Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Social relationships help organisms ____. By cooperating with another organism, two or more living things are usually able to do more (when working together) than one of those organisms on its own.
A
survive.
2
Q
Engaging in ____ ___ functions to strengthen social relationships with the organisms around you – this involves helping, sharing, empathizing, and cooperating with other social group members on a widespread or individual level
A
prosocial behavior
3
Q
___ even display behaviors of reconciliation with individuals they experienced conflict with, sometimes comforting individuals who were the victims of aggression as well
A
Primates
4
Q
The theory of ___ ___ attempts to explain how the amount of prosocial behavior a human being engages in is a function of how many children exist within a person’s genetic family, not just their children alone
A
kin altruism
5
Q
The amount of time that individuals spent under direct care with parents ____ ____
A
(perinatal relationship)
6
Q
The amount of time and interaction spent with similar individuals ____ ___
A
(sibling co-residence)
7
Q
____ _____ is the idea that if a person acts to benefit another person, that recipient will also react to benefit the original helper in a similar way.
ex: when a person gives you a gift that you were not expecting – you are certainly delighted with the gift, but sometimes feel “guilty” if you do not give anything of equal value back.
A
Direct Reciprocity
8
Q
A very interesting social experiment involving ____ ___ is the prisoner’s dilemma (Rapoport & Chammah, 1965). Two participants are told they have both committed a crime. Individually, they are presented with a choice to either cooperate with their partner or to betray their partner in “crime”. However, neither partner knows what the other partner’s decision will be…
A
Direct reciprocity
9
Q
When doing this experiment over multiple trials, researchers found something interesting: partners began to make choices based on their partners’ previous behavior. So if partner #1 has blamed partner #2 multiple times, partner #2 will start to blame partner #1 more often to reap the most reward.
If partner #1 has cooperated with partner #2 multiple times, partner #2 is more likely to cooperate with partner #1 in future decisions.
This approach has been labeled the ______ approach in this experimental set-up…
A
“tit-for-tat”
10
Q
The ____ approach results in a sequence of actions that seemingly mimics the most functional series of reciprocity for a social interaction:
A
tit-for-tat
11
Q
____ ____ is any action intended to help others.
A
Prosocial behavior
12
Q
____ ____ is when an individual or a social group acquire a good reputation for providing help to others, which in turn leads other individuals to help the benefactor(s) .
This kind of ____ ____ between individuals / people (who have never met before) is curious, since it demonstrates how something completely arbitrary like “reputation” (a social construct) can foster cooperative social interactions even before individuals / social groups meet
A
Indirect reciprocity ;
indirect interaction
13
Q
In one experiment, researchers found that male participants donated more of their study compensation to charity when a female observer was present than when a male observer (or no observer) was present. In this case, the researchers proposed that this generosity might be designed to advertise a prosocial quality like empathy or generosity to potential mates without explicitly stating these qualities to others.
This is an example of _____ ____
A
signaling theory
14
Q
In _____ ____ people may act in a prosocial way that is more in the interest of promoting an image or idea about themselves in order to get the attention of the people around them (a sort of indirect approach to communicating intentions for prosocial behavior).
A
signaling theory
15
Q
_____ ____ _____ (theory of group selection) , This idea is very statistical in nature, stating that within any social group, you will likely see competitive/selfish individuals looking out for themselves. However, in a broader context, social groups that are more altruistic (engaging in prosocial behavior more often) are likely to be more common (due to the added benefits to survival over time). In the same light, groups with lower levels of prosocial behavior will become less common.
A
Multilevel Selection Theory
16
Q
____ ____ ____ This idea assumes that altruistic individuals are prosocial in nature and will congregate with other altruistic individuals … eventually “outcompeting” non-altruistic individuals.
A
multilevel selection theory
17
Q
____ are written / unwritten, spoken / unspoken, or shared rules in a social group for appropriate behavior. People internalize these rules through repetition, reward, and punishment – direct punishment, direct reinforcement, or social learning
A
Norms
18
Q
____ seems to be an active social norm in most human cultures – a gift receives a gift back, a punch to the face receive a punch to the face back.
A
reciprocity
19
Q
____ this standard practice is built into most societal laws in human society and advises against unequal treatment towards people.
A
fairness
20
Q
The researchers trained some monkeys to exchange tokens for food (either cucumbers or grapes). When the monkeys trained to get cucumbers for tokens were able to see the monkeys trained to get grapes, they either refused to continue trading the tokens or rejected the cucumber pieces when they got them.
