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Anatomy > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Integumentary System

A
  • protects against environmental hazards

- controls body temperature

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2
Q

Skeletal System

A
  • provides support
  • protects tissues
  • stores minerals
  • forms blood cells
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3
Q

Muscular System

A
  • allows for locomotion
  • provides support
  • produces heat
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4
Q

Nervous System

A
  • directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems
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5
Q

Endocrine System

A
  • directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems
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6
Q

Cardiovascular System

A
  • internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases
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7
Q

Lymphoid System

A
  • defends against infection and disease

- returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream

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8
Q

Respiratory System

A
  • delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood
  • produces sound
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9
Q

Digestive System

A
  • processes food

- absorbs organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water

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10
Q

Urinary System

A
  • eliminates excess water, salts, and waste products

- controls pH

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11
Q

Female Reproductive System

A
  • produces sex cells and hormones

- supports embryonic development from fertilization to birth

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12
Q

Male Reproductive System

A
  • produces sex cells and hormones
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13
Q

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

A
  • right lobe of liver
  • right kidney
  • gallbladder
  • portion of stomach
  • portions of large and small intestines
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14
Q

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

A
  • left lobe of liver
  • left kidney
  • spleen
  • stomach
  • pancreas
  • portions of large instestine
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15
Q

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

A
  • cecum
  • appendix
  • portions of small intestine
  • reproductive organs
  • right ureter
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16
Q

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

A
  • most of small intestine
  • portions of large intestine
  • reproductive organs
  • left ureter
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17
Q

Transverse / Horizontal / Cross-Sectional Plane

A

separates superior and inferior portions

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18
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

separates right and left sides

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19
Q

Frontal / Coronal

A

separates anterior and posterior portions

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20
Q

Head

A

Cephalon / Cephalic

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21
Q

Skull

A

Cranium / Cranial

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22
Q

Face

A

Facies / Facial

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23
Q

Mouth

A

Oris / Oral

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24
Q

Chin

A

Mentis / Mental

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25
Q

Armpit

A

Axilla / Axillary

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26
Q

Arm

A

Brachium / Brachial

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27
Q

Front of Elbow

A

Antecubitis / Antecubital

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28
Q

Forearm

A

Antebrachium / Antebrachial

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29
Q

Wrist

A

Carpus / Carpal

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30
Q

Palm

A

Palma / Palmar

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31
Q

Thumb

A

Pollex

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32
Q

Fingers / Toes

A

Digits (phalanges) / Digital (phalangeal)

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33
Q

Kneecap

A

Patella / Patellar

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34
Q

Leg

A

Crus / Crural

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35
Q

Ankle

A

Tarsus / Tarsal

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36
Q

Big Toe

A

Hallux

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37
Q

Foot

A

Pes / Pedal

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38
Q

Thigh

A

Femur / Femoral

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39
Q

Groin

A

Inguen / Inguinal

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40
Q

Hand

A

Manus / Manual

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41
Q

Navel

A

Ubilicus / Umbilical

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42
Q

Breast

A

Mamma / Mammary

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43
Q

Chest

A

Thoracis / Thoracic

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44
Q

Neck

A

Cervicis / Cervical

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45
Q

Cheek

A

Bucca / Buccal

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46
Q

Ear

A

Auris / otic

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47
Q

Eye

A

Oculus / Ocular (orbital)

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48
Q

Nose

A

Nasus / Nasal

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49
Q

Forehead

A

Frons / Frontal

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50
Q

Back

A

Dorsum / Dorsal

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51
Q

Back of Elbow

A

Olecranon / Olecranal

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52
Q

Loin

A

Lumbus / Lumbar

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53
Q

Buttock

A

Gluteus / Gluteal

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54
Q

Back of Knee

A

Popliteus / Popliteal

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55
Q

Calf

A

Sura / Sural

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56
Q

Heel of Foot

A

Calcaneus / Calcaneal

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57
Q

Sole of Foot

A

Planta / Plantar

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58
Q

Front; before

A

Anterior

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59
Q

Belly side (anterior)

A

Ventral

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60
Q

Toward the tail

A

Caudal / Inferior

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61
Q

Anterior Pelvis

A

Pubis / Pubic

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62
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A
  • surrounded by chest wall and diaphragm

- subdivided into right pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, and left pleural cavity

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63
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

