Exam 3 Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
Functions of the ANS
A
- regulates body temperature
- coordinates the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, excretory system, and reproductive system
- subconsciously makes routine, physiological adjustments
2
Q
Areas the ANS Innervates
A
- cardiac muscle
- smooth muscle
- glands
3
Q
ANS as a Two Neuron System
A
- preganglionic neuron = in the CNS
- postganglionic neuron = outside the CNS (in the PNS)
4
Q
ANS as a Two Part System
A
- Sympathetic Division (thoracolumbar division) –> “fight or flight”
- Parasympathetic Division (craniosacral system) –> “rest and repose”
5
Q
PREganglionic Neuron and Axon of the Sympathetic Division
A
1) lateral horn of spinal cord segments T1-L2
2) ventral root
3) spinal nerve
4) ventral ramus
5) WHITE communicating ramus
6) sympathetic trunk or collateral ganglia
6
Q
POSTganglionic Neuron and Axon of the Sympathetic Division
A
1) sympathetic trunk
2) GRAY communicating ramus
3) skin (sweat glands, erector pili muscle, blood vessels, visceral nerves)
4) organs
7
Q
Collateral Ganglia
A
- POSTganglionic sympathetic neurons
- innervate abdominopelvic viscera
- enter into plexuses via visceral nerves
8
Q
White Communicating Rami
A
- 14 pairs (T1-L2) from ventral rami to the sympathetic trunk
- carry PREganglionic sympathetic fibers
9
Q
Gray Communicating Rami
A
- 31 pairs (C1-Co1) from the sympathetic trunk to ventral rami
- carry POSTganglionic sympathetic fibers
10
Q
Adrenal Gland
A
- Medulla receives PREganglionic sympathetic fibers
- cells in the medulla act like POSTganglionic neurons
- cells secrete norepinephrine/epinephrine
11
Q
Horner’s Syndrome
A
- lesion anywhere along the sympathetic pathway causing constricted pupils (miosis), decreased sweating, vasodilation, and partial ptosis
12
Q
Parasympathetic - Cranial - Oculomotor Nerve
A
- PREganglionic axons leave brainstem via oculomotor nerve (CNIII) and travel CILIARY ganglion to synapse oon POSTganglionic neurons on constrictor and cililay muscles
- constriction of iris
13
Q
Parasympathetic - Cranial - Facial Nerve
A
- PREganglionic axons leave brainstem via facial nerve (CNVII) and travel to either:
> submandibular ganglion to synapse on POSTganglionic neurons in submandibular and sublingual glands
> pterygopalatine ganglion to synapse on POSTganglionic neurons in the lacrimal gland
14
Q
Parasympathetic - Cranial - Glossopharyngeal Nerve
A
- PREganglionic axons leave brainstem via glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX) and travel to the OTIC ganglion to synapse on POSTganglionic neurons in the parotid glands
> secretion of salivary glands
15
Q
Parasympathetic - Cranial - Vagus Nerve
A
- PREganglionic axons leave brainstem via vagus nerve (CNX) and travel to synapse on POSTganglionic neurons within the WALLS of ORGANS such as the heart, lungs, SI, and part of the LI
> regulates function of organs
16
Q
Receptor
A
specialized cell or process that monitors conditions in the body or in the external environment
17
Q
Nociceptors
A
type of general receptors that respond to stimuli associated with tissue damage
18
Q
Thermoreceptors
A
general receptors that respond to changes in temperature
19
Q
Mechanoreceptors
A
general receptors that respond to physical distortion, contact, or pressure (3 types: tactile, baroreceptors, proprioceptors)
20
Q
Chemoreceptors
A
general receptors that monitor the chemical composition of the body
21
Q
Tactile Corpuscles
A
receptors in the skin that respond to initial contact, movement, and vibration
22
Q
Ruffini Corpuscle
A
receptor in the skin that responds to deep pressure, stretching, and distortion of the dermis
23
Q
Lamellated Corpuscle
A
receptors in the skin that respond to deep pressure, vibration, and pulsing
24
Q
Baroreceptors
A
type of mechanoreceptor that are stretch receptors that monitor changes in the stretch of the walls of an organ and the pressure within that organ
25
Proprioceptors
mechanoreceptor that monitor th position of joints, the tension in tendons and ligaments, and the state of muscular contraction
26
Olfactory Nerve
1st cranial nerve
27
Cranial Nerves Monitoring the Taste Buds
- facial nerve CNVII
- glossopharyngeal nerve CNIX
- vagus nerve CNX
28
Umami
pleasant taste characteristic of beef borth or chicken broth
29
Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum)
thin, semitransparent membrane connective tissue sheet that separates the external ear from the middle ear
30
Auditory Ossicles
- malleus
- incus
- stapes
31
Auditory Tube
a tube that penetrates the petrous part of the temporal and connects the tympanic cavity of the middle ear to the nasopharynx
