Exam #1

Question 1

____ _____(within the discipline of social psychology) is how individuals attempt to explain social behavior and events by looking at other people – that peoples’ thought processes and subjective perceptions of the social world around them influence their actions and behaviors

Answer 1

attribution theory

Question 2

____ ___ relies heavily on theory and conceptual argument to explain the process of how internal thoughts (in a person’s mind) influence behavior

Answer 2

attribution theory

Question 3

“She is always late to the class. She is very tardy” or “Ricardo is always sleeping in class. He’s always sleepy” this is an example of ……

Answer 3

internal attribution. we use internal, i.e., personality/ dispositional factors to explain others’ behavior.

-we only use the information that can be observed.

Question 4

” I was late to the class because of the chaotic traffic” or “Ricardo is sleeping in class. He must be sleeping late every night”

Answer 4

external attribution. something on the outside caused/influenced the behavior.

-something on the outside may have influenced the behavior.

Question 5

The ___________ model provides a universally useful structure for examining cognition…

Answer 5

information processing

Question 6

Benefit of the ________________ : Instead of focusing on what the content of the final social interaction was (aggressive behavior, stereotyping behavior, positive attitude change), the model focuses on the process of a person’s cognition before they execute that social behavior

Answer 6

information processing model

Question 7

Criticisms of this model:
• Since this model is based on what cognitive psychologists were interested in studying, it focuses solely on the process of the brain while leaving out a number of concerns central to social psychology.
• The model falls short in considering how emotion or motivation affect social cognition/ social interaction.

Answer 7

information processing model

Question 8

This model ________ does not address involuntary social cognition or interaction – where yours or other’s behavior is neither attended to or remembered, but nonetheless leaves a lasting influence on your behavior.

Answer 8

information processing model

Question 9

Person #1 will make try to make FEWER inferences about person #2’s traits when Person #2’s socially appropriate behavior can be explained by Person #1’s personality (as well as social norms). is known as ___________
or
Person #1 will make MORE judgements about Person #2’s traits when Person #2’s socially inappropriate behavior can be explained only by Person #1’s personality.

Answer 9

Correspondent inference theory

-it can go both ways. Either someone will judge you less if they can explain why you are doing certain actions or someone will make more judgements if they cannot find out why you are doing a certain action.

Question 10

ex: Ricardo runs by the street naked. Someone has taken his clothes but no one knows that, only him. However, other people will judge him and think/ASSUME he is crazy. they are making MORE judgments of Ricardo, this is known as _______.

Answer 10

Correspondent inference theory

Question 11

ex: If you read about someone getting into a car accident, you assume it’s because he’s a bad driver and not because he was simply unlucky. ASSUMING, not taking into consideration other motives or factors.

Answer 11

Correspondent inference theory

Question 12

• People explain events in terms of things that are present when the event occurs
• People explain events in terms of things that are absent when an event does not occur

Example:
Suppose that you learned that your child got detention in school last Monday, but that he also gets detention in most of his other classes on that day. In fact, he gets detention most Mondays and most other days of the week, even though most other students do not get detention for their behavior. Most likely you would conclude that your child might have a behavior problem at school.

Answer 12

Kelly’s Covariation Theory

Question 13

we use _____ to explain why people socially interact with each other

Answer 13

attribution theory

Question 14

_______ deals with how the social perceiver uses information to arrive at causal explanations for events. It examines what information is gathered and how it is combined to form a causal judgment

Answer 14

attribution theory

Question 15

____ argues that people match an observed event with “schemas” – or generalized causal explanations conceived in the mind – that they already believe.

Answer 15

Schema Theory

Question 16

___ allow us to quickly make sense of the people around us and either engage in social interaction with these people or avoid social interaction with these people

Answer 16

schemas

Question 17

using ___ too much to guide your intuitions and actions can lead you to discriminate against people based on how they appear, speak, etc.
– this can lead someone to develop ____ ____ which could influence them to avoid social interaction with some people based on race, religion, sexual orientation, gender, etc.

Answer 17

persistent schemas

Question 18

example of a ____ _____, stereotypes, social roles, scripts, worldviews, and archetypes.

-These ___ ___ help us to remember important this for the future. For example, if we encounter a dog that growls at us and we almost get bit. The next time you see a dog and it starts to growl you do not want to be around it.

Answer 18

social schemas

Question 19

an example of ______ ____ is the meaningless video that most people interpreted as two males fighting for a females when in reality it was nothing.

Answer 19

schema theory

Question 20

_________ ______: The idea here is that we generally are very efficient at coming up with cognitive schema for people based on limited information – this can be good or bad
Good: Identifying a potential threatening social situation before it happens - Stereotyping / Bad: Being prejudiced against a certain person

Answer 20

Impression-Memory Inconsistency

Question 21

The theory is that you should have better memory of a person’s positive traits if you had a positive impression of that person’ and vice versa (if you have a negative impression of someone, you mostly remember their negative behaviors).

