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Cognitive Processes > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cognition

A

acquisition, storage, and transformation of information

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2
Q

Cognitive processes

A

memory, motor movement, attention, language

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3
Q

Introspection

A

the observation of one’s own mental and emotional processes

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4
Q

Behaviorism

A

the observation of behavior - not of one’s self

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5
Q

Information Processing Approach

A

stimulus –> attention –> perception –> thought processes –> decision –> response

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6
Q

Contemporary Cognitive Psychology

A

understanding cognitive processing through computation, logic, and mathematical modeling

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7
Q

3 branches of cognitive psychology

A

Experimental Cognitive Psychology - understanding the processes that underline behavior and cognition. Ex. stroop test
Cognitive Neuroscience - understanding the neural mechanisms that influence cognition. Ex. EEGs, sleep studies
Computational Cognitive Science - understanding cognitive processing through computation and logic. Ex. if, then’s

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8
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

behind forehead - judgment, decision-making

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9
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

behind frontal lobe - touch, body feelings

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10
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

between ears - auditory processing, language, and memory

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11
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

back of head - visual processing

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12
Q

Forebrain

A

cognitive processing

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13
Q

Midbrain

A

consciousness

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14
Q

Hindbrain

A

human functions

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15
Q

Brodmann Area

A

covers 100 areas of the brain; associated with different cellular components

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16
Q

Sensation

A

stimulation of sensory receptors by environmental stimuli

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17
Q

Transduction

A

process by which sensations become perceptions

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18
Q

Perception

A

set of processes by which we recognize, organize, and make sense of environmental stimuli

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19
Q

Why are illusions important for sensation and perception?

A

Important for understanding the differences between sensation and perception in which they create a mental representation of the stimulus - tendency to perceive constancy despite changes in sensation.

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20
Q

Top-Down Processing

A

the context surrounding the stimulus will cue you into the meaning. Ex. 12 B 14 OR
A Same stimulus
B
C

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21
Q

Bottom-Up Processing

A

perceiver builds a representation based on sensory input and stimulus information. Ex. black & white splotches and the distinct cow

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22
Q

Template Theory

A

take a new stimulus and attempt to match it with a stored template. Ex. chair

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23
Q

Prototype Theory

A

you have created a mental representation and every new stimulus gets ranked and falls in a category. Ex. tomato: fruit or vegetable?

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24
Q

Feature Matching Theory

A

break stimulus down into components; identify its features, reconstruct it, then name it - we recognize patterns based on features. Ex. T –> l L | –> T –> “T”

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25
Recognition by Components Theory
geons - shapes. Objects - things that are made up by your version of geons. Ex. figuring out the rest of an object
26
Gestalt Law of Pragnanz
a visual array is perceived in the simplest and more organized form. Ex. 2 triangles/3 circles
27
Pattern Recognition
identification of a perceptual object
28
Figure-Ground Distinction
the subject in the array is highlighted and the background fades to the back. Ex. mouse/cat illusion
29
Proximity
articulates that we see things and group them based on how close they are. Ex. dots & closeness - 12/group & 3 groups
30
Similarity
group things that are alike. Ex. red and black dots
31
Continuity
breaking stimuli down - we perceive smooth lines. Ex. X - is it two lines that intersect or two sideway V's? Two lines that intersect
32
Closure
articulates that we put boundaries on figures. Ex. 2 triangles/3 circles
33
Symmetry
we assume that figures are symmetric. Ex. What does the other half of half a heart look like?
34
Size Constancy
The same size circle with different sized shapes around it
35
Shape Constancy
door opening, gets thinner
36
Color Constancy
blue or yellow lit rooms, colors differ
37
Perceptual Constancy
tendency to perceive constancy despite changes in sensation --> it provides the experience of stability
38
Face Processing
unique as it detects faces holistically
39
3 pieces of evidence of face processing
``` brain tissue (FFA) upright faces are processed holistically/upside down faces are treated as objects prosopagnosia - "face blindness" - doesn't process faces like faces ```
40
Visual agnosia
deficit in the ability to perceive sensory information
41
"What" pathway
helps identify objects (moves to temporal lobe)
42
"Where/How" pathway
helps identify where objects are in relation to your body and how you can interact with it
43
Attention
selecting certain stimuli from available stimulus, and focusing cognitive resources on those selected
44
Consciousness
the feeling of awareness and the content of that awareness - conscious awareness may emerge once "attention" is brought to the attention of the "mind"
45
Pre-Consciouss Processing
information sitting between consciousness and attention. Ex. blinking, blindsight, memories
46
Habituation
becoming accustomed to a stimulus. Ex. living near the airport and getting used to the noise
47
Dishabituation
a change in the stimulus that prompts conscious awareness. Ex. eat orange pixy stix, get used to it, eat purple pixy stix, orange is sour again
48
Signal Detection
detecting a stimulus in a field of irrelevant distractor stimuli. Ex. Hit, Miss, False Alarm, and Correct Rejection
49
Active Signal Detection
"search"
50
Passive Signal Detection
vigilance (hunting) - attention to a field of stimuli for an extended period of time (can cause fatigue)
51
Distractor Similarity
distractor looks like the target. Ex. creme betweens and oreos
52
Two stages of signal detection
Parallel: activation of representation of all possible targets Serial: sequential sifting through each activated item to find the target
53
Movement Filter Theory
movement affects the ease of search - sometimes it helps, sometimes it inhibits. Ex. brown cow in a field of black cows --> moving is easier to pick it out
54
Automatic Processes
attention that occurs without awareness. Ex. driving
55
Controlled Processes
attention that requires consciousness --> becomes automatic with practice. Ex. riding a bike for the first time
56
Automatization
the process by which something controlled becomes automatic (over learning). Ex. fire drills, flight attendant safety procedure
57
Selective Attention
focusing on one stimulus and not others. Ex. talking on the phone with someone
58
Attentuation Theory
attention lowers the strength of non-target information so that target stimuli are easiest to attend to
59
Filter Theories
selection for stimulus occurs by blocking (filtering) distractors
60
Change blindness
a change when a visual stimulus is introduced but goes unnoticed. Ex. Video: Whodunnit?
61
Divided Attention Theories
Kahneman's Attention Theory Wicken's Multiple Resource Theory Posner's Spotlight of Attention Theory
62
Kahneman's Attention Theory
single component of resources can multitask - just uses same resource the more tasks you do at once, the more errors occur
63
Wicken's Multiple Resource Theory
attention is a combination of multiple resources | can do as many different things at the same time, as long as they don't take up the same module
64
Posner's Spotlight of Attention Model
multitasking is impossible | attention serves as a spotlight; cannot focus on different tasks
65
3 Functions of Conscious Attention
signal, selective, and divided attention

Cognitive Processes (3 decks)

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