A
  • contains the peritoneal cavity

- includes the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

64
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A
  • first person to see a living cell (1674)
65
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
  2. Cells are only produced by the division of pre-existing cells
  3. Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital functions
66
Q

Two Types of Cell

A
  1. Sex Cells - germ cells derived from testis or ovary

2. Somatic Cells - all remaining cells

67
Q

Two Categories of Proteins in Plasma Membrane

A
  1. Integral Proteins - embedded in the membrane and span the thickness of the membrane
  2. Peripheral Proteins - on the outside or inside of the plasma membrane
68
Q

Passive Transport Mechanisms

A
  1. Simple Diffusion - movement from a hight to a low concentration
  2. Osmosis - diffusion of water from high to low concentration
  3. Filtration - movement of dissolved substances due to hydrostatic forces
  4. Facilitated Diffusion - involves special carrier proteins that transport larger molecules
69
Q

Active Transport Characteristics

A
  • requires ATP
  • independent of concentration gradients
  • usually involves transporter protein or carrier molecule
70
Q

Active Transport Mechanisms

A
  1. Endocytosis - pinocytosis (bringing fluid in), phagocytosis (bringing particulate matter in), and receptor-mediated
  2. Exocytosis - release or secretion of material from cell
71
Q

High/Low Concentrations in Cytoplasm

A

High - proteins, amino acids, and potassium

Low - carbohydrates, sodium chloride, calcium, and magnesium

72
Q

Nonmembranous Organells

A
  • microvilli
  • centrioles
  • cilia
  • flagella
  • ribosomes
73
Q

Microfilaments

A
  • mainly composed of actin

- anchor cytoskeleton to integral proteins of plasma membrane

74
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

stabilize position of organelles

75
Q

Microtubules

A
  • hollow tubes that give shape and some rigidity to the cell

- mechanism for cell movement

76
Q

Microvilli

A
  • non-branching, non motile parts of cell surface
  • finger-like processes of similar length
  • increase surface area
  • involved in cells who function is absorption
77
Q

Cilia

A
  • non-branching, motile cell processes
  • beat in a specific manner to move material across cell surface
  • longer than microvilli
  • 9+2 arrangment of microtubules
78
Q

Centrioles

A
  • paired structures important in cell division for organizing tubules that exert traction on chromosomes
  • composed of 9 sets of 3 microtubules
  • arranged at right angles to each other
79
Q

Flagellum

A
  • found primarily on spermatozoa

- move cells, not material over cells

80
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • small dense granular structures
  • primarily composed on RNA
  • primary site of protein synthesis
  • fixed or free (polysomes)
81
Q

Functions of Ribosomes

A
  • polyribosomes make protein for use inside the cell
  • rER makes proteins intended for export out of the cell
  • rER proteins must pass through Golgi apparatus before they are released from the cell
82
Q

Membrane Bound Organelles

A
  • mitochondria
  • nucleus
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • golgi apparatus
  • lysosomes
83
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • produce most of the ATP within a cell

- present in all cells except differentiated RBCs and terminal skin cells

84
Q

Nucleus

A
  • determines structural and functional characteristics of a cell by controlling what proteins are made and in what quantitiy
  • control center for transcription (DNA -> mRNA) and translation (mRNA -> protein)
85
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • synthesis, storage, transport, detoxification
  • Rough - characteristic of protein secreting cells
  • Smooth - characteristic of cells making cholesterol or steroid components
86
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A
  • package material for lysosomes
  • create membrane segments
  • form secretory vesicles that are tagged and excreted from the cell via exocytosis
87
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • filled with hydrolytic enzymes

- endocytotic vesicles fuse with them to eventually metabolize material taken into the cell

88
Q

Four Types of Cell Junctions

A
  1. Zonula occludens (tight junction) - block passage of water and other substances between cells
  2. Zonula adherens - lateral adhesion (sheet) between epithelial cells
  3. Macula adherens (desmosome) - spot weld between cells
  4. Gap (Nexus) - permit direct passage of signaling molecules (ions) between cells
89
Q

Four Types of Tissue

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. muscle
  4. neural
90
Q

Exposed Surface of Epithelium

A

Apical surface

91
Q

Surface of epithelium attached to underlying tissue

A

Basal surface

92
Q

Functions of Epithelium

A
  • protection
  • permeability
  • sensation
  • secretion
93
Q

Three Processes on Exposed Surface of Epithelial Cells

A
  1. Microvilli - involved in absorprion; increases surface area
  2. Cilia - beat and move substances along surface
  3. Stereocilia - long microvilli
94
Q

