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Anatomy > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the ANS

A
  • regulates body temperature
  • coordinates the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, excretory system, and reproductive system
  • subconsciously makes routine, physiological adjustments
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2
Q

Areas the ANS Innervates

A
  • cardiac muscle
  • smooth muscle
  • glands
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3
Q

ANS as a Two Neuron System

A
  • preganglionic neuron = in the CNS

- postganglionic neuron = outside the CNS (in the PNS)

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4
Q

ANS as a Two Part System

A
  • Sympathetic Division (thoracolumbar division) –> “fight or flight”
  • Parasympathetic Division (craniosacral system) –> “rest and repose”
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5
Q

PREganglionic Neuron and Axon of the Sympathetic Division

A

1) lateral horn of spinal cord segments T1-L2
2) ventral root
3) spinal nerve
4) ventral ramus
5) WHITE communicating ramus
6) sympathetic trunk or collateral ganglia

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6
Q

POSTganglionic Neuron and Axon of the Sympathetic Division

A

1) sympathetic trunk
2) GRAY communicating ramus
3) skin (sweat glands, erector pili muscle, blood vessels, visceral nerves)
4) organs

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7
Q

Collateral Ganglia

A
  • POSTganglionic sympathetic neurons
  • innervate abdominopelvic viscera
  • enter into plexuses via visceral nerves
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8
Q

White Communicating Rami

A
  • 14 pairs (T1-L2) from ventral rami to the sympathetic trunk
  • carry PREganglionic sympathetic fibers
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9
Q

Gray Communicating Rami

A
  • 31 pairs (C1-Co1) from the sympathetic trunk to ventral rami
  • carry POSTganglionic sympathetic fibers
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10
Q

Adrenal Gland

A
  • Medulla receives PREganglionic sympathetic fibers
  • cells in the medulla act like POSTganglionic neurons
  • cells secrete norepinephrine/epinephrine
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11
Q

Horner’s Syndrome

A
  • lesion anywhere along the sympathetic pathway causing constricted pupils (miosis), decreased sweating, vasodilation, and partial ptosis
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12
Q

Parasympathetic - Cranial - Oculomotor Nerve

A
  • PREganglionic axons leave brainstem via oculomotor nerve (CNIII) and travel CILIARY ganglion to synapse oon POSTganglionic neurons on constrictor and cililay muscles
  • constriction of iris
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13
Q

Parasympathetic - Cranial - Facial Nerve

A
  • PREganglionic axons leave brainstem via facial nerve (CNVII) and travel to either:
    > submandibular ganglion to synapse on POSTganglionic neurons in submandibular and sublingual glands
    > pterygopalatine ganglion to synapse on POSTganglionic neurons in the lacrimal gland
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14
Q

Parasympathetic - Cranial - Glossopharyngeal Nerve

A
  • PREganglionic axons leave brainstem via glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX) and travel to the OTIC ganglion to synapse on POSTganglionic neurons in the parotid glands
    > secretion of salivary glands
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15
Q

Parasympathetic - Cranial - Vagus Nerve

A
  • PREganglionic axons leave brainstem via vagus nerve (CNX) and travel to synapse on POSTganglionic neurons within the WALLS of ORGANS such as the heart, lungs, SI, and part of the LI
    > regulates function of organs
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16
Q

Receptor

A

specialized cell or process that monitors conditions in the body or in the external environment

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17
Q

Nociceptors

A

type of general receptors that respond to stimuli associated with tissue damage

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18
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

general receptors that respond to changes in temperature

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19
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

general receptors that respond to physical distortion, contact, or pressure (3 types: tactile, baroreceptors, proprioceptors)

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20
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

general receptors that monitor the chemical composition of the body

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21
Q

Tactile Corpuscles

A

receptors in the skin that respond to initial contact, movement, and vibration

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22
Q

Ruffini Corpuscle

A

receptor in the skin that responds to deep pressure, stretching, and distortion of the dermis

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23
Q

Lamellated Corpuscle

A

receptors in the skin that respond to deep pressure, vibration, and pulsing

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24
Q

Baroreceptors

A

type of mechanoreceptor that are stretch receptors that monitor changes in the stretch of the walls of an organ and the pressure within that organ

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25
Q

Proprioceptors

A

mechanoreceptor that monitor th position of joints, the tension in tendons and ligaments, and the state of muscular contraction

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26
Q

Olfactory Nerve

A

1st cranial nerve

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27
Q

Cranial Nerves Monitoring the Taste Buds

A
  • facial nerve CNVII
  • glossopharyngeal nerve CNIX
  • vagus nerve CNX
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28
Q

Umami

A

pleasant taste characteristic of beef borth or chicken broth

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29
Q

Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum)