This is an example of _____
A
fairness
21
Q
____ ____, states that people are motivated to preserve a state in which the relationship between an outcome and an effort is equal for all individuals in a social group or relationship.
A
Equity Theory
22
Q
Playing golf allows for “handicaps” for better players to make the game balanced for less experienced players. Individuals who make more money per year have higher tax rates than those who make less money per year. Overtime pay compared with normal pay for working more than 8 hours.
This are examples of what theory?
A
Equity Theory
23
Q
____ ___ shows that people are motivated to engage in prosocial behavior towards partners or social acquaintances when they encounter an inequality in some area of the relationship (resources, attention, social interaction)
A
Equity theory
24
Q
Some theorists argue that prosocial behavior is displayed by people mainly for ____ or _____ ____ reasons
A
egotistical or self-serving
25
People are motivated to engage in ___ ____ to receive material reward, positive social interaction, or self-administered rewards
People are motivated to engage in ____ ___ if it avoids punishment by taking away materials, positive social interactions, or self-administered rewards
People are motivated to engage in ____ ____ if it will reduce potentially aversive arousal (guilt) or increase potentially positive arousal (gratitude, respect) in the future.
prosocial behavior
26
___ ___ ___ ___ states that people help others (or engage in generally prosocial behavior) to reduce their own distress – however, this reduction in distress occurs because the person experiences a positive emotion from the prosocial behavior.
Negative State Relief Model
27
Research on the matter found that people who had harmed another person or witnessed someone being harmed reported experiencing negative moods – these people then engaged in more prosocial behavior than people in a control group who had not harmed others (or had seen others harmed).
This is an example of ___ ___ ___ ___
Negative State Relief Model
28
_________ developed this model to explain the motivations that lead people to respond with prosocial behavior during emergency situations.
Arousal-Cost Reward Model
29
________ is when a person responds with action to help others in an emergency situation (not if it is their job), it is likely because they are motivated to eliminate the negative emotional state from witnessing physical or emotional distress of others in need.
Arousal-Cost Reward Model
30
You see someone being beat up by a bunch of people. Some theories would argue that you are not likely to engage in prosocial behavior to stop the activity from happening because the energy required to do so would outweigh the benefit from a prosocial interaction you would experience. However, when the situation is safe, you might help the other person … but not because you want them to feel better, because you are still experiencing a negative mood state from witnessing the attack and you want to do something to try to lessen this emotional state.
This is an example of ?
Arousal-Cost Reward Model
31
*According to this theory, the following circumstances would best predict prosocial behavior in an emergency situation…
The more negative emotional reactions that a person experiences during an emergency situation (Dovidio, 1984; Gaertner & Dovidio, 1977).
When the victim(s) share similar qualities, characteristics, or group identities with the helper
When the cost of helping or engaging in prosocial behavior is low, compared to the self-serving reward from helping others.
Arousal-Cost Reward Model
32
_________ hypothesis for how helping behavior is reliably elicited by empathy for other people in need. Batson et al. (2009) describes empathy as “an other-oriented emotional response elicited by and congruent with the perceived welfare of someone else¨ (p. 277).
The Empathy- Altruism Hypothesis
33
The Shock Experiment:
After the trial, the researchers asked each participant if were willing to trade places with the person being shocked to help her avoid the discomfort.
When participants were told that only a few shocks were given to the actor, they were more likely to NOT trade places to ease the discomfort. However, when participants were told that more shocks were given, over half of them agreed to trade places with the person getting shocked.
In support of the various ___ models, when participants were involved in witnessing more suffering and discomfort in another individual, they were more likely to empathize with the person (even take their place). However, when participants only witnessed a minor amount of discomfort, they were less willing to take the sufferer’s place.
This experiment is an example of
The Empathy Altruism Hypothesis
34
A pretty cool social experiment found that time pressure had an effect on whether a person helped in an emergency situation. ____ & ___ ( ) split students (in a religious school) into groups where they were either told to get across campus in a little bit of time or with more than enough time. Students were told they would be giving a talk about the Good Samaritan parable (a story in the Christian Bible about a man who stopped to help a foreigner who was in desperate need of aid)
On their way to the presentation, the researchers arranged so that the participants would pass by an actor who looked unwell. Remarkably, 80% of students who were not rushed stopped to help, but only 10% stopped to help when they were pressured for time.