-suggests cognitive devices are at work to pay special attention to information that conflicts with our already existing impressions of a person

Answer 21

Impression-Memory Inconsistency

Question 22

____ ___ (as a socially motivated cognitive process) comes from the limits of our brain

Answer 22

impression formation

Question 23

The theory here is that when we encounter a new person, there are a lot of new things about this person that we encounter for the first time.

• We see, hear, smell, etc. everything new about this person at first, but our attention can only handle a limited amount of information at a time – just think, you didn’t really process the color of my shirt until I just said it (you were paying attention to other things)

So, our cognitive processes form impressions of new individuals we meet using schemas – our brains usually do this very efficiently so that we can quickly decide whether this new person is friendly or dangerous, warm or cold, attractive or unattractive (your life may depend on it)!

Answer 23

impression formation

Question 24

• ______ refer to the inference of personality traits from behaviors.
• In ______ the inferred trait is attached to the actor, and –in ____ it is attached to a communicator.

Answer 24

trait transference (STT)
Spontaneous Trait Inference
STT

Question 25

• When participants were asked to recall as many of these statements as possible, cues such as “helpful” (the trait cue) or “pipes” (an actor cue) made recall of statements better because of these cues
• This suggest that people spontaneously thought about implied traits about people while processing the original sentence!

Answer 25

Spontaneous Trait Inference

people associate certain traits with the person to help them remember them better

Question 26

____ ____ ___ is the idea that you come up with impressions about people as you meet them, and these impressions are largely ((unconscious/involuntary!))

Answer 26

spontaneous trait inference

Question 27

that first impression is usually the most important one – it’s the way a person paints a picture of you “cognitively” you from the very first time! (this is how people will remember you)

Answer 27

spontaneous trait inference

Question 28

The idea is that what you learn is never truly forgotten – if someone learns something (a phone number, a fact in a textbook, everyone’s name in a classroom), these facts or ideas are able to be recalled. this is known as ?

Answer 28

savings in relearning principle”

by Hermann Ebbinghaus

Question 29

give an example of “savings in relearning principle” theory

Answer 29

An old phone number, an old address, the name of your kindergarten teacher, etc. anything meaningful

Question 30

But over time, without practice, what was learned cannot be recalled as easily or at all. But the interesting thing is that these ideas, facts, etc. are able to be relearned much quicker the second time, suggesting that these “forgotten” pieces of information were never gone in the first place – just waiting to be relearned!

Answer 30

FYI

Question 31

____ : This is the theory that our brains will leave memory traces that make it easier for you to repeat a process, or relearn material years later after you have “forgotten it”.

Answer 31

savings in relearning principle”

Question 32

Ex of ____________ :
If I first see Iron Man as a hero and I see him in public, not as Robert Downey Jr but as Iron Man, Im still going to think he’s a hero just because he plays Iron Man.
( it is easier to remember the cognition we first made with this person than the one we have later)

Answer 32

“savings in relearning principle”

Question 33

____ is the psychological equivalent of establishing a tone, emotional setting, suggestive theme, etc. before engaging in an action in order to influence another’s behavior

Answer 33

Trait Priming Effects

Question 34

Give an example of Trait Priming Effects:

Answer 34

a) you believe that you are not able to do many things right or that you will fail, you are “priming” yourself for to accept failure from the start or even behave in a way that matches your primed “failure” mentality…
b) If someone tells you that “You are going to do great!” or “You’re really good at that!” They are priming you to have a positive impression of yourself or act in a way that supports “successful” behavior

Question 35

on the other hand, priming does not always work… If ____ is too obvious (i.e. a shirt that says “The Best” on the front), the opposite effect can occur – that people think negatively of you given your attempts to “prime” them with your clothing, language, et

(If you wear a shirt that says “The Best” people will think the opposite)

Answer 35

priming

Question 36

____ ___ how you think about others and how they think about you comes from the idea of

Answer 36

Social cognition

Question 37

______ _____ the idea that emotions are the primary response that then influence our cognition.

Answer 37

Zajonc’s Theory (1980)

Question 38

____ ___ also argued that an individuals affective (mood) responses rely on perceptual features– which he termed “preferenda” different from those that we use to categorize objects– discriminenda”

Answer 38

Zajonc’s Theory (1980)

Question 39

____ unspecific or unsophisticated object features that jointly activate our perceptual and emotional states (internally)
ex: we can remember the feeling we had leaving a movie long after we forgot what the movie was all about.

Answer 39

preferenda

Question 40

_____ these are discrete or specific details about a person, place, or thing that elicit categorization or identification (conscious processing of the meaning behind the person, place, or object that comes from the primary emotional processing)

ex: in a split second, you hear a screeching sound, which elicits thinking of vehicles that match this (car, motorcycle, etc.)

Answer 40

Discriminenda

Question 41

some criticism of this theory ___ ___ is that cognition could explain a person’s preference for familiar objects, people, or situations – not necessarily emotional response.

