Exam 2 Flashcards
Han Chinese
largest Chinese nationality
Qin
7-stringed zither
- vibrato
- portmento
- harmonics
Pipa
4-stringed lute
Wen
- civic
- soft, nuance, subtelty
Wu
- militaristic
- loud strumming, virtuosic
Jiangnan sizhu
style of traditional Chinese instrumental music from the Jiangnan region
Sheng
jingju theater
Male
Dan
jingju theater
Female
Jing
jingju theater
Painted face
Chou
jingju theater
Comic male
Wenchang
melodic ensemble
- civic
Wuchang
percussion ensemble
- militaristic
- character entrances/exits
- sound effects
Confucianism
system of philosophical & ethical teachings
Confucius sought for peace & stability & hierarchy
Qing Dynasty
1644 - 1911/12
Republic of China
1912 - 1949
Kuomintang
Nationalist party
People’s Republic of China
1949 - present
Cultural Revolution
1966-1976
- support art that supported communism
- suppressing art/cultural practices/jobs
- banned a lot of Western-influenced music/movies as well as traditional Chinese music/Jingju theater
Marxism
Marxists believe that the transition from capitalism to socialism is an inevitable part of the development of human society
Songs for the masses
Chinese communist political songs
- designed for everyone to sings along
- Cultural Revolution
Underground rock music
- cassettes helped it spread
- Cui Jian
Shanghai popular song
- produced since the late 20s
- hybrid of various Western & Chinese musical genres
- lyrics in Mandarin
Rake ‘n’ Scrape
- Bahamas
- old carpenter’s saw
- accordion
- goombey drum
- quadrille dancing
- Cat Island
- Festival
- Ancient Man
Transnational connections (Localism & Transnationalism)
meanings & sounds similar to other kinds of Caribbean music
- Festival
Diaspora
- the sum total of people who identify w/ a particular homeland, but live elsewhere
- social group is removed from its homeland & scattered around the world
Colonialism
long lasting influences
Syncretism
- the process of combining distinct cultural practices to create new cultural practices
- reflected in all styles of Caribbean music
Clave
- ostinato
- instrument (2 short pieces of wood)
- rhythmic system
Conga
- large barrel-shaped drum
- invented in Cuba
Bongo
- 2 smaller drums
- invented in Cuba
- Santería
- Afro-Cuban religious cult (incorporated some elements of Christianity
Calypso
- Trinidad and Tobago
- steel pan
- Carnival (last big celebration before Lent)
- social/political commentary
- playful competition
- picong (light comical banter) /extempo (lyrically
improvised form of Calypso)
- picong (light comical banter) /extempo (lyrically
Rumba
Spanish and African elements; originates in Cuba
- Carnival
- clave
- conga
- shaker
- syncopation
- palitos (Puerto Rican instrument: 2 wooden sticks)
- interlocking w/ conga
Danzón
- mid 19th century
- much more European sound
- hyper-sexualized
- violins
- flute
- piano
- timbales (percussion)
Son
- combination of both Rumba & Danzón
- string instruments
- guitar, bass, tres (guitar-like instrument of Cuba)
- percussion
- bongo, clave, maracas
- marímbula (plucked musical box)
Canto/Montuno
- the two main sections of the rumba
- narrative and call and response with chorus/percussion, respectively
- The second section cues the start of the male/female dance and the improve occurs
Rhythmic patterns & cultural connections
aka Clave
SOME EXAMPLES:
- Tresillo (1,4,7)
- Cinquillo
- Habanera
- Son clave
Discourse
the sum total of ideas, connotations, and vocabulary that a social group associates w/ a person, place, or thing.
- like its reputation
- neither true or false
- certain individuals & institutions have more power than others to shape discourses become more prevalent, and thus more powerful, than others
Middle East history
3rd - 7th c. CE - Byzantine & Persian Empires
8th ~ 13th c. - Islamic Empire (musicians travelled freely)
1574 - Ottoman Empire
29th c. - European Colonialism
- 20th c - Independence Movements
Middle Eastern Languages
Algeria, Egypt, Iraq - Arabic
Iran - Farsi
Turkey - Turkish
Afghanistan - Dari & Pashto
Middle Eastern Sound
- monophonic texture
- emphasis on solo vocal performance
- value on improvisation
- ornamentation
Takht Ensemble
- representative musical ensemble, the orchestra, of Middle Eastern music
Middle Eastern Instruments
- qanun (pluked zither)
- - oud (lute/mandolin)*
- nāy (flute-like)
- darbūka & doumbek (goblet-shaped drums)
- riqq (tambourine-like)
Music & Religion
- Qur’anic recitation (Tajwid)
- trancers are understood as possessing a special ability to communicate w/ the divine and are held in particular esteem
Music & Spirit Possession
- used to induce a healing trance that remedies psychological and physiological symptoms associated w/ afflictions by spirits
- produce trance to alleviate the sufferings of the spirits
- patient temp. gives up his body to the spirit so that the spirit can enjoy the sound of the song
- bringing back into balance the relationship btwn the world of humans and a population of unseen beings that coexist w/in it
Melodic Modes
named musical scales that have conventions for how the pitches are used in performance; may be associated w/ particular moods or extramusical associations
- Rast: dignity, pride; religious songs; most common
Rhythmic Modes
- named rhythmic patterns played in repeated cycles
- defined by their relationship btwn low & high drum strokes
- not every piece will have one
Maqam
melodic mode in Eastern Arab world
Dastgah
melodic mode in Persia/Iran
Umm Kulthum & Tarab
- very popular Egyptian singer
- heightened state of emotion or musical enchantment associated to listening to traditional Arab music
Sufism
mystical Islamic belief and practice in which Muslims seek to find the truth of divine love and knowledge through direct personal experience of God
Amazigh/Berber
one of the two social groups in Morocco
Jama el Fna
Square in Morocco
Instruments of Morocco
- rribab - bowed instrument
- derbuga/darabukka - goblet drum
- bango-mandolin
Arab Spring
revolutionary wave of both violent and non-violent demonstrations, protests, riots, coups and civil wars in North Africa and the Middle East