- serves to equalize pressure in the middle ear with the external atmospheric pressure
32
Membranous Labyrinth
inner ear structure of fluid filled tubes and chambers containing endolymph
33
Bony Labyrinth
shell of dense bone surrounding the membranous labyrinth
34
Utricle and Saccule
pair of membranous sacs housing receptors that provide sensations of gravity and linear accleration
35
Organ of Corti
sensory structure that contains the hair cells of the cochlear duct and rests on the basilar membrane that separates the cochlear duct from the tympanic duct
36
Macula
a receptor complex containing the hair cells of the saccule or utricle that responds to linear aceleration or gravity
37
Cristae within Ampullae
ridge-shaped collection of hair cells sensitive to movement along the plane of the canal in which it's located
38
Vestibulocochlear Nerve
8th cranial nerve
39
Semicircular Canals
- anterior semicicular duct for "yes"
- lateral semicicular duct for "no"
- posterior semicicular duct for "tiliting head"
40
Palpebrae
eyelids separated by the palpebral fissure
41
Lacrimal Apparatus
lacrimal gland produces tears --> superior and inferior puncta & canalicui --> lacrimal sac --> nasolacrimal duct --> nasal cavity
42
Conjunctiva
mucous membrane that covers the eyeball (bulbar) and inner part of the eyelids (palpebral)
43
Tarsal Glands
glands along the inner margin of the eyelid that secretes a lipid-rich product that helps keep the eyelids from sticking together
44
Three Layers of Eyeball
1) Outer Fibrous Tunic (sclera & cornea)
2) Vascular Tunic (choroid, iris, & ciliary body)
3) Neural Tunic (outer pigmented layer & inner neural layer)
45
Fibrous Tunic
- provides mechanical support
| - attachment site for the extra-ocular muscles
46
Vascular Tunic
- route for blood vessels
- regulates amount of light coming in
- secretes & controls amount of aqueous humor
- controls shaping of lens
47
Lens
anterior boundary of the vitreous chamber attached to the ciliary body with suspensory ligaments
*uner parasympathetic control (CN3)
48
Oculomotor Nerve
3rd cranial nerve (lens)
49
Iris
contractile structure containing intrinsic muscles to control the pupil and pigmented cells to give the eye color
* parasympathetic - pupillary constriction
* sympathetic - pupillary dilation
50
Rods
photoreceptors that do not discriminate between different colors of light and allow us to see in dimly lit areas
51
Cones
photoreceptors that provide perception of different colors and give us sharper, clearer images
52
Macula Lutea (Fovea)
portion of the retina providing the sharpest vision, with the highest concentration of cones
53
Retina
rods & cones synapse with bipolar cells --> horizontal cells inhibit or facilitate communication b/t the visual receptors & bipolar cells -->
bipolar cells synapse within the layer of ganglion cells facing the vitreous chamber --> amacrine cells modulate communication b/t bipolar cells & ganglion cells
54
Optic Nerve
2nd cranial nerve (retina)
55
Optic Disc
axons from ganglion cells that penetrate the wall of the eye and proceed toward the diencephalon as the optic nerve (CN2)
55
Hormone
A chemical secreted Bryan endocrine gland that travels through the circulatory system to affect the activities of target cells in another part of the body
56
3 Types of Hormones
1) Amino Acid Derivatives (derivatives of tyrosine: thyroid hormones & catecholamines)
2) Peptides (all hormones secreted by the pituitary gland)
3) Steroids (released by reproductive organs and the adrenal gland)
57
Antidiuretic Hormone
Hormone manufactured by the supraoptic hypothalamic nuclei and secreted by the neurohypophysis in response to a rise in electrolytes or fall in BP that decreases the amount of water lost through the kidneys and may elevate BP
58
Oxytocin
Hormone manufactured the paraventricular nuclei and secreted by the neurohypophysis that stimulates contraction of uterine smooth muscle and myoepithelial cells surrounding the mammary glands (required for normal labor and childbirth)
59
3 Regions of the Adenohypophysis
1) pars distalis - largest
2) pars intermedia - slender band along the neurohypophysis
3) pars tuberalis - extension that wraps around the infundibulum
60
Hormones Secreted by the Pars Distalis
a) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
b) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
c) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
d) luteinizing hormone (LH)
e) prolactin (PRL)
f) growth hormone (GH)
61
Hormone Secreted by the Pars Intermedia
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) - stimulates melanin production
62
Portal System
