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Cognitive Processes > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Components of a problem

A

initial state, subgoals, operators, and goal state

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2
Q

Problem space

A

mental model of the issue

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3
Q

Frames of mind

A

Directed Thinking - rational, goal oriented thought

Undirected Thinking - unconstrained, creative thought

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4
Q

Well-defined problems

A

problems with clear initial and goal states, operators, and subgoals

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5
Q

Ill-defined problems

A

problems with unclear initial and goal states, operators and subgoals

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6
Q

Knowledge Rich problems

A

problems that can only be solved with sub partial prior knowledge. Ex. performing open heart surgery

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7
Q

Knowledge Lean problems

A

problems that can be solved without much prior knowledge. Ex. walking a dog

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8
Q

Algorithms and problems with it

A

shortcuts that help remember material

Problems: time consuming

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9
Q

Heuristics

A

working backward, hill climbing and analogical problem solving

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10
Q

Analogical Problem Solving

A

using similarities between current and old problems to help generate a solution

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11
Q

Types of analogical problems

A

Surface similarity - relationship between appearance of parts
Structural similarity - relationship between parts is similar
Procedural similarity - different actions between parts is similar

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12
Q

Mental set

A

tendency to use a strategy that has been helpful in the past, regardless of whether it’s appropriate now

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13
Q

Insight

A

sudden realization of how to solve a problem

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14
Q

Incubation - how could this help problem solving?

A

process of putting problems aside for a period of time; could help problem solving by putting away unimportant info, unfocused attention allows for new perspectives

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15
Q

Expertise

A

extremely high level of thinking and performance in a specific domain; 10,000 hour rule

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16
Q

Metacognition

A

monitoring of cognitive processes and states of knowledge

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17
Q

Creativity

A

process of producing something both original and worthwhile

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18
Q

Creativity tests

A

Divergent task - Guilford’s Alternative Uses Task - generate alternative uses for a common item. Ex. different ways to use a hair dryer
Convergent task - Remote Associates Task - identify a fourth word that ties the other three together. Ex. shoulder, sweat, sore… cold

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19
Q

Language

A

system of symbols that are used to communicate ideas and information

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20
Q

Language criteria

A
  1. Communicative - exchange of thoughts and feelings
  2. Arbitrary symbolism - connection between the symbol and the “thing”
  3. Regular structure - only certain arrangements have meaning. Ex. ARE and REA
  4. Structured at multiple levels - can be analyzed at more than one level. Ex. DOG ate CAT vs ate DOG CAT
  5. Generative - language users can produce novel utterances
  6. Displacement - language users can communicate about things that are not in the here and now. Ex. talk about dreams, past, and present
  7. Dynamic - expand and accommodate new stuff. Ex. jeggings, hater, unfriend
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21
Q

Units of language

A

Phoneme - smallest unit of sound
Morpheme - smallest unit of meaning
Lexicon - mental collection of all meaning units: 80,000
Syntax - grammatical rules that specify how morphemes are arranged to form sentences
Semantic Structure - meaning of utterances
Pragmatics - communication of intention based on context

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22
Q

Vocabulary growth

A

18 months (3-100 words), 2 years (300 words), 3 years (1000 words), 10 years (~ to adults)

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23
Q

Fundamental aspects of language

A

Production - ability to produce linguistic output

Comprehension - ability to understand linguistic input

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24
Q

Broca’s Area and Aphasia

A

Area - production center of the brain

Aphasia - comprehension is intacked, production is difficult

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25
Q

Wernicke’s Area and Aphasia

A

Area - comprehension center of the brain

Aphasia - production is intacked, comprehension is difficult

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26
Q

Non-linguistic communication components

A

Gesture - movements that are coordinated in the time and meaning with the context of language
Discourse markers - indirectly relevant words/phrases a speaker uses. Ex. like, um
Prosodic cues - rhythm, stress, and intonation that provide additional information about what a speaker is saying

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27
Q

Is ASL a true language?

A

Yes, It meets all 7 criteria, aphasias affect ASL, it has evolved and developed like a spoken language

28
Q

Evolution of a language

A

jargon (random jumbled words), homesign (family language), pidgin (language by at least two groups), creole (mixture of different languages), language system

29
Q

Animal communication

A

feelings and emotional states, warnings, mating desires, food sources

30
Q

Confirmation bias

A

tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one’s existing beliefs (major problem with primate studies)

31
Q

Emotion

A

a person’s affective state of feeling

32
Q

Mood

A

extended emotional state

33
Q

Categorical approach (models of emotion)

A

emotions are distinct - Ekman’s Basic Emotion Theory: innate - everyone is born with 6 emotions