Answer 41

Zajonc’s Theory (1980)

Question 42

This theory suggests people view their own feelings or emotions as guidance about the world, and they interpret their surrounding social environment given the intensity duration, and circumstances surrounding these emotions.
ex: relationship between the state of the weather and people’s reported life satisfaction

Answer 42

Affect-as-information

Question 43

The theory that claims that if someone is experiencing “bad” weather (this in itself is subjective) reported less satisfaction than participants in an area with “good” weather (also subjective). However, if participants were aware of the researchers intentions, the relationship failed to show up!
-being aware of the weathers potential effect on your mood seems to be enough for you to discount this as a reason for your life satisfaction, ONLY IF YOU ARE AWARE

Answer 43

Affect-as-information

Question 44

____ ____ ___ occurs among people who live at high latitudes (Alaska, Russia, Finland, Canada, etc.)

Answer 44

Seasonal Affect Disorder

Question 45

This disorder occurs because there is a continuous lack of sunlight for weeks at a time in these regions on the planet, which can have a dramatic effect on the depression levels of the people that live there.

Answer 45

Season Affect Disorder (SAD)

Question 46

T or F

People that have Season Affect Disorder (SAD) can get depression because of the lack of sunlight

Answer 46

True

Question 47

What do people with Season Affect Disorder (SAD) do in order to stay somewhat healthy?

Answer 47

when there is no sunlight, they sometimes use UV lamps to copy what the sun doess– this artificial UV light or “fake sunlight” allows the body to process essential chemicals in periods of prolonged darkness

Question 48

No __ can affect circadian rhythm or sleep pattern a person is used to, which can lead to too much melatonin (chemical that makes you drowsy) and lower levels of serotonin (neurochemical that makes you feel good)

Answer 48

sunlight

Question 49

The weather/environment (or lack of sunlight) in these areas can increase depressive symptoms if you are not careful!

Answer 49

Season Affect Disorder (SAD)

Question 50

A theory that argues that our emotional responses for attraction and fear get “confused” when we feel them. When people are scared it usually elicits the same response as attraction– sometimes rapid heartbeat, sometimes dry mouth, sweat, adrenaline– and then after the “feel good chemicals” in our body like dopamine or serotonin

Answer 50

misattribution of arousal

Question 51

One study showed that people who crossed over an unstable bridge were more likely to see someone they met at the end of the bridge as attractive… it could be that when you are scared, you are feeling some of the same emotions when you are attracted to someone also!

This is an example for what theory?

Answer 51

Misattribution of arousal theory

Question 52

Research found that when people were hungry, they rated individuals with larger BMO (body mass index) as more attractive– this also occurred across cultures and countries as well.

-The theory behind is that if a person if feeling “hungry” that are more attracted to a wider variety of body types. In fact, countries that don’t have enough food see bigger people as healthy/having better nutrition/more attractive.

Answer 52

Misattribution of arousal theory

Question 53

Some emotional responses seem to be ____/____ these don’t appear to have any social connection and some mostly from sensory stimuli across people.
(these emotions are not related or an affect of another factor, we just feel them)
ex: fear of height or disgust from a bad taste

Answer 53

innate/instinctual

Question 54

the feeling of “love” is a good example– the feeling of “love” a person feels exists for another person- this is a perfect example of how that emotional state would NOT exist without a social component.
(If there wasn’t social pressure to fall in love, we wouldn’t have the need to do it)

Answer 54

socially motivated

Question 55

How do emotions serve to strengthen or weaken relationships with people?

Answer 55

Emotions influence your behavior/personality.
-If we strengthen a relationship we increase the positive interaction or social cognition recurring. However, if we weaken the relationship (through social interaction), we increase the chances of a negative social cognition occurring between human beings.

Question 56

The two major methods that influence social interaction in humans:

Answer 56

1. cognition (internal thoughts or cognitive processes)

2. Actions/Responses (external or observable behavior)

Question 57

How are certain emotions uniquely “social” in nature?

Answer 57

Certain emotions don’t exist without other people in mind. You cannot be grateful unless it is towards another organism However you could be depressed, angry, happy all by yourself. Another emotion that is uniquely social is empathy… without another person to feel sorry for, how could it even exist in the first place?

Question 58

Attempting to communicate your emotional state in a story is a common part of the social psychology behind emotion. This ____ ___ of emotion reveals that the vast majority of emotional experiences are shared with others, and usually as soon as possible after the event that elicited the emotional state.

Answer 58

social sharing

Question 59

___ ___ is the need to share with another individual your experience that you just had, an event, a problem, etc.

Answer 59

Social sharing

Question 60

What is this an example of?
-You might call your friend and immediately after your significant other did something wrong to you to “vent” to the other person, but really the action here is to try to communicate the emotion you felt with another person.

Answer 60

social sharing

Question 61

_____ ___ of emotion– that the intensity of our emotional reaction depends on how personally meaningful the event is to us at the time and place. What may enrage someone else may not matter at all to another person.
ex: I cry because John Snow is dead. Ricardo doesn’t cry because he doesn’t care.