Two Layers of Basement Membrane of Epithelium

A
  1. Basal Laminae - epithelium attaches to it

2. Reticular Laminae - gives strength to epithelium

95
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelial Cells

A
  • thin, flat, and irregular shape
  • most delicate -> found in protected regions where absorption takes place
  • mesothelium (body cavities) and endothelium (inner surface of vessels)
96
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelial Cells

A
  • found where there is stress
  • keratinized vs. non keratinized
  • skin, mouth
97
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Cells

A
  • occur in regions of secretion & absorption

- kidneys, pancreas, salivary glands

98
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelial Cells

A
  • rare

- ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands

99
Q

Transitional Epithelial Cells

A
  • permits stretching

- bladder

100
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelial Cells

A
  • provides some protection -> can be in areas of secretion and absorption
  • stomach and GI tract linings
101
Q

Stratified Columnar Epithelial Cells

A
  • rare

- pharynx, urethra, anus, excretory ducts

102
Q

Pseduostratified Columnar Epithelial Cells

A
  • found in respiratory epithelium

- has cilia

103
Q

Three Exocrine Glands

A
  1. Serous - secrete watery solutions
  2. Mucous - secrete mucus
  3. Mixed - contains both
104
Q

Endocrine Glands

A
  • ductless glands that secrete into extracellular fluid
  • secrete hormones
  • act ast a site distant from their release
105
Q

Unicellular Exocrine Glands

A
  • goblet cells - mucus
  • scattered in trachea
  • small and large intestines
106
Q

Multicellular Exocrine Glands

A
  • secretory sheet - stomach

- two epithelial parts - secretory part and duct part

107
Q

Manners of Secretion

A
  1. Merocrine - secretion by exocytosis (most common)
  2. Apocrine - partial loss of cytoplasm (nucleus and Golgi apparatus remain)
  3. Holocrine - cell bursts (sebaceous glands)
108
Q

Functions of Connective Tissue

A
  • structural framework
  • transports fluid and dissolved materials
  • protection for organs
  • supports and connects other tissues
  • stores energy reserves
  • defends body from invasion
109
Q

Types of Connective Tissue

A
  1. connective tissue proper
  2. fluid connective tissue
  3. supporting connective tissue
110
Q

Fibroblasts (CT)

A
  • most abundant

- responsible for production and maintenance of extracellular fibers

111
Q

Fixed Macrophages (CT)

A
  • eat up damaged cells or pathogens
112
Q

Adipocytes (CT)

A

store lipid

113
Q

Mesenchymal Cells (CT)

A

stem cells that differentiate into other cell types

114
Q

Melanocytes (CT)

A

melanin synthesis

115
Q

Free Macrophages (CT)

A

large phagocytic cells

116
Q

Mast Cells (CT)

A
  • secrete histamine and heparin -> stimulate local inflammation
117
Q

Lymphocytes (CT)

A
  • increase in number when there is tissue damage

- become plasma cells which are responsible for production of antibodies

118
Q

Neurophils and Eosinphils (CT)

A

phagocytic blood cells

119
Q

Connective Tissue Fibers

A
  1. Collagen Fibers - most common and strongest (tendons and ligaments)
  2. Reticular - form a flexible network
  3. Elastic - branch, stretch, and recoil
120
Q

Types of Connective Tissue Proper

A
  1. Mesenchyme - embryonic; gives rise to all other types of CT
  2. Loose CT - fill spaces between organs; cushions and supports epithelia
  3. Dense CT - collagenous tissue; regular (tightly packed collagen fibers - tendons, ligaments) and irregular (interwoven meshwork - dermis, capsules of organs)
121
Q

Fluid Connective Tissue

A

collections of cells on a watery matrix - blood and lymph

122
Q

Types of Cartilage

A
  1. Hyaline - most common, surface of bones in joints
  2. Elastic - numerous elastic fibers; pinna of ear and epiglottis
  3. Fibrocartilage - mainly collagen fibers; intervertebral discs
123
Q

Epithelia and Connective Tissue Membranes

A
  1. Mucous - line cavity
  2. Serous - line certain body cavities (ventral)
  3. Cutaneous - keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and dermis
  4. Synovial
124
Q

