Exam 3 Flashcards
- Nicotine
- Caffeine
- Alcohol
All have important social dimensions in addition to their physiological effects.
All of these are ___ ___
social drugs
- Marijuana
- Heroin and designer narcotics
- Cocaine
- Amphetamines
- Ecstasy
All of these are ____ ___ ___
common illegal drugs
- The most widely used psychoactive drug in the world
- Operates by competing with the inhibitory neuromodulator adenosine, increasing arousal.
- Serves as an adrenergic stimulant and a catecholamine agonist
- Catecholamines include dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine
All of these are effects of ____
caffeine
- Increases both CNS and autonomic arousal.
- Reaches maximum blood levels about 30 minutes after ingestion
- Has 3-6 hour half life
Effects of ___
caffeine
- Heavy users report withdrawal symptoms if headache, fatigue, and more rarely depression, weakness, anxiety, nausea.
- Helps direct attention to spatial features of perceptual input
- Has limited effects on higher processing
Effects of ___
caffeine
May help maintain optimal levels of motor readiness, improves both choice and simple reaction times by decreasing time to initial response.
effects of __
caffeine
_____ : implicated in large numbers of car accident injuries and deaths
alcohol
Use beyond 8-12 oz of wine or 16-24 oz of beer a day a for women of 12-16 oz of wine or 24-32oz of beer a day for men considered ____
problematic.
___ impairs both cognitive and psychomotor performance
alcohol
_______ impairs visual pattern recognition and visual attention
alcohol
_______ impairs visual pattern recognition and visual attention
alcohol
Genetics Gender Age Habitual alcohol consumption Body size Health Mood
Factors affecting alcohol effects:
Driving limit is
.08%
_____ Impairs reaction time, narrows attention, increases risks taking
alcohol
Risk taking doubles with .04% blood ____ content
alcohol
Excessive use of ____ causes cognitive deficits, neurological damage
alcohol
Alcoholism can lead to ___ ____ in which a thiamine deficiency causes damage to the diencephalon, causes amnesia
Korsakoff’s disease
____ is the largest cause of preventable death in many countries
Smoking (Nicotine)
Smoking has declined to slightly more than __ of the population
¼
Nicotine is an ____ ___
acetylcholine agonist
____ ____ improve cognitive performance
Cholinergic agonists
Nicotine enters the system within about ___ _____
10 seconds
Nicotine increases performance strongly after ____ in users
abstinence
___ ______ ____ suggests this gain is due to alleviation of withdrawal symptoms that reduce performance
The Deprivation Reversal model
Smoking may _____ performance in the rapid visual information processing task
increase
Effects of smoking on learning and memory appear _____
inconsistent
___ ___ ____ ____ improve both visual and auditory signal detection, possible because of improved attention
Smoking and nicotine gum
Smokers smoke more than they drink, but were not sure if it counteracts ___ _____ _ ____
depressive effects of alcohol
___ may reduce some of the effects of very low doses of alcohol, but data on higher doses unclear
Caffeine
Caffeine and nicotine don’t appear to interact in any way except that both are used as ____
stimulants
THC attaches to cellular CB1, and cannabinoid receptors found on cell walls of neurons in the hippocampus and cerebellum, triggers dopamine release in the ___ ____
nucleus accumbens
_____: impairs speed and accuracy, seems to make time go faster, reduced ability to focus attention and ignore irrelevant information.
marijuana
____ impairs memory
THC
_____ : impairs speed and accuracy, seems to make time go faster, reduces ability to focus attention and ignore irrelevant information
