules (sponge)

Answer 34

forms skeletal structure

Question 35

Spongocoel (sponge)

Answer 35

large, central cavity that passes through center

Question 36

Choanocytes (sponge)

Answer 36

lines interior surface; traps and engulf small food particles

Question 37

Pinacocytes (sponge)

Answer 37

covers surface of sponge, somewhat contractile and regulates surface area

Question 38

Amoebocyte (sponge)

Answer 38

distribute food throughout the cell and produce spicules

Question 39

Ostia (sponge)

Answer 39

pores

Question 40

Porocyte (sponge)

Answer 40

cells on outer surface that contain pores

Question 41

Clade Cnidaria

Answer 41

``` diploblastic hydroskeleton (need water for support) gastrovascular cavity radial symmetry gas exchange and waste elimination by simple diffusion nerve net (controls motor and sensory) asexual (polyp) and sexual (medusa) jelly fish, sea anemone, coral ```

Question 42

Life stages of Cnidarians

Answer 42

polyp: attached to surface medusa: free-swimming

Question 43

Clade Hydrozoa (Clade Cnidaria)

Answer 43

dominant polyp stage | hydra, obelia, physalia

Question 44

Clade Scyphozoa (Clade Cnidaria)

Answer 44

dominant medusa stage | jellyfish

Question 45

Clade Anthozoa

Answer 45

no medusa stage | sea anemones, coral

Question 46

Cnidocyte (Clade Cnidaria)

Answer 46

stinging organ used for protection

Question 47

Nematocyst

Answer 47

stinging capsule in cnidocytes

Question 48

Obelia life cycle (Clade Hydrozoa)

Answer 48

medusa release egg/sperm (sexual reproduction) -> zygote-> blastula->planula larva-> settles on bottom budding (asexual)-> gonangium forms medusa buds and releases it-> mature into medusa

Question 49

Aurelia life cycle (Clade Scyphozoa)

Answer 49

medusae release sperm/egg (sexual)->zygote->planula larva settles and forms scyphistoma-> matures into strobila (budding/asexual)-> free swimming ephyra-> mature into medusa

Question 50

Clade Platyhelminthes

Answer 50

``` acoelomate (no body cavity between gut and body wall) tripoblastic bilateral symmetry cephaization hydroskelton gas exchange by simple diffusion dorsal vs ventral ```

Question 51

Clade Turbellaria

Answer 51

planaria

Question 52

Clade Trematoda

Answer 52

flukes

Question 53

Clade Cestoda

Answer 53

tapeworms