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Psy 369 Applied Cognition > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Nicotine
  2. Caffeine
  3. Alcohol

All have important social dimensions in addition to their physiological effects.

All of these are ___ ___

A

social drugs

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2
Q
  1. Marijuana
  2. Heroin and designer narcotics
  3. Cocaine
  4. Amphetamines
  5. Ecstasy

All of these are ____ ___ ___

A

common illegal drugs

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3
Q
  1. The most widely used psychoactive drug in the world
  2. Operates by competing with the inhibitory neuromodulator adenosine, increasing arousal.
  3. Serves as an adrenergic stimulant and a catecholamine agonist
  4. Catecholamines include dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

All of these are effects of ____

A

caffeine

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4
Q
  1. Increases both CNS and autonomic arousal.
  2. Reaches maximum blood levels about 30 minutes after ingestion
  3. Has 3-6 hour half life

Effects of ___

A

caffeine

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5
Q
  1. Heavy users report withdrawal symptoms if headache, fatigue, and more rarely depression, weakness, anxiety, nausea.
  2. Helps direct attention to spatial features of perceptual input
  3. Has limited effects on higher processing

Effects of ___

A

caffeine

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6
Q

May help maintain optimal levels of motor readiness, improves both choice and simple reaction times by decreasing time to initial response.

effects of __

A

caffeine

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7
Q

_____ : implicated in large numbers of car accident injuries and deaths

A

alcohol

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8
Q

Use beyond 8-12 oz of wine or 16-24 oz of beer a day a for women of 12-16 oz of wine or 24-32oz of beer a day for men considered ____

A

problematic.

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9
Q

___ impairs both cognitive and psychomotor performance

A

alcohol

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10
Q

_______ impairs visual pattern recognition and visual attention

A

alcohol

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11
Q

_______ impairs visual pattern recognition and visual attention

A

alcohol

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12
Q 
Genetics
Gender
Age
Habitual alcohol consumption
Body size
Health
Mood
A

Factors affecting alcohol effects:

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13
Q

Driving limit is

A

.08%

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14
Q

_____ Impairs reaction time, narrows attention, increases risks taking

A

alcohol

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15
Q

Risk taking doubles with .04% blood ____ content

A

alcohol

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16
Q

Excessive use of ____ causes cognitive deficits, neurological damage

A

alcohol

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17
Q

Alcoholism can lead to ___ ____ in which a thiamine deficiency causes damage to the diencephalon, causes amnesia

A

Korsakoff’s disease

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18
Q

____ is the largest cause of preventable death in many countries

A

Smoking (Nicotine)

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19
Q

Smoking has declined to slightly more than __ of the population

A

¼

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20
Q

Nicotine is an ____ ___

A

acetylcholine agonist

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21
Q

____ ____ improve cognitive performance

A

Cholinergic agonists

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22
Q

Nicotine enters the system within about ___ _____

A

10 seconds

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23
Q

Nicotine increases performance strongly after ____ in users

A

abstinence

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24
Q

___ ______ ____ suggests this gain is due to alleviation of withdrawal symptoms that reduce performance

A

The Deprivation Reversal model

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25
Q

Smoking may _____ performance in the rapid visual information processing task

A

increase

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26
Q

Effects of smoking on learning and memory appear _____

A

inconsistent

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27
Q

___ ___ ____ ____ improve both visual and auditory signal detection, possible because of improved attention

A

Smoking and nicotine gum

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28
Q

Smokers smoke more than they drink, but were not sure if it counteracts ___ _____ _ ____

A

depressive effects of alcohol

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29
Q

___ may reduce some of the effects of very low doses of alcohol, but data on higher doses unclear

A

Caffeine

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30
Q

Caffeine and nicotine don’t appear to interact in any way except that both are used as ____

A

stimulants

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31
Q

THC attaches to cellular CB1, and cannabinoid receptors found on cell walls of neurons in the hippocampus and cerebellum, triggers dopamine release in the ___ ____

A

nucleus accumbens

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32
Q

_____: impairs speed and accuracy, seems to make time go faster, reduced ability to focus attention and ignore irrelevant information.

A

marijuana

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33
Q

____ impairs memory

A

THC

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34
Q

_____ : impairs speed and accuracy, seems to make time go faster, reduces ability to focus attention and ignore irrelevant information

____: use early in life associated with the greatest impairment

____: Deficits may be reversible.

A

marijuana

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35
Q

______ is a synthetic amphetamine

A

ecstacy

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36
Q

_____ Works as a monoamine agonist

A

ecstacy

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37
Q

___ related serotonin depletion may follow in the days after use

A

Ecstasy

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38
Q

___ has neurotoxic to serotonergic neurons

A

Ecstasy

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39
Q

ecstasy: Impairment of ___ _____ common in users, but causation is tricky and may be due to other drugs

A

working memory

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40
Q

Both Cocaine and Amphetamines can cause stimulant psychosis, with symptoms of paranoia and ____ ____

