Exam 3 Flashcards
_____ involves positively evaluating another person and manifesting behavior to approach them or strengthen a social relationship with them
Attraction (definition)
- Target factors- physical attractiveness, facial features, symmetry, etc.
- Perceiver factors- comparison standards, misattribution of arousal, similarities.
- Relationship factors- interpersonal dynamics, reciprocity of attraction, self-serving
- Environmental factors- social network, cultural norms, scarcity, proximity
4 factors that helming predict attraction
______ ________ – perceivers are attracted to target that are rewarding in some ways (those who can provide either immediate gratification or delayed gratification)
Reinforcement theories
___ _____ ____ – perceivers prefer congruence among their thoughts, feelings, and interpersonal relationships.
•The idea here is that we tend to be attracted to whatever is easiest for us to process and maintain our own beliefs/behaviors
Cognitive consistency theories
___ _____ ____ suggest that over time certain biological methods have evolved from social and environment factors that favor attraction as an adaptive advantage
evolutionary psychology theories
___ ___ ____ idea here is that we are attracted to certain body types, face types, heights, similar demographic features, etc. of a person because for millions of years, these features in mates have been most successful in providing security and offspring
evolutionary psychology theories
____ means being chosen by no one as a desirable partner.
rejection
____ means getting active feedback that separates or weakens a relationship.
rejection
___ is another area of rejection research that focuses on rejection from multiple individuals at once
Ostracism
____ ____ aim to explain how the behaviors of people weaken or separate a social bond influences the social cognition and social interactions of the person being rejected.
rejection theories
Some of the saddest examples of how lack of social interaction can affect human beings are the cases of ___ ____. These are extreme cases where very young children are either abandoned or lost by their parents, but somehow survive on their own in the forest, jungle, etc. While some have formed bondswith other organisms, their social contact with humans was almost completely absent
feral children.
The devastating effects of ____ _____ are well documented in social psychology. Solitary confinement of prisoners may be necessary for safety reasons, but limiting physical contact and social interaction to 1 hour per day is highly stressful and emotionally damaging
social isolation
- Behavioral- school shootings, aggression
- cognitive, motivational, and self-regulatory- intelligence, more interesting socializing
- emotional response- pain response
3 types of consequences from rejection
For example, embarrassment, hurt feelings, and loneliness are inherently social emotions that involve threats and challenges that arise in interpersonal interactions and relationships. We focus here specifically on emotions that are caused by the prospect or presence of rejection by other people.
loneliness and rejection
Think of ___ ____ relationships as non-sexualized friendships or family relationships that are close and carry great meaning / importance in people’s lives.
intimate platonic
Think of a ___ ___ that involves some degree of sexual attraction and passion between people, typically involving just one romantic attachment at a time.
romantic relationship
Having ____ ____ are highly related to being attracted to other people, although ___ ___ are usually the results of extended positive social interaction and (like attraction) can be sexual or non-sexual in nature.
intimate relationships
______ _____ this theory describes how partners in a romantic relationship generally depend on the social interaction with another person for specific benefits, despite specific costs – in general, intimate relationships exist because the good generally outweigh the bad.
Interdependence Theory
People tend to evaluate the relationship between advantages / disadvantages of an intimate relationship based on their expectations about what benefits are deserved (____ ___ ___ ___) and the available alternatives to the intimate relationship.
comparison level or CL
the ___ ___ ___ ___ attempts to explain what factors influence the status of an intimate relationship from the time two partners meet and throughout the duration of their intimate relationship…
Intimate Relationship Mind model
The theories that people use to explain what occurs within the confines of their intimate relationships (___ ____) are based on experiences in previous intimate relationships.
lay theories
What variables predict experiencing more or less attraction?
(1) target factors
(2) perceiver factors
(3) relationship factors
(4) environmental factors
__________
(1) behavioral consequences
(2) cognitive, motivational, and self-regulatory consequences
(3) emotional consequences.
Consequences of rejection
A ___ is two or more individuals who are connected by their social relationships (Forsyth, 2010).
group
The nature of these relationships will sustain a __ – in general, a group maintains it’s existence because the members of the group have relationships with each other that function
group
_______ is the ideas we have about our perceptions of people, like similarity, proximity, and common goals – this can be the outsiders’ perceptions of a different group as well as the insiders’ perception of their group’s unity (Campbell, 1958).
Entitativity
- small intimate (primary groups)
- more socially oriented groups
- collectives
- categories
4 types of groups
There is some argument among social psychologists about whether group members’ behaviors/thoughts/emotions are most influenced by their perspective of belonging to the ___ ____ or their___ ___ about the group. Both types of group experiences affect the way in which members perceive the group and think/feel/behave…
overall group ; individual perspective
___ ___ ____ is the tendency for people to believe that other people’s behaviors are caused by their own individual qualities rather than external, group level forces
Fundamental attribution error (FAE)
HOW do people join or identify with a group?
Most often individuals will choose to include themselves in a group, but often times people find themselves identifying themselves with a group due to ___ and ___ ____
environmental and unforeseen motivations
WHY do people join or identify with a group?Baumeister and Leary (1995) argue that human beings have an instinctual need to find social relationships and ___ ___
avoid isolation.
________ theory is the tendency for many mammals (and especially primates) to establish status networks (where some members have more ability to influence the group than other members.
Generally higher “status” within the group is established through demon-stration of some ability – this may be physical prowess, mental ability, or the ability to provide resources for the group.
expectation-states
____ ____ are usually organized by a common belief system, communal goal, shared attitudes, etc.
Example: Religious organizations tend to be structured with common goals in mind and firmly established beliefs for all members
Sociometric relationships
_____ ____ ____ is the type of approach used to map out the relationships between people and account for group dynamics between people within the overall group. When an event occurs, the complex “web” of social connections result in very specific patterns of behavior that can many times be predicted.
Social Network Analysis (SNA)
The ____ of the group is how many linked relationships make up the social network. More ___ in a group makes harder to predict the effect of specific behaviors as the result of a given social interaction.
density
The ___ of a group represents each person’s social connections in reference to the entire group – in a way, this is an average measure of how connected each person is with other people.
centrality
- Group cohesion (sharing a common goal)
- Having a clear purpose/role towards the group’s goal
- Close/functional member relationships 4.Good leadership / hierarchy structure
- Member loyalty commitment, and trust in group members
reasons why some groups do better than others
psychologists define __ ___ as whenever individuals belonging to one group interact, collectively or individually, with another group or its members in terms of their group identification
intergroup interactions
The person perceiving intergroup interaction generally identifies themselves as a member of a group – this is the _____
in-group.
- A member of an in-group perceives that group to be more similar to themselves compared to members of the outgroup.
- Positive emotional response (trust, liking) purposefully generalized to ingroup membersbut not outgroup members
- Intergroup social comparison and perceived competition between ingroup and outgroup for positive value..
3 requirements that lead to “us vs then” mentality
_____ is when we tend to positively evaluate ingroup features and negatively evaluate outgroup features.
In-group bias
However, some individuals strongly identify with groups that are often stigmatized or ____… it is not always the benefits that a group achieves that attracts a person to the group
disadvantaged
The term ____ ____ describes the theory that a person actively seeks out inclusion within groups for a sense of belonging, while discriminating themselves from other groups (Brewer, 1991; Baumeister and Leary, 1995)
optimal distinctiveness