Darley and Batson (1973)
35
_______ it is the tendency for people to give others less assistance in an emergency as the number of other bystanders increases.
bystander effect
36
______ This effect is most associated with the murder of Kitty Genovese in a crowded apartment building in New York. Despite the fact that neighbors reported seeing or hearing the attack occurring, the general consensus is that hardly any assistance was given, given that a woman was being brutally attacked and murdered all over a 30 minute span of time
bystander effect
37
1. People must notice that something occurred where a person needs help
2. After comprehending that a situation requires a person’s assistance, bystanders must then decide to take action.
3. Once a person decides to take action, they need to believe that their actions will be sufficient to provide some help or assistance to the person in need.
factors that will increase or decrease the likelihood of a person responding to an emergency situation.
38
_____ is any behavior that is intended to harm another person who does not want to be harmed.
Agression
39
Though the term “_____” can be used in business or sports in a positive light to describe motivation or effort, in social psychology it is generally viewed as a direct, explicit, and negative social interaction
aggression
40
It is also important to note that _____ is observable
aggression
41
____ is aggression that has extreme physical harm, such as injury or death, as its goal.”
Violence
42
The term “____” can be used in describing weather or the effects of some disease on the body, these reactions are not socially relevant –
violence
43
____ ____ involves harming someone else’s body or property with your body or with another object (i.e. hitting, kicking, stabbing, shooting).
Physical aggression
44
_____ ____ is the use of words with the intention of those words harming another (e.g., yelling, screaming, swearing, name callin
• Verbal aggression
45
_____ ____ is the intention of harming another person’s social relationships, or status/inclusion within a group (cyber bullying, spreading rumors, lying)
Relational aggression
46
____ ____ : the person doing the harming is physically present and engaged in harmful behavior directed at person being harmed
For example: ____ physical ____ might be pushing someone to the ground, direct verbal aggression might be screaming in someone’s face, etc.
Direct agression
47
___ ___ : the person doing the harming does NOT have to be physically present, but is still engaged in harmful behavior directed at the person being harmed
For example: ____ physical ____ might be damaging a person’s car when they are not there, indirect relational aggression might be posting embarrassing pictures online about a person, etc.
Indirect Agression
48
_____ ____ : aggression for one person is directed at another person. The victim of this type of aggression is usually not the cause of the aggressive behavior to begin with, but happens to be at the wrong place, at the wrong time.
For example: You have a negative interaction with one of your friends, boss, professor, etc. and then your parents call you to ask you a question about something. Because you are feeling aggression towards another person, but have not acted on these feelings, you might be verbally aggressive to your parents on the phone, despite the fact that they didn’t do anything wrong to you.
Displaced aggression
49
____ ___ Doing harm to another person by refusing to respond to them in a helpful manner. (not helping someone and knowing that they will be a negative effect for them, intending to do harm)
Passive aggression:
50
____ ____ Doing harm to another person directly by responding to
them in a harmful manner.
Active aggression:
51
___ _____ is usually a more immediate, impulsive reaction to something that is motivated by a desire to harm someone.
This could be knocking someone over right after they bump into you or hitting a partner when you find that they cheated on you.
Reactive aggression
52
____ ___ is usually planned, calculated, or thought out behavior that is aggressive in nature.
Proactive aggression
53
_________ argues that aggression comes from frustration, which they describe as the unpleasant internal state a person experiences when they are continuously blocked from obtaining a goal.
Frustration – Aggression Theory
54
____ responses are the term given to the behavioral responses people tend to take when they experience unpleasant situations (pain, hunger, loneliness, anger)
“Fight or flight”
55
________- is a learning theory model where organisms are more likely to repeat behaviors when they are rewarded for them and less likely to repeat behaviors when they are punished for them.
operant conditioning theory
56
__________ humans learn to behave aggressively not from simple exposure to a stimuli, but by observing and imitating the behaviors of others over time.
observational learning theory
57
_______________-- Several experiments showed that young children were very likely and very able to imitate specific aggressive acts (designed in the laboratory) when this behavior was modeled for them. Children were also more likely to demonstrate learned models of expressing aggression when they were rewarded for this behavior or when the person modeling the behavior was rewarded (Bandura)
observational learning theory
58
infants are even able to mimic some behaviors and facial features so immediately, that researchers investigated and found
the existence of _____ in both children and adults.
mirror neurons
59
________ activate impulses when an action is observed
For example: You see a stranger laughing and you start laughing ... because they are laughing. A baby looks at a person, who opens their mouth or furrows their eyebrows, and much of the time, the infant can immediately model the same facial feature
mirror neurons
60
_________ claims that social and non-social occurrences (e.g., loud noises, heat, media violence, hugs, etc.) do increase arousal levels in humans, suggesting that this might play some part in stimulating aggression.