A

auditory hallucinations

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41
Q

Amphetamines ___ reaction time and alertness

A

improves

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42
Q

Cocaine _____ subjective sense of alertness but objective measures inconsistent

A

increases

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43
Q

cocaine abusers of both show ____ ____

A

cognitive deficits

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44
Q

amphetamine abusers show ____ in spatial working memory, pattern recognition, decision making, and shifting attention

A

deficits

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45
Q

cocaine abuses show problems with memory and language similar to symptoms of those with ___ ___ damage

A

frontal lobe

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46
Q

Prenatal exposure to cocaine associated with long term cognitive deficits, especially in ____ performance

A

motor performance

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47
Q

Prenatal exposure to ____ associated with long term cognitive deficits, esp. In motor performance

A

cocaine

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48
Q

_____ often called “narcotics”

A

opiates

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49
Q

____ kill pain, make people sleepy, reduce anxiety

A

opiates

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50
Q

opiates release dopamine in the ___ ____ to varying degrees, are addictive to the degree they do

A

nucleus accumbent

51
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_
Evening:
1. Peak Muscle Strength (5pm)
2. Body Temp Peak (7pm)
3. Melatonin secretion (9pm)
A

Circadian Rhythms

52
Q

___ ___
Early morning:
a. Deep Sleep
b. Body Temp through (about 4:30am)

A

Circadian Rhythms

53
Q

Early Afternoon:

a. High Alertness
b. No Melatonin

A

Circadian Rhythms effects

54
Q

Rhythm A, controlled by the Type 1 oscillator:

Parallel to ____ rhythms

A

temperature

55
Q

Rhythm B, controlled by the Type 2 oscillator

Parallel to ____ rhythmic

A

arousal

56
Q

The two ____ can be desynchronized by putting the person in isolation without any day-night cues (such as putting person in a deep cave and letting him set his own hours)

A

oscillators

57
Q

Manual dexterity influenced by the ____ rhythm oscillator

A

temperature

58
Q

Complex cognitive tasks affected by the ____ ____ ___

A

sleep-wake arousal cycle

59
Q

___:

a. Released mainly at night
b. Helps promote sleep
c. Inhibited by light
d. May be useful in treating jet lag

A

Melatonin

60
Q

Entertainment

Involves the initiation and synchrony of ___ clocks

___ entrains circadian rhythms, which otherwise would run at about 24 ½ hours

A

biological ; light

61
Q

_______ signals such as light, that initiate and entrain circadian rhythms
Social activities also can serve as ____

A

zeitgebers

62
Q

oscillators is controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Has strong connections to the ___

A

retina.

63
Q

Lesion on the ____ in rats abolishes the sleep/weak/cycle.

Total amount of sleep remains the same

A

suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

64
Q

The pineal Gland ____ melatonin

A

secretes

65
Q

Strategy is the element of cognition most affected by ____ ____

A

arousal level

66
Q

_____ in lower morning than afternoon

A

Perceptual

67
Q

Visual identification efficiency ____ through the day while speed ____. In comprehension, in morning afternoon

A

decreases ; increases

68
Q

__ folks are more affected by time of the day in performance than ___ folks.

A

Old ; young

69
Q

The post-lunch dip” RT & attention impaired by ____ , not movement time and concentration

A

lunch

70
Q

Timing of meals is an important ___

A

zeitgeber

71
Q

The ___ ____: RT & attention impaired by linch, not movement time and concentration

A

post-lunch dip

72
Q

___ of day affects performance, so people in repeated measures studies must be tested the same time each day

A

Time

73
Q

In morning, ____ do better under high stress, introverts, under low stress— this reverses in evenings

A

extraverts

74
Q

Jet lag can last up to ___ if you move 8 hours or more

A

5 days

75
Q

Flying east causes phase advance, creating ___ jet lag, flying wet causes phase delay and less jet lag

A

more

76
Q

It’s much easier to adjust from flying from ____ to ___

A

west to east

77
Q

___ of day light cues out of sync with activity, social, and eating cues

A

Time

78
Q

Health problems are associated with being on the ___ shift

A

night

79
Q

___ shift should involve delay shifts rather than advance shifts

A

Rotating

80
Q

__ improves alertness during night work when taking at the beginning

A

Caffeine

81
Q

Having a __ in at some point during night shifts also increases performance

A

nap

82
Q

Up to __ of accidents involve falling asleep while driving

A

20%

83
Q

Caffeine increases vigilance and improves reaction time, but doesn’t increase ___ ___

A

physical control

84
Q

_____ ___ ___Involves gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), estrogen

A

the menstrual cycle

85
Q

__________ drop in hormones triggers release of GnRH, triggering FSH, causing ovarian follicle to mature.

A

Menstrual Phase (days 1-5):

86
Q

___________ FSH stimulates release of estrogens, lining of uterus

A

Follicular phase (days 6-12)

87
Q

__________ luteinizing hormone causes ovulation

A

Ovulatory Phase (days 13-15):

88
Q

________: Empty follicle becomes corpus luteum, secreting progesterone, preventing more ova from maturing, thickening uterus. Corpus luteum disintegrates shortly if not supported by human chorionic gonadotrophin, secreted by new fetus.