Answer 61

Appraisal Theory

Question 62

What is this an example of?
Your friends favorite TV show character dies and they are depressed about it, but then they find out the character is really alive! you on the other hand feel nothing about either of these events (you heartless monster!)

Answer 62

Appraisal Theory

Question 63

The emphasis on the subjective meaning to each person (about an event is the key concept in ____ ___ - this emphasizes the amount of significance (or subjective meaning) an individual person “appraises” an event to have.

Answer 63

appraisal theory

Question 64

___ ___ assumes that a person’s emotional reaction primarily comes from how important or meaningful a stimuli is to an individual and not from the object itself.

Answer 64

appraisal theory

Question 65

___ __ ___: emotions arise in response to EVENTS that are important to the individuals goals, motives, or concerns.

Answer 65

Law of concern

Question 66

_________ is the idea is that emotion occur because a situation or EVENT occurs that is “motivationally relevant” we evaluate how an event or situation personally affects our lives, values, or goals. The argument is that the emotion you experience after an event is one that is consistent or inconsistent with these values or goals.

Answer 66

Law of Concern

Question 67

Emotions arise in response to the meaning structures of given SITUATIONS; different emotions arise in response to different meaning structures.

This argues that different people experience different EMOTIONS in relation to the same SITUATION- that these differences between people come from the meaning that each person attaches to the situation.

Answer 67

Law of situational meaning (Fridga, 1988)

Question 68

what law is this?
Ex:Loss makes us grieve, gains make us happy and scary things make us fearful
ex: someone dies.

Answer 68

Law of Situational Meaning

Question 69

\_\_\_\_\_\_ claims that we feel because we care about something, when we have some interest in what happens, whether it’s to an object, ourselves, or another person. Emotions arise from these particular goals, motivations or concerns. When we are unconcerned we don’t feel anything. does this emotion help me reach my goal?
ex: you find out you're going to fail a class, you're going to feel much more tense emotion about failing that class then if you fail some other class you can take again. (YOUR EMOTION IS NOT MATCHING YOUR GOAL) goal is disruptive.

Answer 69

Law of Concern

Question 70

defined as the degree of correspondence between what people consciously seek to attain and what they nonconsciously would like to do
ex: your car gets towed. your car you need it to go out work/school. is it relevant to you? yes, you can feel anger if your event is congruent with your motivation. its going to interfere with what you want to do. If someone else is responsible for you car, it can intensify the anger if other person is at fault.

Answer 70

Motivational Congruence

Question 71

Motivational Congruence has two parts into it. It has the _____ motives and ____ motives. Whats the difference between them?

Answer 71

Implicit- are UNCONSCIOUS needs/goals, preferences that evolve gradually through learning and experience.
Ex: Individuals who experience an implicit motive to form close relationships might be more inclined to direct their attention towards opportunities for social interaction.

• Explicit-are conscious goals. Explicit goals affect conscious attitudes, choices, and decisions, but do not energize individuals.
• individuals do not experience inherent pleasure and reward when they pursue explicit goals. Pleasure and reward is derived only from reaching these goals.
  ex: finishing an assigned task at work

Question 72

Responsibility or relevant- I crashed my car. It was at fault. I’m such a bad driver. I shouldn’t have crashed. Im just angry.
-Im just angry, it is a different emotion as if I was really really angry and at someone else.

Is the event relevant to you? yes, it affect you
Is it incongruent with your motivations?
yes, can’t go to school or work now
relevant- yes
feeling: I’m just angry, maybe angry at myself for being a bad driver

Answer 72

different scenario details have different emotions

Question 73

Responsibility or relevant: It wasn’t my fault that I crashed the car. I’m really furious because it was the other persons fault.

Is the event relevant to you? yes, it affect you
Is it incongruent with your motivations?
yes, can’t go to school or work now
relevant- yes
Emotion: I’m angry because it wasn’t my fault and now it interferes with my goals
ANGRY AT ME

Answer 73

different scenarios, depending on details have different emotion outcomes.

Question 74

___ __ ___ : depending on the relevancy, congruent, incongruent, it will dictate how the person feels about the situation.

Is the event relevant to you? yes, it affect you
Is it incongruent with your motivations?
yes, can't go to school or work now
relevant- more angry
ANGRY AT OTHER PERSON

Answer 74

Responsibility vs. relevant

Question 75

How do facial features and body language help communicate emotional states (social cognition)?

Answer 75

Through our facial features and body language we can communicate how we feel, if something is safe. everyone does this, we do not have to speak the same language.

ex: disgust is usually accompanied by a “wrinkling of the nose”. this is something EVERYONE DOES. It has helped us survive and communicate.

Question 76

How do disorders like Autism and Prosopagnosia affect the way in which a person is able to determine the emotional states in faces?

Answer 76

People with Autism or Prosopagnosia (also known as ‘face blindness’) have difficult recognizing familiar people from their face.