Why?
1) Too much arousal may be overwhelming neurologically, which may trigger internal states of aggression. You ever try to tickle someone too much? Their response is usually life or death (at least mine is).
2. high levels of arousal limits what we are able to pay attention to (Easterbrook, 1959). If a situation has cues that are overly aggressive, people’s arousal levels will focus most of their attention on the most arousing presence in the environment... aggression. This in turn influences behavior to be aggressive in nature.
3. People who have developed aggressive personalities or dominate traits towards aggression will behave even more aggressively when they are aroused than when they are not. This is consistent with the theory of how people use either “fight” responses to achieve their goals
4. When a person experiences extreme cognitive arousal from people, things, environment, etc. they may confuse this “overwhelming arousal” with anger
physiological arousal theory
61
Testosterone and serotonin are two chemicals that are closely linked to ____
aggression
62
_____ is a sex hormone found in both women and men, but males have significantly more testosterone in their body.
Testosterone
63
People who have insufficient _____ levels or have serotonin imbalances generally report feeling negative emotions more often
seretonin
64
Much of the time, _____ _____ in the environment can have a huge effect on the internal states of people, specifically in making them behave aggressively.
1) Provocations
2) Aggression related cues
3) Intangible entities
external factors
65
1) _______ any action taken by one person that leads another person to experience the internal cognitive state of anger.
Provocations
66
2)____ ____ _____ - cues in a situation, environment, social interaction, etc. that are frequently associated with aggression
Aggression related cues
67
3. _____ ______ – triggers that cannot be associated with a person or social object, but do make people feel more aggressive
Intangible elements
68
____ ____ can be direct or indirect social coercion.
Peer pressure
69
____ ____ _____ which is when a person changes their attitude or behavior towards something as a result of individual or group social influence (not necessarily directed at a specific individual)
indirect social coercion
70
This type of social coercion would be considered ____ ____ ____ , as it is an active attempt by individuals to change the actions or thoughts of a person, without the expressed intent of the person to do so
direct social coercion
71
Definition of _____ : “an antipathy based on a faulty and inflexible generalization. It maybe felt or expressed. It may be directed toward a group as a whole or toward an individual because he is a group member.”
prejudice
72
But we have learned that people seem to have more positive attitudes towards other individuals who they view as most similar to them. Humans also tend to evaluate their own behaviors in comparison to those that are most like them and their personality. This is/is not (pick one) by definition prejudiced behavior.
is not
73
______ is the way that a person is treated in a particular way because of his or her group membership.
Discrimination
74
A lot of research has found that women make less money when compared to men, citing gender discrimination in the workplace. While this could be very true, some research has shown that this pay balance could be due to the fact that men apply (and get hired) to more hazardous/risky jobs than women overall. These types of jobs also typically tend to have higher salaries.
Example of ______
discrimination
75
a ______ is the process of attributing specific characteristics to particular individuals only because of their membership in the group.
______ are more specific social generalizations about a person
stereotype
76
example of how faulty logic forms a string of opinionated statements to create a _____-
Pitbulls attack children because they are aggressive dogs.
Pitbulls are aggressive dogs because they are good fighters.
Because they are good fighters, they are vicious animals.
stereotype
77
_________ is where people from diverse social groups are included and represent active members in a social group (for example, at a company), but their opinions, contributions, qualities are more often ignored or left out compared to another social group.
discrimination by inclusion
78
Directly asking a participant in a laboratory setting about their thoughts regarding a certain social group (or asking them to make a decision that might be viewed as discriminatory or prejudiced) is generally fairly obvious. Participants may respond in a more socially acceptable, non-discriminatory way as to not appear prejudiced or discriminatory.
So researchers have largely tried to avoid such ____ measurements for more implicit ones: directly measuring eye movement, reaction time, facial movement (EMG), amygdala activation…
explicit
79
_________ - stereotypes develop as cognitive models for a social group, which then develop into prejudice (negative generalized beliefs that are based on the characteristics the group is assumed to possess).
Theory of reasoned action
80
_________ argued that most people in modern society believe they are fair and do not consider themselves to be prejudiced.
theory of aversive racism
81
Other theories about why prejudiced attitudes and discriminatory behavior still persist involves the idea of ________over the course of evolution.