____: use early in life associated with the greatest impairment
____: Deficits may be reversible.
marijuana
______ is a synthetic amphetamine
ecstacy
_____ Works as a monoamine agonist
ecstacy
___ related serotonin depletion may follow in the days after use
Ecstasy
___ has neurotoxic to serotonergic neurons
Ecstasy
ecstasy: Impairment of ___ _____ common in users, but causation is tricky and may be due to other drugs
working memory
Both Cocaine and Amphetamines can cause stimulant psychosis, with symptoms of paranoia and ____ ____
auditory hallucinations
Amphetamines ___ reaction time and alertness
improves
Cocaine _____ subjective sense of alertness but objective measures inconsistent
increases
cocaine abusers of both show ____ ____
cognitive deficits
amphetamine abusers show ____ in spatial working memory, pattern recognition, decision making, and shifting attention
deficits
cocaine abuses show problems with memory and language similar to symptoms of those with ___ ___ damage
frontal lobe
Prenatal exposure to cocaine associated with long term cognitive deficits, especially in ____ performance
motor performance
Prenatal exposure to ____ associated with long term cognitive deficits, esp. In motor performance
cocaine
_____ often called “narcotics”
opiates
____ kill pain, make people sleepy, reduce anxiety
opiates
opiates release dopamine in the ___ ____ to varying degrees, are addictive to the degree they do
nucleus accumbent
\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_ Evening: 1. Peak Muscle Strength (5pm) 2. Body Temp Peak (7pm) 3. Melatonin secretion (9pm)
Circadian Rhythms
___ ___
Early morning:
a. Deep Sleep
b. Body Temp through (about 4:30am)
Circadian Rhythms
Early Afternoon:
a. High Alertness
b. No Melatonin
Circadian Rhythms effects
Rhythm A, controlled by the Type 1 oscillator:
Parallel to ____ rhythms
temperature
Rhythm B, controlled by the Type 2 oscillator
Parallel to ____ rhythmic
arousal
The two ____ can be desynchronized by putting the person in isolation without any day-night cues (such as putting person in a deep cave and letting him set his own hours)
oscillators
Manual dexterity influenced by the ____ rhythm oscillator
temperature
Complex cognitive tasks affected by the ____ ____ ___
sleep-wake arousal cycle
___:
a. Released mainly at night
b. Helps promote sleep
c. Inhibited by light
d. May be useful in treating jet lag
Melatonin
Entertainment
Involves the initiation and synchrony of ___ clocks
___ entrains circadian rhythms, which otherwise would run at about 24 ½ hours
biological ; light
_______ signals such as light, that initiate and entrain circadian rhythms
Social activities also can serve as ____
zeitgebers
oscillators is controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Has strong connections to the ___
retina.
Lesion on the ____ in rats abolishes the sleep/weak/cycle.
Total amount of sleep remains the same
suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
The pineal Gland ____ melatonin
secretes
Strategy is the element of cognition most affected by ____ ____
arousal level
_____ in lower morning than afternoon
Perceptual
Visual identification efficiency ____ through the day while speed ____. In comprehension, in morning afternoon
decreases ; increases
__ folks are more affected by time of the day in performance than ___ folks.
Old ; young
The post-lunch dip” RT & attention impaired by ____ , not movement time and concentration
lunch
Timing of meals is an important ___
zeitgeber
The ___ ____: RT & attention impaired by linch, not movement time and concentration
post-lunch dip
___ of day affects performance, so people in repeated measures studies must be tested the same time each day
Time
In morning, ____ do better under high stress, introverts, under low stress— this reverses in evenings
extraverts
Jet lag can last up to ___ if you move 8 hours or more
5 days
Flying east causes phase advance, creating ___ jet lag, flying wet causes phase delay and less jet lag
more
It’s much easier to adjust from flying from ____ to ___
west to east
___ of day light cues out of sync with activity, social, and eating cues
Time
Health problems are associated with being on the ___ shift
night
___ shift should involve delay shifts rather than advance shifts
Rotating
__ improves alertness during night work when taking at the beginning
Caffeine
Having a __ in at some point during night shifts also increases performance
nap
Up to __ of accidents involve falling asleep while driving
20%
Caffeine increases vigilance and improves reaction time, but doesn’t increase ___ ___
physical control
_____ ___ ___Involves gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), estrogen
the menstrual cycle
__________ drop in hormones triggers release of GnRH, triggering FSH, causing ovarian follicle to mature.
Menstrual Phase (days 1-5):
___________ FSH stimulates release of estrogens, lining of uterus
Follicular phase (days 6-12)
__________ luteinizing hormone causes ovulation
Ovulatory Phase (days 13-15):
________: Empty follicle becomes corpus luteum, secreting progesterone, preventing more ova from maturing, thickening uterus. Corpus luteum disintegrates shortly if not supported by human chorionic gonadotrophin, secreted by new fetus.