system of vessels that begin and end as capillaries
63
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Triggers the release of thyroid hormones - thyroid gland is its target
64
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Triggers the release of steroid hormones - adrenal gland is its target
65
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Females - promotes development of oocytes in ovaries and triggers release of estrogen (ovary is its target)
Males - triggers sperm production in testis (testis is target organ)
66
Luteinizing Hormone
Induces ovulation and triggers secretion of progestins in the ovary - ovary is its target
67
Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone
Stimulates the secretion of androgens by the testis - testis is its target
68
Prolactin
Stimulates development if the mammary glands and production of milk
69
Growth Hormone
Strong effector of skeletal and muscular development that effects almost every tissue of the body
70
Thyroid Follicles
Components of the thyroid gland lined with simple epithelium composed of T thyrocytes that manufacture, store, and secrete thyroid hormone
71
C-Cells / Parafollicular Cells
Cells lining the cuboidal follicular cells that produce calcitonin, which lowers calcium concentration by inhibiting the work if osteoclasts and stimulating calcium concentration loss by the kidneys
72
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroid hormone that increases the rate of cellular metabolism; increase the rate of oxygen consumption, growth, & development (more potent than T4)
73
Two Cell Types in the Parathyroid Gland
1) Oxyphil cells - support the principal cells but don't secrete anything
2) Principal Cells - glandular cells that synthesize parathyroid hormone (PTH)
74
Parathyroid Hormone
Hormone secreted by the parathyroid that monitors circulation of calcium, stimulates an increase in osteoclasts activity, and reduces excretion of calcium in urine *increases calcium levels*
75
3 Zones of the Suprarenal Cortex
1) Zona Glomerulosa - outermost layer that produces mineralocorticoids, primarily aldosterone, which increase retention of sodium and water to promote the loss of potassium and fluids
2) Zona Fasciculata - middle layer that produces glucocorticoids, primarily cortisol & corticosterone, which speed up rates of glucose synthesis and glycogen formation
3) Zona Reticularis - innermost layer that secretes androgens
76
Chromaffin Cells
Large, rounded cells of the suprarenal medulla that resemble sympathetic ganglion neuronal bodies and are innervated by preganglionic sympathetic fibers
77
Renin
An enzyme produced in the kidney involved with angiotensin which stimulates the secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex --> increases blood pressure
78
Erythropoietin
Hormone produced by the kidney that stimulates red blood cell production by bone marrow --> increasing BP & oxygen levels
79
Calciferol
Steroid hormone secreted by the kidney in response to para thyroid hormone which stimulates calcium absorption in the digestive tract
80
Pineal Gland
Neural tissue located deep in the brain that secretes melatonin and functions in circadian rhythm *decrease light to retina = increase melatonin*
81
Exocrine Pancreas
Roughly 99% of the pancreatic volume that produces large quantities of a digestive enzyme-rich fluid
82
Endocrine Pancreas
Small groups of cells scattered throughout the pancreas
| *islets of langerhans*
83
3 Major Cell Types in the Islets of Langerhans
1) Alpha Cells- produce glucagon (raises blood glucose)
2) Beta Cells - produce insulin (lowers blood glucose)
3) Delta Cells - produce somatostatin (inhibits glucagon & insulin)
84
Type 1 Diabetes
Type of diabetes mellitus that is caused by inadequate insulin production by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets
85
Female Reproductive Hormones
FSH stimulate follicles surrounding oocytes --> follicle cells produce estradiol, which supports the maturation of oocytes
- after ovulation, follicular cells form the corpus luteum, which releases progesterone, which prepares the uterus for the implantation of a fertilized ovum
86
Cell to Cell Junctions between Cardiac Muscle Cells
1) Macula Adherens (desmosomes) - binds the sarcolemmae of two cells together giving a 3D structure
2) Fascia Adheren - anchor to the sarcolemma within the cell, sheet like
3) Gap Junctions - permit electrical connection/communication
87
Coronary Sulcus
Groove between atria and ventricles
88
Anterior Interventricular Sulcus
Groove separating the left and right ventricles anteriorly
89
Posterior Interventricular Sulcus
Groove separating the left and right ventricles posteriorly