• often experience a lack of empathy and understanding for their difficulties.
• they are not able to recognize familiar faces, even if they see them everyday.

Question 77

How does Darwin’s theory of emotions explain why certain facial features accompany specific emotions?

Answer 77

• Darwin argued that over the course of millions of years, as species changed and adapted to different environments, the behaviors they used to survive are highly related to emotion expression in their faces.
  ex: feeling of “disgust” is usually accompanied by a “wrinkling of the nose” which is similar in organisms when they’re about to throw up.

Question 78

When do emotions enhance or diminish sensory acquisition?

Answer 78

Enhance: feeling “fear” leads to facial features that enhance acquisition (larger eyes to see better, quicker movement of eyes, wider nostrils for taking in oxygen)
Diminish: feeling of “disgust. (more narrow nostrils to block offensive odors, tightly closed mouth to avoid unhealthy material from entering the organism.)

Question 79

• how we use others to form appraisals of situation and attach emotions to these surrounding events.
• From birth until death, we literally use others as resource to help us interpret whether our surrounding are safe or not– and our society acts as the ultimate emotions resource for us to draw from!

Answer 79

social referencing

Question 80

Fischer & Manstead (2008)’s definitions of how emotions help us function in a social group (competition vs. cooperation)
1.
2.

Answer 80

1. Experiencing and showing emotions help form or maintain our relationships with others (getting alone)
2. Experiencing and showing emotions help form or maintain position relative to others (getting ahead)

Question 81

This theory breaks down emotional rather broadly into two categories -
1. emotions that promote interpersonal connection and warmth
or
2. emotions that distance and compete us against others.

Answer 81

social referencing

Question 82

This theory ____________ refers to “people being better able to recall information when they are in the same emotional state as the one in which they were when first exposed to the information.”

-In other words, the mood you were in when you processed the material affects the type of words that you were later able to recall ( if you were feeling positive, you will remember positive words more likely)

Answer 82

mood state-dependent memory

Question 83

what is this an example of?

If I recall one bad memory I’ll recall all the bad ones all at once

Answer 83

mood congruent memory

Question 84

what is this an example of?
Im happy and form a memory in class, later I’m happy and I recall what I learned in class. (learn something when happy, recall it when happy)

Answer 84

Mood state dependent memory

Question 85

This is known as ________, and points our that there is a match “between moos state at recall and the affective quality of the material being recalled”

Answer 85

mood congruent memory

Question 86

• This model ________ : In specific situations, whether familiar or unfamiliar, people use the current emotional state that they are experiencing to make evaluations or judgements.
• ________ (another definition) : hypothesis models the interface between emotion and cognition. The model suggests that affect/mood operates as a source of information

ex: For example, if a person receives an inordinately large electric bill, they will respond differently if they have had a relaxing and stress-free day than they will if they have just been stuck in traffic for two hours.

Answer 86

Affect-as-information model

Question 87

• Our brains tend to keep our memories in nodes, which it then connects with associated other memories. Nodes can be semantic (with straightforward meaning) or affective (with emotional meaning). Thus we may have a node for happiness, with which are associated all our happy memories.
• Nodes can also inhibit one another (a form or negative association). Thus when we are happy it is difficult to think of sad things, and vice versa

This is known as?

Answer 87

Associative network model of mood and memory

Question 88

This emotional-cognitive model describes 4 strategies for processing social information.
What are the 4 strategies?

Answer 88

• Affective Infusion Model
  1. Direct access.
  2. Motivated processing
  3. Heuristic processing
  4. Substantive processing

Question 89

1. Direct access- We encounter someone we recall a stored evaluation or judgement from cognitive resources.
2. Motivated processing- if someone experiences a person, event, thing they may process this in a way that addresses their personal goals (for ex: stay mar or stay happy) you have a personal goal
3. Heuristic processing- simple rules (heuristics) are used to arrive at a judgement.
4. substantive processing- more careful analysis of available information, where emotion guides a person to pay attention to what information is available. (but it is not the only motivating factor in determining judgement or evaluation)

Answer 89

The 4 affective infusion model

Question 90

What are the two low infusion strategies? (affect has little impact)

Answer 90

1. direct access

2. motivated processing

Question 91

What are the high infusion strategies? (affects have high impact)

Answer 91

1. heuristic processing

2. substantive processing

Question 92

How are certain emotions uniquely “social” in nature?

Answer 92

We do not simply feel emotions at random- we are happy, angry, sad, disgusted, surprised afraid at something or mostly someone.

Question 93

-Even though these emotions have a word unique to the culture they come from, other cultures may experience these too– even if there is not a word to describe it!