Luteal Phase (days 16-23):
________________: disintegration of corpus luteum triggers sharp drop in estrogen and progesterone, causing thickened uterus to begin to disintegrate
Premenstrual phase (days 25-28):
Different women have ____ cycle lengths and timing
different
_____ has been viewed mostly negatively throughout history even though it’s mostly a minor inconvenience to most
Menstruation
a. Both cognitive abilities and mood influences have been investigated.
b. Studies are mostly correlational
c. Designating phases is difficult, usually involves counting days
d. Defining phases may be artificial
menstruation
Sampling often involves people who come for treatment, biasing results
Mood measures may be biased toward the negative, retrospective
Menstruation
Preovulatory rise in estrogen is associated with increases in ___ ____
ANS arousal
Rise in progesterone following ____ reduces ANS arousal
ovulation
___ ____ and performance peak at ovulation as does olfactory ability
Visual sensitivity
____ tastes normally becomes less pleasant after a sweet meal, but this shift is slowest around ovulation
Sweet
Sensitivity to pain may drop in the ___ ____
premenstrual phase
There appears to be no/sufficient (pick one) evidence to prove that premenstrual drop in cognitive performance– belief appears to be due to culturally- created mood changes
no
______ trades shift, with speed more common preovulation, accuracy post-ovulation
Speed/accuracy
Males with high testosterone and females with high estrogen tend to be good/bad (pick one) at automatized tasks
good
Women show higher/lower (pick one) manual dexterity (female advantage task) when estrogen and progesterone are high but lower rod and frame task performance (male advantage task)
higher
Testosterone ___ in males in fall than in spring, and spatial performance is higher in spring (apparently, optimal levels of testosterone for the task are lower than those in the average man but higher than those in the average woman)
higher
University students exam performance appears _____ by menstrual cycle phase
unaffected
Studies of work performance also appear to find no ___ ___ ___
menstrual cycle effects
Belief and PMS
Women told the EEG could predict next period (all were actually due in 6-7 days)
⅓ told period due in 2 days
⅓ told period due in 7 days
⅓ told nothing
___ symptoms predicted by day they were told
PMS
Worry often ______ performance
decreases
Monetary pressure often ____ performance
increases
Pressure on athletes is __ _____: it waxes and wanes during any contest
Think baseball– anxiety rises as you go on deck, falls as you return to the dugout
This complicates assessment of the effects of pressure on performance
not constant
Sports coaches and announcers believe strongly in ____. But a famous 1980s study found no evidence of streaks beyond random variation. More recent data casts doubt on this conclusion, seems to indicate _____ tied to pressure do occur
streaks
So why do elite athletes sometimes choke on simple plays?
The traditional explanation is that ____makes us focus conscious attention on what actually
anxiety
Researchers have made 2 assumptions about expertise:
Experts practice skills until they unreels _____ the same way each time (but experts actually vary movements more)
Expertise means automatic performance (but experts appear to monitor their movements more closely, not less)
automatically
Dart players actually alter their release points __ than ___ good players, compensating for minor variations in their throws
more ; less
____ argues for two aspects of cognitive control of motor actions
Performance effectiveness– do we accomplish the goal?
Processing efficiency– do we reach the goal with a minimum of unnecessary actions?
Eysenck
Attentional Control Theory
Focusing on things we need to do to accomplish the task
Not focusing on things we do not need to do
Processing efficiency
___ affects processing efficiency much more than performance effectiveness, probably because we can compensate by using more resources
Anxiety
The conscious, top-down, frontal lobe controlled, goal-directed system.
The more automatic, bottom-up, stimulus-driven attentional system
Two different attentional systems
____ competes with the goal-directed system for processing resources
Anxiety
_____ driven system becomes more important in our processing, and we revert to automatic habits when pressed
stimulus
If the automatic habits are the appropriate, ___ will increase our performance, and if they are not it will reduce it.
anxiety
If ___ shifts focus from the goal-directed attentional system to the stimulus driven attentional system, it means anxiety may increase the odds irrelevant stimuli interfere with our ability to the task.
anxiety
Has 3 main functions:
a. The inhibition functions keeps other stimuli from distracting us
b. The shifting function shifts our attention when we have to move to a different stimulus
The Central Executive
Eysenck created a special model for sports experts
Experts are well-practiced, very skilled, and have many _____ routines
Experts have had years to learn strategies for ___ distractions
automatized ; blocking
Even for experts, great amount of ____ impairs executive functioning
Includes impairing ability to inhibit irrelevant thoughts, ability to shift to new aspects of the task
anxiety
