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Cognitive Processes > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cognition

A

acquisition, storage, and transformation of information

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2
Q

Cognitive processes

A

memory, motor movement, attention, language

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3
Q

Introspection

A

the observation of one’s own mental and emotional processes

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4
Q

Behaviorism

A

the observation of behavior - not of one’s self

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5
Q

Information Processing Approach

A

stimulus –> attention –> perception –> thought processes –> decision –> response

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6
Q

Contemporary Cognitive Psychology

A

understanding cognitive processing through computation, logic, and mathematical modeling

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7
Q

3 branches of cognitive psychology

A

Experimental Cognitive Psychology - understanding the processes that underline behavior and cognition. Ex. stroop test
Cognitive Neuroscience - understanding the neural mechanisms that influence cognition. Ex. EEGs, sleep studies
Computational Cognitive Science - understanding cognitive processing through computation and logic. Ex. if, then’s

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8
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

behind forehead - judgment, decision-making

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9
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

behind frontal lobe - touch, body feelings

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10
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

between ears - auditory processing, language, and memory

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11
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

back of head - visual processing

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12
Q

Forebrain

A

cognitive processing

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13
Q

Midbrain

A

consciousness

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14
Q

Hindbrain

A

human functions

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15
Q

Brodmann Area

A

covers 100 areas of the brain; associated with different cellular components

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16
Q

Sensation

A

stimulation of sensory receptors by environmental stimuli

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17
Q

Transduction

A

process by which sensations become perceptions

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18
Q

Perception

A

set of processes by which we recognize, organize, and make sense of environmental stimuli

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19
Q

Why are illusions important for sensation and perception?

A

Important for understanding the differences between sensation and perception in which they create a mental representation of the stimulus - tendency to perceive constancy despite changes in sensation.

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20
Q

Top-Down Processing

A

the context surrounding the stimulus will cue you into the meaning. Ex. 12 B 14 OR
A Same stimulus
B
C

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21
Q

Bottom-Up Processing

A

perceiver builds a representation based on sensory input and stimulus information. Ex. black & white splotches and the distinct cow

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22
Q

Template Theory

A

take a new stimulus and attempt to match it with a stored template. Ex. chair

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23
Q

Prototype Theory

A

you have created a mental representation and every new stimulus gets ranked and falls in a category. Ex. tomato: fruit or vegetable?

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24
Q

Feature Matching Theory

A

break stimulus down into components; identify its features, reconstruct it, then name it - we recognize patterns based on features. Ex. T –> l L | –> T –> “T”

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25
Q

Recognition by Components Theory

A

geons - shapes. Objects - things that are made up by your version of geons. Ex. figuring out the rest of an object

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26
Q

Gestalt Law of Pragnanz

A

a visual array is perceived in the simplest and more organized form. Ex. 2 triangles/3 circles

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27
Q

Pattern Recognition

A

identification of a perceptual object

28
Q

Figure-Ground Distinction

A

the subject in the array is highlighted and the background fades to the back. Ex. mouse/cat illusion

29
Q

Proximity

A

articulates that we see things and group them based on how close they are. Ex. dots & closeness - 12/group & 3 groups

30
Q

Similarity

A

group things that are alike. Ex. red and black dots

31
Q

Continuity

A

breaking stimuli down - we perceive smooth lines. Ex. X - is it two lines that intersect or two sideway V’s? Two lines that intersect

32
Q

Closure

A

articulates that we put boundaries on figures. Ex. 2 triangles/3 circles

33
Q

Symmetry

A

we assume that figures are symmetric. Ex. What does the other half of half a heart look like?

34
Q

Size Constancy

A

The same size circle with different sized shapes around it

35
Q

Shape Constancy

A

door opening, gets thinner

36
Q

Color Constancy

A

blue or yellow lit rooms, colors differ

37
Q

Perceptual Constancy

A

tendency to perceive constancy despite changes in sensation –> it provides the experience of stability

38
Q

Face Processing

A

unique as it detects faces holistically

39
Q

3 pieces of evidence of face processing

A 
brain tissue (FFA)
upright faces are processed holistically/upside down faces are treated as objects
prosopagnosia - "face blindness" - doesn't process faces like faces
40
Q

Visual agnosia

A

deficit in the ability to perceive sensory information

41
Q

“What” pathway

A

helps identify objects (moves to temporal lobe)

42
Q

“Where/How” pathway

A

helps identify where objects are in relation to your body and how you can interact with it

43
Q

Attention

A

selecting certain stimuli from available stimulus, and focusing cognitive resources on those selected

44
Q

Consciousness

A

the feeling of awareness and the content of that awareness - conscious awareness may emerge once “attention” is brought to the attention of the “mind”

45
Q

Pre-Consciouss Processing

A

information sitting between consciousness and attention. Ex. blinking, blindsight, memories

46
Q

Habituation

A

becoming accustomed to a stimulus. Ex. living near the airport and getting used to the noise

47
Q

Dishabituation

A

a change in the stimulus that prompts conscious awareness. Ex. eat orange pixy stix, get used to it, eat purple pixy stix, orange is sour again

48
Q

Signal Detection

A

detecting a stimulus in a field of irrelevant distractor stimuli. Ex. Hit, Miss, False Alarm, and Correct Rejection

49
Q

Active Signal Detection

A

“search”

50
Q

Passive Signal Detection

A

vigilance (hunting) - attention to a field of stimuli for an extended period of time (can cause fatigue)

51
Q

Distractor Similarity

A

distractor looks like the target. Ex. creme betweens and oreos

52
Q

Two stages of signal detection

A

Parallel: activation of representation of all possible targets
Serial: sequential sifting through each activated item to find the target

53
Q

Movement Filter Theory

A

movement affects the ease of search - sometimes it helps, sometimes it inhibits. Ex. brown cow in a field of black cows –> moving is easier to pick it out

54
Q

Automatic Processes

A

attention that occurs without awareness. Ex. driving

55
Q

Controlled Processes

A

attention that requires consciousness –> becomes automatic with practice. Ex. riding a bike for the first time

56
Q

Automatization

A

the process by which something controlled becomes automatic (over learning). Ex. fire drills, flight attendant safety procedure

57
Q

Selective Attention

A

focusing on one stimulus and not others. Ex. talking on the phone with someone

58
Q

Attentuation Theory

A

attention lowers the strength of non-target information so that target stimuli are easiest to attend to

59
Q

Filter Theories

A

selection for stimulus occurs by blocking (filtering) distractors

60
Q

Change blindness

A

a change when a visual stimulus is introduced but goes unnoticed. Ex. Video: Whodunnit?

61
Q

Divided Attention Theories

A

Kahneman’s Attention Theory
Wicken’s Multiple Resource Theory
Posner’s Spotlight of Attention Theory

62
Q

Kahneman’s Attention Theory

A

single component of resources
can multitask - just uses same resource
the more tasks you do at once, the more errors occur

63
Q

Wicken’s Multiple Resource Theory

A

attention is a combination of multiple resources

can do as many different things at the same time, as long as they don’t take up the same module

64
Q

Posner’s Spotlight of Attention Model

A

multitasking is impossible

attention serves as a spotlight; cannot focus on different tasks

65
Q

3 Functions of Conscious Attention

A

signal, selective, and divided attention

Cognitive Processes (3 decks)

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