Types of Connective Tissue Framework

A
  1. Superficial Fascia (subcutaneous layer) - loose CT separating skin from tissues and organs
  2. Deep Fascia - dense CT that stabilizes and separates muscles and organs
  3. Subserous Fascia - loose CT separating serous membranes from deep fascia
125
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A
  • striated, voluntary, nonbranched
  • multinucleated
  • limited capacity for repair
126
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A
  • striated, involuntary, branched (intercalated discs)

- no capacity for repair

127
Q

Smooth Muscle

A
  • nonstriated, involuntary, non branched

- cand divide and regenerate

128
Q

Neurons

A
  • cell body - soma
  • dentrites - branching processes of soma that conduct impulses TOWARDS cell body
  • axon - process of the soma that conducts impulses AWAY from cell body
  • collection of axons = nerve
129
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System

A
  • Protection
  • Immune Defense
  • Sensation
  • Thermoregulation
  • Excretion
  • Nutrition
130
Q

Two Major Parts of the Integumentary System

A
  1. Cutaneous membrane - skin
    • epidermis - stratified squamous
      epithelium containg cells that undergo
      keratinization
    • dermis - CT under epidermis
  2. Accessory Structures
    • hair, nails, and exocrine glands
131
Q

Layers of the Epidermis

A
  • Stratum Basale (deepest)
  • Stratum Spinosum
  • Stratum Granulosum
  • Stratum Lucidum (only in thick skin)
  • Stratum Corneum (superficial)
132
Q

Keratinocytes

A
  • most abundant cell in the epidermis
  • found in all layers of the epidermis
  • eliminate all organells and become keratinized (filled with keratin)
133
Q

Melanocytes

A
  • found only in the stratum basale
  • pigment producing cells
  • protection from UV
134
Q

Merkel Cells

A
  • found only in the stratum basale
  • mechanoreceptors that detect sensation of touch
  • contins neurosecretory granules
135
Q

Langerhans Cells

A
  • found mainly in stratum spinosum
  • phagocytic, antigen presenting cells
  • important in immune response
136
Q

Four Types of Cells Found in the Epidermis

A

1) Keratinocytes
2) Melanocytes
3) Merkel Cells
4) Langerhans Cells

137
Q

Two Layers of the Dermis

A

1) Papillary Layer (superficial) - contains dermal papilla (projections into the epidermis); blood vessels, lymphatics, sensory neurons
2. Reticular Layer (deeper) - thicker bundles of collagen and elastic fibers; resist tension

138
Q

Langer’s Lines

A

lines of cleavage follow lines of tension developed by collagen bundles in the dermis

139
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscle

A

receptors in dermis for light touch

140
Q

Pacinian Corpuscle

A

receptors in dermis for deep pressure or vibration

141
Q

Three Layers of Hair Itself

A
  • Medulla - center of hair
  • Cortex - surrounds medulla
  • Cuticle - external; composed of hard, dead, keratinized cells
142
Q

Two Types of Sweat Glands

A

1) Apocrine Sweat Glands

2) Merocrine (Eccrine) Sweat Glands

143
Q

Apocrine Sweat Glands

A
  • found in axilla and groin
  • limited distribution
  • produce an odor
144
Q

Merocrine (Eccrine) Sweat Glands

A
  • found almost everywhere on skin surfaces
  • more numerous
  • produce a thin, watery secretion (perspiration) important for thermo-regulation
145
Q

Areola

A

darkened region of skin over mammary glands containing the nipple

146
Q

Breast

A
  • consist of mammary glands covered by skin
  • each mammary gland composed of ~20 lobes arranged in a radial manner
  • each lobe composed of ducts and lobules
147
Q

Functions of the Vertebral Column

A
  • protects spinal cord
  • passageway for spinal nerves
  • supports head, neck, and trunk
  • maintains upright body position
148
Q

Atlas

A
  • CV1
  • no body
  • posterior arch -> no lamina
  • 5 articulating facets
  • anterior arch articulates with dens of axis
149
Q

Axis

A
  • CV2

- has a body

150
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

A

CV1 - CV7

151
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

A

TV1 - TV12

152
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae

A

LV1-LV5

153
Q

Sacrum

A

SV1 - SV5

154
Q

Coccyx

A

CoV

155
Q

Curvatures of the Vertebral Column

A
  • cervical - secondary / convex
  • thoracic - primary / concave
  • lumbar - secondary / convex
  • sacral - primary / concave

Anatomy (6 decks)

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