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Cognitive Processes > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

retaining on past experiences to use that info in the present

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2
Q

Three memory processes

A

Encoding: transformation of information into mental representation (making meaning)
Storage: maintain encoded information in memory
Retrieval: calling back the stored information in response to a cue for use in an activity (stimulus or hook - test question)

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3
Q

Recognition

A

selecting remembered material from a set of presented options (multiple choice)

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4
Q

Recall

A

generating remembered material (short answer)

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5
Q

Types of Recall

A

Free: in any order, no cues
Cued: in relation to a clue or piece of information
Serial: in the order the items were presented

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6
Q

Multistore Model of Memory - 3 types

A

Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

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7
Q

Capacity

A

the amount of info that can be held in memory

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8
Q

Duration

A

amount of time info can be held in memory

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9
Q

Sensory memory (Sperling’s Partial Report)

A

initial repository for sensory information
Capacity: large
Duration: 250-500 milliseconds after exposure

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10
Q

Short-term memory

A

Capacity: 7 +/- 2 pieces of information can be held
Duration: about 30 seconds without rehearsal

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11
Q

Long-term memory

A

Capacity: infinite
Duration: infinite

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12
Q

Chunking

A

organizing information into meaningful pieces

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13
Q

Iconic memory

A

visual memory store, less than 1 second

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14
Q

Echonic memory

A

auditory store, 3-4 seconds (pitch pipe in a choir)

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15
Q

Baddeley’s Working Memory Model

A

Working memory components narrowing down to long-term memory

Central Executive, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, phonological loop, all leading to long term memory

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16
Q

Components of Baddeley’s Working Memory Model

A

Central Executive: “CEO” makes decisions on whether to pull/integrate visuospatial and phonological info to episodic buffer
Visuospatial Sketchpad: responsible for visual representation (map to Naz/Wegmans)
Episodic Buffer: a place to integrate visuospatial and phonological information
Phonological Loop: memory that is dedicated to auditory information (talking to yourself) - subvocal rehearsal (words from map to Naz/Wegmans)

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17
Q

Serial Position Curve

A

the order in which items are presented affects the ability to recall them correctly

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18
Q

Primacy Effect

A

items presented early in the list are more likely to be recalled (long-term memory)

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19
Q

Recency Effect

A

items presented late in the list are more likely to be recalled (short-term memory)

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20
Q

Encoding

A

transforming info into a representation that can be stored in memory

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21
Q

Forms of Encoding

A

Visual: based on a form or appearance - CAT, MOSS (capital)
Acoustic: based on sound - rat, bat, mat (rhyme)
Semantic: based on meaning - cow, horse, pig

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22
Q

Dual Coding Theory

A

information is best remembered when using acoustic and semantic codes

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23
Q

Declarative memory - “Explicit”

A

memory that involves conscious recollection of events and facts

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24
Q

Types of declarative memory

A

Episodic: memory for past events that occurred at a specific date and time - usually self relevant
Semantic: memory for concepts and facts, including general knowledge about the world - not self-relevant

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25
Q

Reconstructive Retrieval

A

schemas of episodic memories that alter encoded memory representations

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26
Q

Schemas

A

mental templates for knowledge that are built from experience

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27
Q

Levels of Processing model

A

memory varies along a continuous dimension in terms of depth of processing.
input –> structural, acoustic, semantic –> processing into long-term memory

28
Q

Distinctiveness

A

paying attention to differences

29
Q

Relational Processing

A

paying attention to similarities and relationships

30
Q

3 factors that can influence consolidation

A

Sleep - maintaining a normal amount of sleep can help preserve long-term memories (deep sleep)
Time - Distributed practice can help maintain information longer (studying for a test)
Elaborative Encoding - connecting new information to existing information in memory

31
Q

Elaborative vs Deep Encoding

A

Elaborative: adding new info to existing info
Deep: processing of meaning to a subject

32
Q

Explicit (Declarative) Memory

A

memory that requires conscious recollection

33
Q

Implicit (Non-declarative) Memory

A

memory that refers to skills and procedures

34
Q

Episodic Memory (related to explicit memory)

A

memory for past events that occurred at a specific date and time “I remember..”

