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Anatomy > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Integumentary System

A
  • protects against environmental hazards

- controls body temperature

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2
Q

Skeletal System

A
  • provides support
  • protects tissues
  • stores minerals
  • forms blood cells
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3
Q

Muscular System

A
  • allows for locomotion
  • provides support
  • produces heat
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4
Q

Nervous System

A
  • directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems
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5
Q

Endocrine System

A
  • directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems
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6
Q

Cardiovascular System

A
  • internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases
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7
Q

Lymphoid System

A
  • defends against infection and disease

- returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream

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8
Q

Respiratory System

A
  • delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood
  • produces sound
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9
Q

Digestive System

A
  • processes food

- absorbs organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water

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10
Q

Urinary System

A
  • eliminates excess water, salts, and waste products

- controls pH

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11
Q

Female Reproductive System

A
  • produces sex cells and hormones

- supports embryonic development from fertilization to birth

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12
Q

Male Reproductive System

A
  • produces sex cells and hormones
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13
Q

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

A
  • right lobe of liver
  • right kidney
  • gallbladder
  • portion of stomach
  • portions of large and small intestines
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14
Q

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

A
  • left lobe of liver
  • left kidney
  • spleen
  • stomach
  • pancreas
  • portions of large instestine
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15
Q

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

A
  • cecum
  • appendix
  • portions of small intestine
  • reproductive organs
  • right ureter
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16
Q

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

A
  • most of small intestine
  • portions of large intestine
  • reproductive organs
  • left ureter
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17
Q

Transverse / Horizontal / Cross-Sectional Plane

A

separates superior and inferior portions

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18
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