Answer 93

Cultural vs. language variations in emotions

Question 94

______ : participants said they would fix by changing the behavior- If I hadn’t don’t that.
FOCUSED ON BEHAVIOR.

Answer 94

Guilt

Question 95

_______: participants said if I wasn’t such an idiot. “I” feel shamed about ….
FOCUSED ON ITSELF

Answer 95

Shame

Question 96

Feeling ___ is not generally concerned with the behavior or action itself; instead, feeling ____ is usually because the behavior a person might be _____ about does not fit the image they they are trying to maintain to others

Answer 96

embarrassed

Question 97

the ___ is the part of our unconscious thought process that is impulsive and desires immediate gratification.
Ex: Im tired. I don’t want to go to class
By Frued

Answer 97

id

Question 98

the \_\_\_\_ is the part of ones personality that emphasizes what should be done according to society's social rules
ex: I shouldn't be late for class
by Freud

Answer 98

superego

Question 99

the ___ - which is largely seen as the part of the persons thinking that balances between instant gratification and social demand, could be considered the first description given to what we call today as “the self” . by Freud

Answer 99

ego

Question 100

_________ : you can be aware of yourself and know things about yourselves, which essentially means that you are able to turn your own consciousness back on yourself instead of just others.
ex: you may try to evaluate yourself after taking a “personality quiz” and actively monitor your behavior. This process involves not only being aware of your own personal behavior, which you don’t actively see it as other do, AND actively seeking to obtain and monitor about yourself.

Answer 100

reflective consciousness (or self-awareness)

Question 101

the self is formed by social interactions and relations with other people. A persons “self” can be weakened or strengthen existing relationships, as well compete or cooperate with other in a social system. this is known as __________
ex: If you identify your “self” as an artist or a musician, you generally share this part of your “self” with others in order for you to find your place in the social group that you live in. (you learn about the group and share interests)

Answer 101

Interpersonal relations

Question 102

Any decision you choose to exercise is an attempt to reach your goals (whether this be obtaining a certain drug or loosing a certain amount of weight or getting a certain grade on test) these goals (and the decision that you make to meet these goals) are largely based on defining and building

Answer 102

Choices And Control

Question 103

The _____ is the process by which a person can focus their attention towards themselves, self-knowledge is the understanding about one “self” a person acquires by using this process over time.
Ex: put people infant of mirror showed a video of themselves to them

Answer 103

self-awareness

Question 104

How does self-awareness affect behavior?

Answer 104

We tend to evaluate ourself in comparison to a standard.

• increased awareness of inner states (both physical and psychological)
• higher accuracy in prediction their own behavior at a later time
• participants reported more intense emotional reactions
• participants were better able to regulate control over decisions in the future.

Question 105

We evaluate ourselves in comparison to a _____. A ____ are ideas about how things might or ought to be: ideals, goals, expectation (held by self or others), norms, laws, averages, past or present levels, and more.

Answer 105

standard

Question 106

researchers noticed more socially desirable behavior comes from increased ______.

Answer 106

self-awareness

Question 107

researches found that when people behave contrary to their beliefs about themselves, they tend to avoid engaging in ______. (avoiding mirror, cameras, other people, etc)

Answer 107

self-awareness

Question 108

Hull (1981) theorized that individuals who use _____ do so to forget their trouble or to reduce social anxiety (both of which come from negative self-awareness, which ___ subsequently removes for a short time)
-____ does not actually increase irresponsible behavior, but instead “quiets” a person’s evaluation on their own behavior via self-awareness due to behavior against social standards.

Answer 108

alcohol

Question 109

_____ may heighten self-awareness precisely when that self-awareness is negative. Their sensitivity regarding themselves can cause them to get “stuck” in repeating feedback of negative self-awareness

Answer 109

depression

Question 110

others psychological disorders where ____ is a common factor:

• Eating Disorder (Anorexia, Bulimia)
• Self harm behavior (cutting)
• Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Answer 110

self-awareness

Question 111

____ : there is rarely ever a single, functionally comprehensive representation within cognition that a person is able to use to encompass their “self”.
Ex: Can you just say you are “Male” or “Female” always? How about your ethnicity ? Do these simplified concepts entirely define your awareness about you “self”?

Answer 111

self-concept

Question 112

_____ : people tend to have numerous ideas about themselves and how they fit into a complex society.
(think of _____ as a frequently changing set of ideas about yourself depending on your current experience in a social world)

Answer 112

Self-concept

Question 113

____ is a more generalized understanding of your “self” that you are able to know regardless of the situation

ex: At the moment, my current self-concept is that class is understanding the material, or I am clumsy, so I need to watch my feet wherever I go.

Answer 113

self-knowledge

Question 114

_____ refers to each specific idea or piece of information that we form about ourselves to make up our self-concept. This is beneficial because a person can either have a clear individual idea about themselves ( I know I am physically fit) or unformed individual idea about themselves (physically fit or unfit)

Answer 114

self-schema

Question 115

(people associate certain traits with the person to help them remember them better)

Answer 115

Spontaneous Trait Inference

Question 116

(different environments and social situations) can activate opposing self-schemas and produces different versions of the self depending on where one might be.