35
Q

Semantic Memory (related to explicit memory)

A

memory for concepts and facts, including general knowledge about the world “I know..”

36
Q

Priming (related to implicit memory)

A

exposure to one stimulus influences the response to other stimuli

37
Q

Muscle Memory (related to implicit memory)

A

memory for the performance of different types of action

38
Q

Nonassociative learning (related to implicit learning)

A

change in the strength of a response to a specific stimulus due to a repeated exposure (habituation, sensitization)

39
Q

Associative learning (related to implicit memory)

A

learning an association between one stimulus and a behavior or other stimulus (classical & operant conditioning)

40
Q

Classical conditioning

A

learned association between two stimuli

41
Q

Operant conditioning

A

behavior is controlled by the presence of consequences

42
Q

Reinforcement schedules

A

rate and pattern of reinforcement (or punishment) - continuous; fixed vs variable (predictability vs slot machine); ratio vs interval (# of times behavior is exhibited vs amount of time has elapsed since last reinforcement)

43
Q

Encoding specificity

A

memory is most effective when information available at encoding is also available at retrieval

44
Q

Context-Dependent Memory

A

improved retrieval when the environmental context at encoding matches the context at retrieval

45
Q

State-Dependent Memory

A

improved retrieval when the mood or state of consciousness at encoding matches the context at retrieval

46
Q

Savings in relearning

A

previously presented and forgotten material is relearned faster than novel material

47
Q

Mnemonics

A

metamemory techniques to help you store information

48
Q

Types of mnemonics

A

categorical clustering - food list
interactive imagery - little Albert (baby with crazy gray hair)
Method of Loci - pairing info with locations/real objects
Acronyms - PEMDAS
Acrostics - Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally

49
Q

Why do mnemonics work?

A

meaningful encoding, structural retrieval, & speed

50
Q

Retrograde

A

loss of previously stored memories

*disruption of long-term memory

51
Q

Anterograde

A

loss of ability to store new memories

*disruption of consolidation

52
Q

Temporally Graded Amnesia

A

amount of loss changes in relation to the time of the injury

53
Q

5 explanations for forgetting

A
  • effortful forgetting
  • encoding failures
  • inadequate retrieval cues
  • decay
  • interference
54
Q

Retrieval cues

A

stimuli that help you pull pieces of information from memory. Ex: heads up game

55
Q

Decay theory

& describe two major problems

A

memory fades over time, especially if that specific memory isn’t accessed or rehearsed
Problems: old memories persist without rehearsal
Ex: planets, organelles

56
Q

Interference theory

A

ability to retrieve target information is inhibited by other information

57
Q

Two parts to interference theory

A

Retroactive - new info interferes with retrieving old info. Ex: trying to remember old address
Proactive - old info interferes with retrieving new info. Ex: park your car in same spot everyday -> park it somewhere else today and you go to old spot looking for it

58
Q

Intrusion error

A

info that is related to a theme of a memory but is not part of the original memory and becomes associated with the memory

59
Q

3 major types of memory biases

A

Hindsight bias - knowing something that you don’t truly know but actually ends up happening
Rosy Retrospection - remembering past events more positive than they were. Like college sucking right now but saying it was great in 5 years
Confirmation bias - gaining info that agrees with your opinion - comic strip example

60
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

questions containing misleading information can distort memory. Ex: car accident and speed

61
Q

Eyewitness Testimony

A

detailed recollection of events given by a witness in a court of law

62
Q

Prospective Memory & Time/Event bases

A

remembering to carry out some intended action. Ex: get gas; write a paper
Time based: memory for an event that has to be carried out at a certain time
Event based: memory for an event that has to be carried out whenever you come in contact with it

63
Q

Forcing functions

A

limitation that prevents an action without considering key information

64
Q

cognitive phase (proceduralization)

A

individual skill practice, involving effortful and focused skill development

65
Q

associative phase (proceduralization)

A

practicing individual of skills together in chunks

Ex. learning to simultaneously maintain a lane position in a car while checking over your shoulder before changing lanes

66
Q

autonomous phase (proceduralization)

A

practice is devoted to combining chunks of skills together into one smooth process

Cognitive Processes (3 decks)

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