Exam 3 Flashcards
Orientalism
Small but persistent set of images/ideas by which Western authors have imagined/represented non-Western peoples
Noble Savage
- virtuous
- in touch w/ natural world
- belonging in or to the past
- mystical wisdom
Bloodthirsty Marauder
- violent
- irrational
- threat to progress
Culture Areas
- 6-8 in the U.S.
- Plains, Northwestern
- designate a location where a tribe would live in a similar lifestyle but not necessarily be associated in any way
Plains (music area)
- high, tense vocals
- drum
Eastern U.S. (music area)
- more relaxed vocals
- leader & chorus
Instruments in Native American Music
- drums
- rattles
- vocals
Musical Commonalities (Native America)
- monophonic
- vocals (tense sound, pulsation on long notes)
- percussion
Powwow
Social gathering btwn members of one tribe or members of several tribes. Has political, cultural, spiritual purposes
Indian Removal Act
- 1830
- law authorized the president to negotiate with southern Indian tribes for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their lands
Vocable
meaningless syllables
Intertribal
people of different ethnic groups interacting in some way
Ghost Dance Religion
- late 1880s
- new religious movement incorporated into numerous American Indian belief systems
- short songs w/ small vocal range
Diegetic Music
music w/in the narrative of the film
Extradiegetic Music
music characters cannot hear
Stagecoach (1939)
- Classical Western
- Manifest Destiny
- (wild west shows)
Broken Arrow (1950)
- Liberal Western
- sees Indian stronghold for 1st time: tom-tom figure; music creates dramatic tension including percussion and horns
Dances with Wolves (1990)
- Coplandesque sound
- sees Sioux village for 1st time: music is beautiful and able to elicit narrative clarity and emotional force, NO tom-tom figure
Wagnerian/Romantic Film Score
German composer who often used leitmotifs in his works
Leitmotif
short, musical phrase that stands in for a person, place, or thing
Tom-Tom Figure
- leitmotif used to represent Native American characters
- angular modal meloides
- often has negative connotation
- in “Dances w/ Wolves,” has positive connotation
Coplandesque Film Music
Americana sound
- provided soundtracks to many Western films
African Influences on Latin American Music
- call & response
- dense, overlapping texture
- polyrhythmic
- community participation
Quena
- notched, end-blown flute
- Andes region of S. America
Panpipes
5 or more pipes put together to form a scale
Accordian
- inexpensive, readily available (after Ind. Revolution)
- found its way into the hands of many Latin American musicians
Tango
- Argentina (and Uruguay)
- solo guitar, guitar duo, or ensemble [2 violins, flute, piano, double bass, bandoneon (accordion-like)]
Candombe
- Uruguayan music and dance that comes from African slaves
- derived from Tango
- typical insts: candombe drums
Mestizaje
- Mixture
- Interbreeding and cultural intermixing of Spanish and American Indian people
Mariachi
- Jalisco, Mexico
- 2 or more violins, guitarron, 2 trumpets, and various guitars
Huayno
- song and dance genre from PERU
- strophic form & double meter
Aymara
- indigenous people from southern highlands of PERU
- music characterized by presence of wind insts and drums
- siku & bombo (bass drum)
Aymara Musical Aesthetics
- community & egalitarianism
- playing as one (hocket, detuned insts, broad participation)
- hocket: 2 insts combine to create a single melody
Siku
panpipes
Urban Migration in Latin America
- Poverty has increased dramatically since the 1970s in Latin America. One significant trend is the rising ‘urbanization of poverty’ as people migrate to the cities.
- Migration to the cities occurs for a variety of reasons, one of which is rural poverty, due to the mixture of socio-economic and climatic reasons (e.g. drought, landslides)
Diaspora
the sum total of people who identify w/ a homeland but live elsewhere
OR
the process by which a group is dispersed from their homeland
Carnaval
the period before Lent characterized by parades, music, celebration, and partying
Samba
Brazilian musical genre and dance style, with its roots in Africa via the West African slave trade and African religious traditions
Batucada
- Sub-genre of samba with a strong 2/4 or duple meter and samba
percussion instruments - Pared-down, percussion-only style
Samba Carnaval (Samba Enredo)
- Another sub-genre of samba with a strong 2/4 meter and samba
percussion instruments - Vocals and cavaquinho (plucked string instrument) in addition to percussion
- Fast-paced
- Large ensemble
- Often features glossy production quality
Pagode
- Also a sub-genre of samba (strong 2/4 meter, use of samba percussion)
- Vocals and cavaquinho added to percussion
- Much slower and more relaxed than the other two styles of samba
- Often features extensive call and response between leader and chorus
- Smaller ensemble, “rootsy” sound
Samba School
groups, usually corresponding to a neighborhood, that travel through the streets performing during Carnaval
Favela
type of extremely impoverished neighborhood outside of Brazilian cities
Surdo
- Samba instrument
- large bass drum
Tamborim
- Samba instrument
- small, round Brazilian frame drum
Pandeiro
- Samba instrument
- type of hand frame drum (looks kind of like a tambourine)
Agogô
- Samba instrument
- single or multiple bell
Cuíca
- Samba instrument
- friction drum with a large pitch range, produced by changing tension on the head of the drum
- dampen the stick inside
Repinique
- Samba instrument
- two-headed Brazilian drum
- played by “leader”
Carmen Miranda
actor & singer from Brazil; traveled to U.S. to make films in an attempt to foster goodwill btwn U.S. & Latin America (Good Neighbor Policy)
Orpheus Myth
Supremely gifted minstrel who attempted to rescue his dead wife from the Underworld
Exoticism
- the representation of one culture for consumption by another
- act of representing other cultures so as to mask their social problems
Bossa Nova
- Not a form of samba, though influenced by samba
- Vocals with guitar or small jazz combo accompaniment
- Extensive use of dissonance
- Cool, unemotional vocal delivery and overall aesthetic
Tropicalia
- Also not a form of samba
- Eclectic style, coined the term, “cultural cannibalism”
- Draws on classical, popular, and traditional styles from throughout the world
- Many examples sound somewhat like North American popular music from the 1960s with experimental elements
Cultural Cannibalism
- political form of syncretism (amalgamation of diff. cultures)
- third-world countries attempting to mirror and replicate pop culture found in the first world
Cultural Evolutionism
the theory that all cultures evolve on a single track from simple to complex, from primitive to modern, and from worse to better
Cultural Relativism
- the proposition that there is no single, universal, scientific, or objective criteria for evaluating cultural practice or musical quality
- the idea that a person’s beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person’s own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another