A

thin, semitransparent membrane connective tissue sheet that separates the external ear from the middle ear

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30
Q

Auditory Ossicles

A
  • malleus
  • incus
  • stapes
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31
Q

Auditory Tube

A

a tube that penetrates the petrous part of the temporal and connects the tympanic cavity of the middle ear to the nasopharynx
- serves to equalize pressure in the middle ear with the external atmospheric pressure

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32
Q

Membranous Labyrinth

A

inner ear structure of fluid filled tubes and chambers containing endolymph

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33
Q

Bony Labyrinth

A

shell of dense bone surrounding the membranous labyrinth

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34
Q

Utricle and Saccule

A

pair of membranous sacs housing receptors that provide sensations of gravity and linear accleration

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35
Q

Organ of Corti

A

sensory structure that contains the hair cells of the cochlear duct and rests on the basilar membrane that separates the cochlear duct from the tympanic duct

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36
Q

Macula

A

a receptor complex containing the hair cells of the saccule or utricle that responds to linear aceleration or gravity

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37
Q

Cristae within Ampullae

A

ridge-shaped collection of hair cells sensitive to movement along the plane of the canal in which it’s located

38
Q

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

A

8th cranial nerve

39
Q

Semicircular Canals

A
  • anterior semicicular duct for “yes”
  • lateral semicicular duct for “no”
  • posterior semicicular duct for “tiliting head”
40
Q

Palpebrae

A

eyelids separated by the palpebral fissure

41
Q

Lacrimal Apparatus

A

lacrimal gland produces tears –> superior and inferior puncta & canalicui –> lacrimal sac –> nasolacrimal duct –> nasal cavity

42
Q

Conjunctiva

A

mucous membrane that covers the eyeball (bulbar) and inner part of the eyelids (palpebral)

43
Q

Tarsal Glands

A

glands along the inner margin of the eyelid that secretes a lipid-rich product that helps keep the eyelids from sticking together

44
Q

Three Layers of Eyeball

A

1) Outer Fibrous Tunic (sclera & cornea)
2) Vascular Tunic (choroid, iris, & ciliary body)
3) Neural Tunic (outer pigmented layer & inner neural layer)

45
Q

Fibrous Tunic

A
  • provides mechanical support

- attachment site for the extra-ocular muscles

46
Q

Vascular Tunic

A
  • route for blood vessels
  • regulates amount of light coming in
  • secretes & controls amount of aqueous humor
  • controls shaping of lens
47
Q

Lens

A

anterior boundary of the vitreous chamber attached to the ciliary body with suspensory ligaments
*uner parasympathetic control (CN3)

48
Q

Oculomotor Nerve

A

3rd cranial nerve (lens)

49
Q

Iris

A

contractile structure containing intrinsic muscles to control the pupil and pigmented cells to give the eye color

  • parasympathetic - pupillary constriction
  • sympathetic - pupillary dilation
50
Q

Rods

A

photoreceptors that do not discriminate between different colors of light and allow us to see in dimly lit areas

51
Q

Cones

A

photoreceptors that provide perception of different colors and give us sharper, clearer images

52
Q

Macula Lutea (Fovea)

A

portion of the retina providing the sharpest vision, with the highest concentration of cones

53
Q

Retina

A

rods & cones synapse with bipolar cells –> horizontal cells inhibit or facilitate communication b/t the visual receptors & bipolar cells –>
bipolar cells synapse within the layer of ganglion cells facing the vitreous chamber –> amacrine cells modulate communication b/t bipolar cells & ganglion cells

54
Q

Optic Nerve

A

2nd cranial nerve (retina)

55
Q

Optic Disc

A

axons from ganglion cells that penetrate the wall of the eye and proceed toward the diencephalon as the optic nerve (CN2)

55
Q

Hormone

A

A chemical secreted Bryan endocrine gland that travels through the circulatory system to affect the activities of target cells in another part of the body

56
Q

3 Types of Hormones

A

1) Amino Acid Derivatives (derivatives of tyrosine: thyroid hormones & catecholamines)
2) Peptides (all hormones secreted by the pituitary gland)
3) Steroids (released by reproductive organs and the adrenal gland)

57
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone

A

Hormone manufactured by the supraoptic hypothalamic nuclei and secreted by the neurohypophysis in response to a rise in electrolytes or fall in BP that decreases the amount of water lost through the kidneys and may elevate BP

58
Q

Oxytocin

A

Hormone manufactured the paraventricular nuclei and secreted by the neurohypophysis that stimulates contraction of uterine smooth muscle and myoepithelial cells surrounding the mammary glands (required for normal labor and childbirth)

59
Q

3 Regions of the Adenohypophysis

A

1) pars distalis - largest
2) pars intermedia - slender band along the neurohypophysis
3) pars tuberalis - extension that wraps around the infundibulum