A

Luteal Phase (days 16-23):

89
Q

________________: disintegration of corpus luteum triggers sharp drop in estrogen and progesterone, causing thickened uterus to begin to disintegrate

A

Premenstrual phase (days 25-28):

90
Q

Different women have ____ cycle lengths and timing

A

different

91
Q

_____ has been viewed mostly negatively throughout history even though it’s mostly a minor inconvenience to most

A

Menstruation

92
Q

a. Both cognitive abilities and mood influences have been investigated.
b. Studies are mostly correlational
c. Designating phases is difficult, usually involves counting days
d. Defining phases may be artificial

A

menstruation

93
Q

Sampling often involves people who come for treatment, biasing results

Mood measures may be biased toward the negative, retrospective

A

Menstruation

94
Q

Preovulatory rise in estrogen is associated with increases in ___ ____

A

ANS arousal

95
Q

Rise in progesterone following ____ reduces ANS arousal

A

ovulation

96
Q

___ ____ and performance peak at ovulation as does olfactory ability

A

Visual sensitivity

97
Q

____ tastes normally becomes less pleasant after a sweet meal, but this shift is slowest around ovulation

A

Sweet

98
Q

Sensitivity to pain may drop in the ___ ____

A

premenstrual phase

99
Q

There appears to be no/sufficient (pick one) evidence to prove that premenstrual drop in cognitive performance– belief appears to be due to culturally- created mood changes

A

no

100
Q

______ trades shift, with speed more common preovulation, accuracy post-ovulation

A

Speed/accuracy

101
Q

Males with high testosterone and females with high estrogen tend to be good/bad (pick one) at automatized tasks

A

good

102
Q

Women show higher/lower (pick one) manual dexterity (female advantage task) when estrogen and progesterone are high but lower rod and frame task performance (male advantage task)

A

higher

103
Q

Testosterone ___ in males in fall than in spring, and spatial performance is higher in spring (apparently, optimal levels of testosterone for the task are lower than those in the average man but higher than those in the average woman)

A

higher

104
Q

University students exam performance appears _____ by menstrual cycle phase

A

unaffected

105
Q

Studies of work performance also appear to find no ___ ___ ___

A

menstrual cycle effects

106
Q

Belief and PMS
Women told the EEG could predict next period (all were actually due in 6-7 days)
⅓ told period due in 2 days
⅓ told period due in 7 days
⅓ told nothing
___ symptoms predicted by day they were told

A

PMS

107
Q

Worry often ______ performance

A

decreases

108
Q

Monetary pressure often ____ performance

A

increases

109
Q

Pressure on athletes is __ _____: it waxes and wanes during any contest

Think baseball– anxiety rises as you go on deck, falls as you return to the dugout

This complicates assessment of the effects of pressure on performance

A

not constant

110
Q

Sports coaches and announcers believe strongly in ____. But a famous 1980s study found no evidence of streaks beyond random variation. More recent data casts doubt on this conclusion, seems to indicate _____ tied to pressure do occur

A

streaks

111
Q

So why do elite athletes sometimes choke on simple plays?

The traditional explanation is that ____makes us focus conscious attention on what actually

A

anxiety

112
Q

Researchers have made 2 assumptions about expertise:

Experts practice skills until they unreels _____ the same way each time (but experts actually vary movements more)

Expertise means automatic performance (but experts appear to monitor their movements more closely, not less)

A

automatically

113
Q

Dart players actually alter their release points __ than ___ good players, compensating for minor variations in their throws

A

more ; less

114
Q

____ argues for two aspects of cognitive control of motor actions

Performance effectiveness– do we accomplish the goal?

Processing efficiency– do we reach the goal with a minimum of unnecessary actions?

A

Eysenck

Attentional Control Theory

115
Q

Focusing on things we need to do to accomplish the task

Not focusing on things we do not need to do

A

Processing efficiency

116
Q

___ affects processing efficiency much more than performance effectiveness, probably because we can compensate by using more resources

A

Anxiety

117
Q

The conscious, top-down, frontal lobe controlled, goal-directed system.

The more automatic, bottom-up, stimulus-driven attentional system

A

Two different attentional systems

118
Q

____ competes with the goal-directed system for processing resources

A

Anxiety

119
Q

_____ driven system becomes more important in our processing, and we revert to automatic habits when pressed

A

stimulus

120
Q

If the automatic habits are the appropriate, ___ will increase our performance, and if they are not it will reduce it.

A

anxiety

121
Q

If ___ shifts focus from the goal-directed attentional system to the stimulus driven attentional system, it means anxiety may increase the odds irrelevant stimuli interfere with our ability to the task.

A

anxiety

122
Q

Has 3 main functions:
a. The inhibition functions keeps other stimuli from distracting us

b. The shifting function shifts our attention when we have to move to a different stimulus

A

The Central Executive

123
Q

Eysenck created a special model for sports experts

Experts are well-practiced, very skilled, and have many _____ routines

Experts have had years to learn strategies for ___ distractions

A

automatized ; blocking

124
Q

Even for experts, great amount of ____ impairs executive functioning

Includes impairing ability to inhibit irrelevant thoughts, ability to shift to new aspects of the task

A

anxiety

Psy 369 Applied Cognition (3 decks)

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