separates right and left sides

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19
Q

Frontal / Coronal

A

separates anterior and posterior portions

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20
Q

Head

A

Cephalon / Cephalic

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21
Q

Skull

A

Cranium / Cranial

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22
Q

Face

A

Facies / Facial

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23
Q

Mouth

A

Oris / Oral

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24
Q

Chin

A

Mentis / Mental

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25
Armpit
Axilla / Axillary
26
Arm
Brachium / Brachial
27
Front of Elbow
Antecubitis / Antecubital
28
Forearm
Antebrachium / Antebrachial
29
Wrist
Carpus / Carpal
30
Palm
Palma / Palmar
31
Thumb
Pollex
32
Fingers / Toes
Digits (phalanges) / Digital (phalangeal)
33
Kneecap
Patella / Patellar
34
Leg
Crus / Crural
35
Ankle
Tarsus / Tarsal
36
Big Toe
Hallux
37
Foot
Pes / Pedal
38
Thigh
Femur / Femoral
39
Groin
Inguen / Inguinal
40
Hand
Manus / Manual
41
Navel
Ubilicus / Umbilical
42
Breast
Mamma / Mammary
43
Chest
Thoracis / Thoracic
44
Neck
Cervicis / Cervical
45
Cheek
Bucca / Buccal
46
Ear
Auris / otic
47
Eye
Oculus / Ocular (orbital)
48
Nose
Nasus / Nasal
49
Forehead
Frons / Frontal
50
Back
Dorsum / Dorsal
51
Back of Elbow
Olecranon / Olecranal
52
Loin
Lumbus / Lumbar
53
Buttock
Gluteus / Gluteal
54
Back of Knee
Popliteus / Popliteal
55
Calf
Sura / Sural
56
Heel of Foot
Calcaneus / Calcaneal
57
Sole of Foot
Planta / Plantar
58
Front; before
Anterior
59
Belly side (anterior)
Ventral
60
Toward the tail
Caudal / Inferior
61
Anterior Pelvis
Pubis / Pubic
62
Thoracic Cavity
- surrounded by chest wall and diaphragm | - subdivided into right pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, and left pleural cavity
63
Abdominopelvic Cavity
- contains the peritoneal cavity | - includes the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
64
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
- first person to see a living cell (1674)
65
Cell Theory
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells 2. Cells are only produced by the division of pre-existing cells 3. Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital functions
66
Two Types of Cell
1. Sex Cells - germ cells derived from testis or ovary | 2. Somatic Cells - all remaining cells
67
Two Categories of Proteins in Plasma Membrane
1. Integral Proteins - embedded in the membrane and span the thickness of the membrane 2. Peripheral Proteins - on the outside or inside of the plasma membrane
68
Passive Transport Mechanisms
1. Simple Diffusion - movement from a hight to a low concentration 2. Osmosis - diffusion of water from high to low concentration 3. Filtration - movement of dissolved substances due to hydrostatic forces 4. Facilitated Diffusion - involves special carrier proteins that transport larger molecules
69
Active Transport Characteristics
- requires ATP - independent of concentration gradients - usually involves transporter protein or carrier molecule
70
Active Transport Mechanisms
1. Endocytosis - pinocytosis (bringing fluid in), phagocytosis (bringing particulate matter in), and receptor-mediated 2. Exocytosis - release or secretion of material from cell
71
High/Low Concentrations in Cytoplasm
High - proteins, amino acids, and potassium | Low - carbohydrates, sodium chloride, calcium, and magnesium
72
Nonmembranous Organells
- microvilli - centrioles - cilia - flagella - ribosomes
73
Microfilaments
- mainly composed of actin | - anchor cytoskeleton to integral proteins of plasma membrane
74
Intermediate Filaments
stabilize position of organelles
75
Microtubules
- hollow tubes that give shape and some rigidity to the cell | - mechanism for cell movement
76
Microvilli
- non-branching, non motile parts of cell surface - finger-like processes of similar length - increase surface area - involved in cells who function is absorption
77
Cilia
- non-branching, motile cell processes - beat in a specific manner to move material across cell surface - longer than microvilli - 9+2 arrangment of microtubules
78
Centrioles
- paired structures important in cell division for organizing tubules that exert traction on chromosomes - composed of 9 sets of 3 microtubules - arranged at right angles to each other
79
Flagellum
- found primarily on spermatozoa | - move cells, not material over cells
80
Ribosomes
- small dense granular structures - primarily composed on RNA - primary site of protein synthesis - fixed or free (polysomes)
81
Functions of Ribosomes
- polyribosomes make protein for use inside the cell - rER makes proteins intended for export out of the cell - rER proteins must pass through Golgi apparatus before they are released from the cell