60
Q

Hormones Secreted by the Pars Distalis

A

a) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
b) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
c) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
d) luteinizing hormone (LH)
e) prolactin (PRL)
f) growth hormone (GH)

61
Q

Hormone Secreted by the Pars Intermedia

A

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) - stimulates melanin production

62
Q

Portal System

A

system of vessels that begin and end as capillaries

63
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

A

Triggers the release of thyroid hormones - thyroid gland is its target

64
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

A

Triggers the release of steroid hormones - adrenal gland is its target

65
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

A

Females - promotes development of oocytes in ovaries and triggers release of estrogen (ovary is its target)
Males - triggers sperm production in testis (testis is target organ)

66
Q

Luteinizing Hormone

A

Induces ovulation and triggers secretion of progestins in the ovary - ovary is its target

67
Q

Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone

A

Stimulates the secretion of androgens by the testis - testis is its target

68
Q

Prolactin

A

Stimulates development if the mammary glands and production of milk

69
Q

Growth Hormone

A

Strong effector of skeletal and muscular development that effects almost every tissue of the body

70
Q

Thyroid Follicles

A

Components of the thyroid gland lined with simple epithelium composed of T thyrocytes that manufacture, store, and secrete thyroid hormone

71
Q

C-Cells / Parafollicular Cells

A

Cells lining the cuboidal follicular cells that produce calcitonin, which lowers calcium concentration by inhibiting the work if osteoclasts and stimulating calcium concentration loss by the kidneys

72
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3)

A

Thyroid hormone that increases the rate of cellular metabolism; increase the rate of oxygen consumption, growth, & development (more potent than T4)

73
Q

Two Cell Types in the Parathyroid Gland

A

1) Oxyphil cells - support the principal cells but don’t secrete anything
2) Principal Cells - glandular cells that synthesize parathyroid hormone (PTH)

74
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A

Hormone secreted by the parathyroid that monitors circulation of calcium, stimulates an increase in osteoclasts activity, and reduces excretion of calcium in urine increases calcium levels

75
Q

3 Zones of the Suprarenal Cortex

A

1) Zona Glomerulosa - outermost layer that produces mineralocorticoids, primarily aldosterone, which increase retention of sodium and water to promote the loss of potassium and fluids
2) Zona Fasciculata - middle layer that produces glucocorticoids, primarily cortisol & corticosterone, which speed up rates of glucose synthesis and glycogen formation
3) Zona Reticularis - innermost layer that secretes androgens

76
Q

Chromaffin Cells

A

Large, rounded cells of the suprarenal medulla that resemble sympathetic ganglion neuronal bodies and are innervated by preganglionic sympathetic fibers

77
Q

Renin

A

An enzyme produced in the kidney involved with angiotensin which stimulates the secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex –> increases blood pressure

78
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Hormone produced by the kidney that stimulates red blood cell production by bone marrow –> increasing BP & oxygen levels

79
Q

Calciferol

A

Steroid hormone secreted by the kidney in response to para thyroid hormone which stimulates calcium absorption in the digestive tract

80
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Neural tissue located deep in the brain that secretes melatonin and functions in circadian rhythm decrease light to retina = increase melatonin

81
Q

Exocrine Pancreas

A

Roughly 99% of the pancreatic volume that produces large quantities of a digestive enzyme-rich fluid

82
Q

Endocrine Pancreas

A

Small groups of cells scattered throughout the pancreas

islets of langerhans

83
Q

3 Major Cell Types in the Islets of Langerhans

A

1) Alpha Cells- produce glucagon (raises blood glucose)
2) Beta Cells - produce insulin (lowers blood glucose)
3) Delta Cells - produce somatostatin (inhibits glucagon & insulin)

84
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Type of diabetes mellitus that is caused by inadequate insulin production by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets

85
Q

Female Reproductive Hormones

A

FSH stimulate follicles surrounding oocytes –> follicle cells produce estradiol, which supports the maturation of oocytes
- after ovulation, follicular cells form the corpus luteum, which releases progesterone, which prepares the uterus for the implantation of a fertilized ovum

86
Q

Cell to Cell Junctions between Cardiac Muscle Cells

A

1) Macula Adherens (desmosomes) - binds the sarcolemmae of two cells together giving a 3D structure
2) Fascia Adheren - anchor to the sarcolemma within the cell, sheet like
3) Gap Junctions - permit electrical connection/communication

87
Q

Coronary Sulcus

A

Groove between atria and ventricles

88
Q

Anterior Interventricular Sulcus

A

Groove separating the left and right ventricles anteriorly

89
Q

Posterior Interventricular Sulcus

A

Groove separating the left and right ventricles posteriorly

Anatomy (6 decks)

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