In adapting to nature over millions of years, humans have also adapted to each other over the same time frame – Schaller & Neuberg (2008) claim that we have developed prosocial attitudes towards people that are familiar to us and keep us safe (the ingroup), but humans also developed a direct fear of outsiders, or those that are unfamiliar to us / can hurt us (the outgroup).
Intergroup dynamics
82
How does being part of the in-group help us? Outgroup?
being part of the in group keeps us safe.
| -being part of the out group also keeps us safe because we stay away from those that can hurt us.
83
_________ - Groups that the ingroup perceives as having lower status will tend to have negative stereotypes associated with them, vice versa.
relative status
84
________ - Groups that the ingroup competes with are generally perceived as having negative traits, vice versa.
competition
85
_______ a defense mechanism that people use to redirect unpleasant urges or to ease frustrations on someone other than the original source of the feeling
displacement
86
______ involves identifying our own negative or undesirable qualities in others (while largely ignoring the fact that we have these qualities in the first place).
projection
87
_____ is when a person’s response behavior to certain discriminatory behavior matches that of another person’s stereotypical expectations
In an interracial social interaction, the expectations that individuals have about the other person may lead them to behave differently, in a manner that will elicit the expected kind of behavior.
For example, if we expect an interaction partner to speak a certain way or have certain key personality features because of the social group they belong to, we may act in this way towards the person, which in turn may elicit a similar response
self-fulfilling prophecy
88
________ Regulation of bias can be defined as the process by which people actively attempt to control actions and behaviors from becoming automatic
Self-Regulation Bias
89
___________ is the deliberate attempt by individuals to prevent prejudicial thoughts from entering their consciousness
Stereotype suppression
90
(1) highly motivated to think/behave in this way
(2) the surrounding social environment also thinks/behaves in this way
(3) social interaction involves empathy.
3 factors that influence self regulating bias
91
The theory of _________, developed by Monteith and colleagues (1993; 2005, 2009) postulates 5 steps to explain how a person regulates prejudiced attitudes, behavior, and stereotypical thinking:
1. behavioral inhibition
2. negative self-directed affect
3. retrospective reflection
4 the development of cues for control
5. prospective reflection
self-regulation of prejudice (SRP)
92
______ are persistent beliefs about social groups that generally negatively affect that group’s functioning (negatively): SES, physical health, psychological well-being.
Stigmatization
93
For example, people treated for mental illness may not be able to get a job because the stigma around certain disorders (that these people are violent, unreliable, and unstable) influences employer’s decisions.
This is an example of ______
stigmatization
94
Simply not knowing how to behave appropriately with members of stigmatized social groups can lead people to act nervous or have increased anxiety, which in itself can be interpreted as having prejudiced beliefs/attitudes
Anxiety regarding proper social interaction with members of different races has been reported by some participants who then demonstrate ______ responses more often
Spending more time with members of different races on purpose compared to members of a similar race
Choosing members of different races for specific tasks in an attempt to appear fair or not prejudiced
overcompensation
95
___________– human behavior is goal oriented
We strive to be ->affiliatedaccurate<0 as possible when making decisions so that we can further our goals (without setbacks).
We are ->consistent
Goal Directed Nature of Behavior
96
Human evolution is based on _____
social factors
97
________ – one person’s goals are furthered by influencing another person’s actions, cognitions, or attitudes.
Ex: Businesses, whose economic or financial success come from inducing compliance in customers, rely on professionals who can successfully get customers to follow their socially oriented goals….
Advertising, marketing, sales, etc. all rely on the fact that humans have adapted social behavior towards maintaining relationships with others (one of the fundamental goals of most people).
Influencing Compliance
98
_________The norm for behavior is to return the form of behavior that one received from others
- (Heavily influenced by culture)
- This builds trust in relationships
- Triggers ->obligation
Reciprocity
99
______: One should be more willing to comply with a request from someone who has previously provided a favor or concession
Reciprocation rule
100
Activates social ______: if even a small gift is offered, effect of the gift makes receiver returning the favor likely
obligation
101
Berry and Kanouse Study (1987)
In a mailed survey to various medical doctors, where compensation was included with the survey, researchers wanted to see the rate at which participating doctors completed the survey and/or cashed the checks
->The results showed a reciprocity effect with ~90% of doctors (who cashed the check) completing the survey and mailing it back.
102
________ Offer an extreme request to begin with that will likely be denied by other person. Then offer a more reasonable request, likelihood of this second request being returned with favorable odds.