82
Membrane Bound Organelles
- mitochondria - nucleus - endoplasmic reticulum - golgi apparatus - lysosomes
83
Mitochondria
- produce most of the ATP within a cell | - present in all cells except differentiated RBCs and terminal skin cells
84
Nucleus
- determines structural and functional characteristics of a cell by controlling what proteins are made and in what quantitiy - control center for transcription (DNA -> mRNA) and translation (mRNA -> protein)
85
Endoplasmic Reticulum
- synthesis, storage, transport, detoxification - Rough - characteristic of protein secreting cells - Smooth - characteristic of cells making cholesterol or steroid components
86
Golgi Apparatus
- package material for lysosomes - create membrane segments - form secretory vesicles that are tagged and excreted from the cell via exocytosis
87
Lysosomes
- filled with hydrolytic enzymes | - endocytotic vesicles fuse with them to eventually metabolize material taken into the cell
88
Four Types of Cell Junctions
1. Zonula occludens (tight junction) - block passage of water and other substances between cells 2. Zonula adherens - lateral adhesion (sheet) between epithelial cells 3. Macula adherens (desmosome) - spot weld between cells 4. Gap (Nexus) - permit direct passage of signaling molecules (ions) between cells
89
Four Types of Tissue
1. epithelial 2. connective 3. muscle 4. neural
90
Exposed Surface of Epithelium
Apical surface
91
Surface of epithelium attached to underlying tissue
Basal surface
92
Functions of Epithelium
- protection - permeability - sensation - secretion
93
Three Processes on Exposed Surface of Epithelial Cells
1. Microvilli - involved in absorprion; increases surface area 2. Cilia - beat and move substances along surface 3. Stereocilia - long microvilli
94
Two Layers of Basement Membrane of Epithelium
1. Basal Laminae - epithelium attaches to it | 2. Reticular Laminae - gives strength to epithelium
95
Simple Squamous Epithelial Cells
- thin, flat, and irregular shape - most delicate -> found in protected regions where absorption takes place - mesothelium (body cavities) and endothelium (inner surface of vessels)
96
Stratified Squamous Epithelial Cells
- found where there is stress - keratinized vs. non keratinized - skin, mouth
97
Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Cells
- occur in regions of secretion & absorption | - kidneys, pancreas, salivary glands
98
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelial Cells
- rare | - ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands
99
Transitional Epithelial Cells
- permits stretching | - bladder
100
Simple Columnar Epithelial Cells
- provides some protection -> can be in areas of secretion and absorption - stomach and GI tract linings
101
Stratified Columnar Epithelial Cells
- rare | - pharynx, urethra, anus, excretory ducts
102
Pseduostratified Columnar Epithelial Cells
- found in respiratory epithelium | - has cilia
103
Three Exocrine Glands
1. Serous - secrete watery solutions 2. Mucous - secrete mucus 3. Mixed - contains both
104
Endocrine Glands
- ductless glands that secrete into extracellular fluid - secrete hormones - act ast a site distant from their release
105
Unicellular Exocrine Glands
- goblet cells - mucus - scattered in trachea - small and large intestines
106
Multicellular Exocrine Glands
- secretory sheet - stomach | - two epithelial parts - secretory part and duct part
107
Manners of Secretion
1. Merocrine - secretion by exocytosis (most common) 2. Apocrine - partial loss of cytoplasm (nucleus and Golgi apparatus remain) 3. Holocrine - cell bursts (sebaceous glands)
108
Functions of Connective Tissue
- structural framework - transports fluid and dissolved materials - protection for organs - supports and connects other tissues - stores energy reserves - defends body from invasion
109
Types of Connective Tissue
1. connective tissue proper 2. fluid connective tissue 3. supporting connective tissue
110
Fibroblasts (CT)
- most abundant | - responsible for production and maintenance of extracellular fibers
111
Fixed Macrophages (CT)
- eat up damaged cells or pathogens
112
Adipocytes (CT)
store lipid
113
Mesenchymal Cells (CT)
stem cells that differentiate into other cell types
114
Melanocytes (CT)
melanin synthesis
115
Free Macrophages (CT)
large phagocytic cells
116
Mast Cells (CT)
- secrete histamine and heparin -> stimulate local inflammation
117
Lymphocytes (CT)
- increase in number when there is tissue damage | - become plasma cells which are responsible for production of antibodies
118
Neurophils and Eosinphils (CT)
phagocytic blood cells
119
Connective Tissue Fibers
1. Collagen Fibers - most common and strongest (tendons and ligaments) 2. Reticular - form a flexible network 3. Elastic - branch, stretch, and recoil