For ex: You might pay better attention, be more organized, and participate in one class, but fall asleep, forget assignments, and be unmotivated in another class. These two conflicting ideas about yourself still refer to your own self-schemas, but there are two very different versions of you depending on where you are, who you interact with, etc.

Answer 116

Contextual differences

Question 117

People’s ____ can be manipulated if you ask them to recall instances of one self-awareness over another

For ex: you can get a person to think of themselves as “outgoing” or a “loner” by asking them to specifically recalling memories of one or the other. Having participants focus on these aspect of their own self-awareness influences their behavior so that they act in conjunction with these parts of their self-awareness

Answer 117

self-concept

Question 118

this theory argues that people learn about themselves by observing their own behaviors and making inferences about these behaviors. This is the same way that people learn about others – except here they are learning about themselves.

Answer 118

Self-Perception theory

Question 119

materially rewarding someone for performing an activity turns the activity into work
ex: kids who loved drawing were rewarded at the end of the drawing. After too much rewarding kids lost interest. They didn’t want to do it anymore. This is knows as __________

Answer 119

overjustification effect

Question 120

This suggests that people tend to perform an activity either for materially rewarded work ______ or recreational purposes _____

Answer 120

(external motivation)

intrinsic motivation

Question 121

When children who ENJOYED drawing were rewarded for drawing, they didn’t want to do it anymore, they lost interest. this is known as ______

Answer 121

overjustification effect or dollars over desire

Question 122

There seem to be three main motives that influence a person to develop self-knowledge:
1.
2.
3.

Answer 122

1) Desire to learn the truth about the self, whatever that happens to be for the person
2) Self-enhancement or the preference for favorable information about the self. This is the idea that people like to hear good things about themselves and avoid being criticized as much as possible.
3) Consistency - people seek to confirm whatever they already believe about themselves (Swann, 1987) even if that information is sometimes not socially acceptable.

Question 123

a state of dilemma a person might encounter when they believe an idea about themselves but are presented with information that contradicts that idea about themselves.

Answer 123

cognitive dissonance

Question 124

wishful thinking, by which a person manages to end up believing what he or she wants to believe without the most rigorous justifications

Answer 124

self-deception

Question 125

The idea of ____ is ironic since the person who is doing the deceiving is the same person that is getting deceived.

Answer 125

self-deception

Question 126

Stanley Milgram experiments- Experiments taught the “teacher”. Teacher (part of the experiment) shocked the other person (65% of the time) to death.
This is an example of ____

Answer 126

self-deception

Question 127

people assign more responsibility to external causes for failures than for successes. (People will blame others for their failures.)

Answer 127

self-servicing bias

Question 128

Bad: Reading 10 chapters the night before the exam
Good: want to do 10 push ups. Tell yourself you’re doing 50 so when you get to 10 it’s not that much.

Answer 128

Self-servicing bias

Question 129

overall effective assessment that we form about yourself. Your emotional judgement about yourself and how you fit into society.

Answer 129

self-esteem

Question 130

• Bachman & O’Malley (1977) - A strong relationship between academic performance and self-esteem, but specifically higher grades is related to higher self-esteem (vice versa)
• Forsyth et al. (2007) – attempts to boost self-esteem in students had the opposite effect on their academic performance
• Donnellan et al. (2005) – people with low self-esteem do not appear to be significantly more aggressive (even across cultures)

Answer 130

Some interesting (but contradictory) finds include

Question 131

______ is defined as feeling good about one’s “self” in general can help a person continue to survive, succeed, compete, etc. in the face of failure.

Answer 131

Motivation

Question 132

Generally the neurochemicals dopamine and serotonin are associated with “good feelings” and higher self-esteem might regulate a more controlled, stable release of these feel good chemicals than those with lower self-esteem
Ex: drugs. When drugs are out of your system, dopamine and serotonin are gone).

Answer 132

Feeling Good

Question 133

____ Is a condition characterized by persistent, sometimes delusional ideas about self esteem ( a person might have much higher evaluation of their abilities, characteristics, appearance,

Answer 133

Narcissism/ Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Question 134

Excessive reference to others for self-definition and self- esteem regulation; exaggerated self- appraisal may be inflated or deflated, or vacillate between extremes; emotional regulation mirrors fluctuations in self-esteem. Constantly want approval from other people. “You did good” looking at other people to back up your ideas.
This is known as

Answer 134

Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD

Question 135

_____ : We behave so that other people can see how we see ourselves on the inside.

Answer 135

Self - Presentation

Question 136

For example: You might feel like you are charitable and help people who are in need. However, you may never give someone who is homeless any money, which is an action that contradicts your belief about yourself. You then may justify your actions later by thinking “I don’t want to give them money, because they will just use that money to buy drugs anyway…” This attitude change now better matches your actions!
This is an example of _____

Answer 136

Self-Presenation

Question 137

a dual process theory of how partners in a relationship affect each other’s self-esteem and self-evaluation. This is known as….