34
Q

Dimensional approach (models of emotion)

A

emotions result from a combination of factors - Barrett & Russell’s dimensional model (high/low arousal & negative/positive valence)

35
Q

Appraisal

A

evaluations we make about situations relevant to our goals, concerns, and wellbeing - this determines whether we experience emotion, and which emotion we experience

36
Q

Automatic Appraisal

A

non-conscious, memory-based (gut feeling)

37
Q

Deliberate Appraisal

A

effortful, related to decision making

38
Q

Types of emotion regulation

A

Situation Stimulus - approach desirable situations and avoid non-desirable situations
Situation Modification - change the situation to alter emotional state
Attention Deployment - deliberate distraction
Cognitive Change - using reappraisal to change the meaning of the situation
Response Modulation - continuing emotion of the situation

39
Q

Attentional Narrowing

A

increased arousal leads to decreased conscious awareness of environmental stimuli

40
Q

Forebrain

A

cognitive processing

41
Q

Midbrain

A

consciousess

42
Q

Hindbrain

A

human functions

43
Q

Top-Down Processing

A

the context surrounding the stimulus will cue you into the meaning. Ex. 12 B 14 and A B C

44
Q

Bottom-Up Processing

A

trying to gain meaning with something that has no meaning. Ex. black and white sploches and the distinct cow

45
Q

4 Bottom-Up Theories

A

Template - take new stimulus and attempt to match it with a stored template. Ex. chair and existing matches
Prototype - creating mental representations and every new stimulus gets ranked and falls into a category. Ex. tomato, fruit or vegetable?
Feature Matching - break stimulus down into components, identify features, put back together. Ex. T | - T “T”
Recognition by Components - geons make up objects

46
Q

Movement filter theory

A

movement affects the ease of search - sometimes it helps and sometimes it inhibits

47
Q

Attention in feature integration theory

A

conscious attention works as a “glue” to integrate representations of features so that the target can be detected

48
Q

Baddeley’s Working Model - why is it better than the classic view?

A

this is a model in which different components of short-term memory can help place information into long-term memory. This model uses both visual and auditory working memory to store info instead of using basic short-term memory.

49
Q

Encoding specificity principle

A

memory is best when information available at encoding is also available at retrieval

50
Q

State-Dependent memory

A

improved retrieval what the state or mind at encoding is the same at retrieval

51
Q

Context-Dependent memory

A

improved retrieval when the environment at encoding is the same at retrieval

52
Q

5 explanations for forgetting

A
  • effortful forgetting
  • encoding failures
  • inadequate retrieval cues
  • decay
  • interference
53
Q

Intrusion Error

A

information that is related to a theme of memory, but is not part of the original memory, and becomes associated with the event

54
Q

Savings in relearning

A

previously presented and forgotten material is relearned faster than novel material

55
Q

Forcing functions

A

limitation that prevents an action without considering key information. Ex. putting a sticky note reminder on your steering wheel

56
Q

Judgment

A

assessment of likelihood, quantity or frequency (estimating costs)

57
Q

Decision Making

A

making a selection from various options (investments and commitments)

58
Q

Base rates

A

relative frequency with which an event occurs in the population

59
Q

Heuristics and one bias in judgment

A

Representativeness Heuristic - deciding an object belongs to a category because it appears to be representative to that category
Availability Heuristic/Bias - estimated frequency of a given event is dependent on how easily related information can be assessed
Recognition Heuristic - the option that is most easily recognized gets selected

60
Q

One fallacy in judgment

A

Conjunction Fallacy - incorrect assumption that the probability of two events occurring together greater than one of the events occurring alone. Ex. bank teller/feminist activity

61
Q

Heuristics in decision making

A

Satsficing Heuristic - selecting the first option that satisfies the minimum requirements
Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic - decision is influenced by an implied starting point and subsequent adjustments

62
Q

Bias in decision making

A

Hindsight bias - tendency to remember initial conditions as more suggestive of one option that the other. Ex. financial aid vs reputation

63
Q

Fallacy in decision making

A

Sunk Cost Fallacy - tendency to continue an endeavor once an investment has been made. Ex. staying in a 5-year relationship because you’re already in too deep

64
Q

Multiattribute Utility Theory

A

we may account for all attributes of all possible options and determine the best choice. Ex. excel sheet with every specific pro and con

65
Q

Bounded Rationality Principle

A

decision making is only partially relational due to limited information and processing resources

66
Q

Framing

A

reaction to a particular choice differs depending on how the options are presented. Ex. advertising and how they present what they want to sell

67
Q

Loss aversion

A

sensitivity to potential losses rather than potential gains during decision making

Cognitive Processes (3 decks)

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