Door in the face technique
103
_______ : Target seller offers a deal, and then immediately offers the same deal before the customer can respond, only with something extra (to “seal the deal”)
That’s not all technique
104
________ The underlying principle behind attribution theory, ____ ____ is the tendency for people to seek to know behaviors of others and are willing to validate their behaviors compared to others
Social Validation
105
____________ (Festinger 1954)
1) People have a constant drive to evaluate themselves
2) People will prefer to use objective cues to make these evaluations
3) If objective cues not available, people rely on social comparison instead
4) In doing so, people look to similar others as comparison
Social Comparison Theory
106
________ – we should be more willing to comply with a request for behavior if it is consistent with what similar others are thinking or doing
Social comparison rule
107
A really cool study (Asch, 1955) illustrated just how far people will comply with the social mindset around them:
It is the video in which the 5th person would agree to the wrong answer because the other students had agreed on that answer (social conformity). While, if he had to write his answers down he was more likely to write down the correct answer.
108
________- Asking a person to donate or purchase, and then giving a list of others (preferably in the same “group” as the person) who also donated or purchased
List technique
109
The ____ the list, ____ the effect… and the more socially attractive or similar the people on the list, an even ____ effect
bigger
110
________ desire to appear consistent in actions, appearance, attitude, etc. exerts considerable power over our behavior
Consistency:
111
________ after commitment to a position, you should be more willing to comply with a request for a behavior that are consistent w/ that position
Consistency rule
112
______- – initial social interaction sets the stage for the way people see themselves and behave in that relationship.
People will try to see if you are agreeable by complying with a small request first, which usually means you will also be willing to agree to more requests in the future
Ex. If you start off strong at a job or in a relationship, you continue to want to perform in the same way, vice versa
Children not this way until age 6-7 (unaware of a stable personality), so inconsistent behavior too
“Foot in the door”
113
________- Promise something of quality or low cost, after another has committed to your offer, you switch the offer completely (low quality or sold out product). Customer is usually committed now that they have gone this far…
Bait & Switch Technique
114
_______ Offer an extremely good deal is offered, and wait for a person to accept the deal – then make the same deal a little worse / more favorable to you … the customer is already mentally committed to the original deal (will likely accept the change)
Best when:
a single person
the freedom to choose
a public commitment
Low-ball technique
115
_______ Person asks for anything that will help, which makes not giving the smallest amount seem uncharitable
People generally think of themselves as charitable…
People usually give more than smallest amount
Legitimization of paltry features
116
________ This type of social influence involves assigning “labels” or terms that describes the qualities of a person so that this person will feel attached to areas associated with this quality
For example: If you tell an insurance agent that you are “cautious”, they may try to sell you multiple forms of insurance because they know you want to appear consistent with this label
Labeling technique
117
______: we should be more willing to comply with the requests of friends or other like individuals
Examples:
Business:
Buy from friends (Tupperware, Mary Kay, Vector knives)
Word of Mouth, Friend Referrals
Peer Pressure
D.A.R.E – “Say No to Drugs” campaign did not work … Yes, with strangers, but was it harder to say no to friends vs. a stranger?
Friendship/liking rule
118
What is the "self-fulfilling prophecy" in refers to discriminatory behavior?
a) when a person of a social group behaves in a way that is not expected
b) a statistical model that is used to predict whether stereotyping/prejudiced attitude are likely to affect intergroup relations
c) when a person #1 responds to person #2's discriminatory treatment, which matches person #2's stereotypical expectations
d) when someone is falsely accused of discriminatory behavior, but the accusation leads them to discriminate against the accused
e) all of the above
c) when a person #1 responds to person #2's discriminatory treatment, which matches person #2's stereotypical expectations
119
what are mirror neurons?
a) neurons that allow a person to form a cognitive representation about themselves compared to others
b) neurological structures in the brain that help people understand other peoples behavior
c) neurological scholarships that could activate behavioral impulses to behave in the same way another person behaves
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
c) neurological scholarships that could activate behavioral impulses to behave in the same way another person behaves
120
what is "displacement" in regards to prejudiced attitudes?
a) believing that the source of a persons frustration/negative feelings come from a certain social group
b) identifying a persons own negative/undesirable qualities in others, rather than seeing ones self as negative
a) believing that the source of a persons frustration/negative feelings come from a certain social group
121
Which of the following is argued by supporters if physiological arousal theory?
a) too much physiological arousal may be mentally overwhelming, and aggression is a response to reduce this feeling
b) T oo much arousal may be overwhelming neurologically which may trigger internal states of aggression
Too much arousal may be overwhelming neurologically which may trigger internal states of aggression