Answer 137

Self-evaluation maintenance theory (SEM)

Question 138

if a person’s partner does something that receives positive reaction from others, these good works can also strengthen the social standing of the other person and the relationship between partners (vice versa) (ex: does something good for the community, it makes you look good). This is known as .. ..

Answer 138

Reflection

Question 139

depending on a partner’s success or positive social reaction from others, you may evaluate yourself as worse by comparison, which could weaken your relationship (vise versa). (ex: women makes more money than the guy, he might feel bad)

Answer 139

Comparison

Question 140

five factor model (or the “Big Five” personality model .

-You can combine these factors with each other

Answer 140

1. Openness to experience
2. Conscientiousness
3. Extraversion
4. Neuroticism- high/ low/ medium
5. Agreeableness

Question 141

____ is widely shared across multiple personality models. Generally measuring this trait involves capturing a person’ assertiveness, confidence, sometimes spontaneity, or energy specifically in a social environment.

Answer 141

Extraversion

Question 142

_____ individuals tend to form or strengthen NEW social interactions quickly.
_______ tend to have firmer handshakes, straighter posture, or express emotional states more openly
______ tend to be less cooperative than introverts when working towards sharing resources

Answer 142

Extraverted

Question 143

_____ Measuring this trait involves capturing the extent to which a person experiences anxiety, worry, and general distress about conflicts

Answer 143

Neuroticism

Question 144

_____ is found fairly commonly across different social psychologists’ definitions of basic personality traits. Measuring this trait involves capturing the extent to which a person is concerned with strengthening and maintaining the social relationships around them.

Answer 144

Agreeableness

Question 145

____ (selfless person that tries to be the well being of other people better)

Answer 145

Conscientiousness

Question 146

____ refers to how willing a person is to try new things, how flexible, creative, or imaginative a person is with regards to familiar and unfamiliar social interactions.

Answer 146

Openness

Question 147

______ are biological systems that are formed in a person at a young age to respond to social interactions – these systems are simply responses to sound, touch, taste, etc. (sensory perceptions) that develop responsive behaviors… which THEN form the basis of personality traits.
Ex: very gullible during your youth

Answer 147

temperament

Question 148

Approaching behavior (towards pleasurable things) comes from what supporters of the biological model call the ________. (through sight, smell, touch, etc. it directs you towards what you are interested . Display behaviors to approach those interests)

Answer 148

behavioral approach system (BAS)

Question 149

___ short term habits during youth

___ long term habits throughout life

Answer 149

Temperament

Trait

Question 150

_____ affects a person’s behavior – specifically in the area of test taking!

Answer 150

confidence

Question 151

_____ : Some define it as subjective judgments or general evaluations judgements of targets (people,places,things,events,etc)

Answer 151

Definition of attitude

Question 152

the positive or negative social connotation (or tone) that influences a person’s perspective (social cognition) with the people,places and things around them

Answer 152

Valance

Question 153

_____the level or magnitude at which the positive or negative tone influences social functioning in the specific environment. (ex: at war, it may help me survive because I am very negative against the other team)

Answer 153

extremity

Question 154

_____ : Attitudes are stored as a two node semantic network where the subjective, abstract representation of the object (node #11) is linked with the global evaluation of the object given available knowledge (node #2)

Answer 154

Object-evaluation association

Question 155

How does memory affect knowledge structures? How do knowledge structures affect attitudes?

Answer 155

When you remember something it will have a set of generalized knowledge structures or attitudes about the world. When you have this knowledge structures, you will come up with an attitude.

Question 156

______ refers to the idea that an individual can have two different attitudes about something—both an implicit attitude and an explicit attitude. The implicit attitude refers to an intuitive response or gut reaction, whereas the explicit attitude refers to a more deliberate, thought-out response.
Ex: The grinch tried to murder the society for many years and at the end he was a good guy. Conflicting attitude about whether he is mean or nice. Mean won.

Answer 156

Dual Attitude model

Question 157

______having an attitude about your attitude. Argues that a person’s perception of an attitude that they have developed is incorporated into the attitude itself.

Answer 157

Meta-Cognitive Model

Question 158

People seem to maintain consistent attitude toward related people, places, or objects. I don’t dislike something but I don’t like it either.
Ex: I don’t like cats because I’m allergic but that’s just one attitude about one cat
this is known as ______

Answer 158

Attitude Systems Involving Multiple Objects

Question 159

______ refers to how easily a person can form a judgement or evaluation of a person, place, or thing given the available cognitive information.

Answer 159

Attitude Accessibility

Question 160

Shared responses/behaviors between organisms is what we consider ___ ___

Answer 160

social interaction

Question 161

These kinds of response actions______ _____ often confirm or deny our own thoughts about others _____ ____

Answer 161

(social interaction)

social cognition

Question 162

ctions that increase the chances of a negative social interaction
or social cognition occurring between human beings. Known as _____

Answer 162

weakening social interactions

Question 163

actions that increase the chances of a positive social interaction or social cognition occurring between human beings Known as ____ _____

Answer 163

positive social interactions