120
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
1. Mesenchyme - embryonic; gives rise to all other types of CT 2. Loose CT - fill spaces between organs; cushions and supports epithelia 3. Dense CT - collagenous tissue; regular (tightly packed collagen fibers - tendons, ligaments) and irregular (interwoven meshwork - dermis, capsules of organs)
121
Fluid Connective Tissue
collections of cells on a watery matrix - blood and lymph
122
Types of Cartilage
1. Hyaline - most common, surface of bones in joints 2. Elastic - numerous elastic fibers; pinna of ear and epiglottis 3. Fibrocartilage - mainly collagen fibers; intervertebral discs
123
Epithelia and Connective Tissue Membranes
1. Mucous - line cavity 2. Serous - line certain body cavities (ventral) 3. Cutaneous - keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and dermis 4. Synovial
124
Types of Connective Tissue Framework
1. Superficial Fascia (subcutaneous layer) - loose CT separating skin from tissues and organs 2. Deep Fascia - dense CT that stabilizes and separates muscles and organs 3. Subserous Fascia - loose CT separating serous membranes from deep fascia
125
Skeletal Muscle
- striated, voluntary, nonbranched - multinucleated - limited capacity for repair
126
Cardiac Muscle
- striated, involuntary, branched (intercalated discs) | - no capacity for repair
127
Smooth Muscle
- nonstriated, involuntary, non branched | - cand divide and regenerate
128
Neurons
- cell body - soma - dentrites - branching processes of soma that conduct impulses TOWARDS cell body - axon - process of the soma that conducts impulses AWAY from cell body - collection of axons = nerve
129
Functions of the Integumentary System
- Protection - Immune Defense - Sensation - Thermoregulation - Excretion - Nutrition
130
Two Major Parts of the Integumentary System
1. Cutaneous membrane - skin - epidermis - stratified squamous epithelium containg cells that undergo keratinization - dermis - CT under epidermis 2. Accessory Structures - hair, nails, and exocrine glands
131
Layers of the Epidermis
- Stratum Basale (deepest) - Stratum Spinosum - Stratum Granulosum - Stratum Lucidum (only in thick skin) - Stratum Corneum (superficial)
132
Keratinocytes
- most abundant cell in the epidermis - found in all layers of the epidermis - eliminate all organells and become keratinized (filled with keratin)
133
Melanocytes
- found only in the stratum basale - pigment producing cells - protection from UV
134
Merkel Cells
- found only in the stratum basale - mechanoreceptors that detect sensation of touch - contins neurosecretory granules
135
Langerhans Cells
- found mainly in stratum spinosum - phagocytic, antigen presenting cells - important in immune response
136
Four Types of Cells Found in the Epidermis
1) Keratinocytes 2) Melanocytes 3) Merkel Cells 4) Langerhans Cells
137
Two Layers of the Dermis
1) Papillary Layer (superficial) - contains dermal papilla (projections into the epidermis); blood vessels, lymphatics, sensory neurons 2. Reticular Layer (deeper) - thicker bundles of collagen and elastic fibers; resist tension
138
Langer's Lines
lines of cleavage follow lines of tension developed by collagen bundles in the dermis
139
Meissner's Corpuscle
receptors in dermis for light touch
140
Pacinian Corpuscle
receptors in dermis for deep pressure or vibration
141
Three Layers of Hair Itself
- Medulla - center of hair - Cortex - surrounds medulla - Cuticle - external; composed of hard, dead, keratinized cells
142
Two Types of Sweat Glands
1) Apocrine Sweat Glands | 2) Merocrine (Eccrine) Sweat Glands
143
Apocrine Sweat Glands
- found in axilla and groin - limited distribution - produce an odor
144
Merocrine (Eccrine) Sweat Glands
- found almost everywhere on skin surfaces - more numerous - produce a thin, watery secretion (perspiration) important for thermo-regulation
145
Areola
darkened region of skin over mammary glands containing the nipple
146
Breast
- consist of mammary glands covered by skin - each mammary gland composed of ~20 lobes arranged in a radial manner - each lobe composed of ducts and lobules
147
Functions of the Vertebral Column
- protects spinal cord - passageway for spinal nerves - supports head, neck, and trunk - maintains upright body position
148
Atlas
- CV1 - no body - posterior arch -> no lamina - 5 articulating facets - anterior arch articulates with dens of axis
149
Axis
- CV2 | - has a body
150
Cervical Vertebrae
CV1 - CV7
151
Thoracic Vertebrae
TV1 - TV12
152
Lumbar Vertebrae
LV1-LV5
153
Sacrum
SV1 - SV5
154
Coccyx
CoV
155
Curvatures of the Vertebral Column
- cervical - secondary / convex - thoracic - primary / concave - lumbar - secondary / convex - sacral - primary / concave

Anatomy (6 decks)

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