Exam #1 Flashcards
Rigorously follows scientific method, meaning:
- Is strictly empirical ideals with things resolvable or verifiable by observation.
- Is as objective as possible
- Systematically collects data
- Defines terms precisely enough that the truth or falsity of assertions can be tested.
- seeks out disconfirming evidence
Cognitive psychology and science
____ blindly collecting data so it won’t be bias
objective data
_________ set up a procedure
systematically collect data
____ occurs largely in the head and isn’t directly observable. If you cant see it, you look at the effects it has. The results.
cognition
________, John Watson proposed we focus only on the observable. (stimuli & responses)
Behaviorism
People like ____ eventually demonstrated that much behavior could not be explained without reference to cognition
Tolman
___ cognitive psychology was born
1960
A _____ is an organizational framework used to describe processes. Based on inferences drawn form observations and experiments.
ex: “Heres how your brain is working”
model
___ an explanation for a bunch of data. explanations for facts
theory
- Quality of data
- Objective data collected using __________ is best
- Data that replicated
- Degree to which the model fits the data
- If the model fits the data, its a good model
- All models that fit the data equally well are equally good.
Is a model any good?
scientific method
- Finding data that doesn’t fit the model merely makes a flawed model. (it might still be the best we have)
- The only way to make a model go away is to create a model that ___________
- Whether you like the implications of the model or the model itself is completely irrelevant, and so is whether you believe in it or not.
Is a model any good?
fits the data better
Applied Research Essentials:
-To be applicable to real life, research and assessments of behavior must have two things:
a.
b.
a. Reliability
b. Validity
Do the results of our studies point to the same conclusions when collected by different people at different times or using different methodologies? This is known as ________?
Research Reliability
_____ ____ : were procedures to ensure experimental control of variables and proper sampling followed? this known as _____?
Internal Validity
_____ _____ : Do the results relate to the real world?
Ecological Validity
______ ___ and ____ ___ represent contradictory but equally valid concerns.
Internal Validity and Ecological Validity
When you develop ___ ___ you do not have to give your conscious attentions to things
motor skills
_____________ involve learning to link perceptions to motor actions without cognitive involvement.
perceptual- motor tasks
________ involve some cognitive processing- simple perception isn’t sufficient- involves nontrivial processing of a cognitive processing
cognitive-motor tasks
____ refers to innate and biological attributes that determine our potential at a given task.
Ability
____ refers to developed abilities as ____ increases, ability to do concurrent tasks increases.
Skills
_____ __ ____ involves gradual development with practice and diminishing requirement for concentration. Through repeated practice you have reduced cognitive inputs and go auto pilot.
Acquisition of skill
____ ___ ____ development of a motor program as a mental representation of the skin and how to perform it from instruction
or verbal description.
The Cognitive Stage ( stage 1 )
- The Three Stage Model
___ ____ ___ - you play less attention, your getting better. The motor program is developed but subtasks comprising the skills behavior aren’t yet fluent. The somatosensory sense gives feedback to compare to the motor control plan, leading to lower-level, closed loop control.
The Associative Stage ( stage 2)
- The Three Stage Model
The ___________ - the skills is largely under automatic control. Execution now relies on implicit rules. YOUVE LEARNED IT ! You do not have to think about how you do the stage.
The autonomous stage (stage 3)
___ ___ is superior to massed practice.
Ex: I’m going to play piano all day until I get it right. You will be more skilled in 8hrs that are SCATTERED rather than 1 hour 8 hrs sessions.
Spaced practice
____ even if you’re high in aptitude
practice
Driving uses ___ ___ skills while driving and when you use cellphones it takes away that ____ level from driving. That is why when you are talking on the phone you are less safe.
high cognitive
Use of cell phone while driving results in ___ reaction times to stimuli as well as ___ in risky behavior like following too close.
increased
The ____ ___ reduces conscious attention to ____ ____ and also reduces monitoring of risk
competing tasks ; sensory inputs
With ___ people often can manage two tasks at once. ____ allows us to make bigger chunks and to use free time to process other material (ex: reading and walking)
practice
Massive performance decrement under pressure of competition vs performance in practice falls under what law? ____________
Yerkes Dodson Law
Non-stimulating environments, sedatives, alcohol, fatigue reduce arousal. Stimulants, noice, threats, incentives ____ ____
increase arousal
Libert and Morris split anxiety into two components, _____ & ____
emotionality and worry
____ is associated with lower performance, but not emotionality
worry
_____ ____
- we increase our worries
- what lower your performance is too much worrying
- taking TOO much cognitive attention from the task and using it towards thinking about the worries
anxiety responses
_____ ___ use high levels of automaticity.. Conscious processing of those skills returns us to earlier states when we were less skilled
Autonomous skills
elevated ____ narrows the attentional spotlight, causing neglect of task-relevant stimulus elements, and processing of task irrelevant worries
arousal
once you do something ____ you do better than doing it ____
unconsciously ‘ consciously
____ tries to ensure the corrected of execution when we’re under pressure, but consciousness doesn’t have knowledge of the actual skills and thus reduces performance.
consciousness
Make objects that call up similar actions but need different treatment as different in appearance as possible in locations, color, and shape.
Designing Error-Proof Systems
Capture errors in computer operation can be reduced by requiring confirmation steps for computer actions like ____
Designing Error-Proof Systems
-deletion
____ Should be designed so their appearance suggests their operation- arranging stove knobs in the pattern of the burners.
Devices
- Bottom-Up Visual Processing
- Encompassed by ethological theory
- First proposed by ____
-Gibson
Involves ____ ____ (visual cortex)
-helps us see better
Bottom-up visual cortex
- Less available to consciousness
- Better at handling motion-based tasks
- FASTER
Bottom-up visual cortex
- more concerned with what were seeing, not where it is or what were going to do with it
- both involved in dual perception
- working together all the time
Top- down visual cortex
encompassed by constructivist theory
Top-Down Visual Cortex
MORE available to consciousness
Top-Down Visual Cortex
Contrast Between The Systems
The _____ ___ is view-centered, dealing with our reactions in relation to where we are compared to the object.
-Less concerned with the object’s attributes more concerned with its position relative to us.
____ ___ is vier-centric
dorsal stream
The ____ __ is object-centered, dealing with details of the object and what the object is more than where it is relative to us.
ventral stream
The ___ __ can underestimate distances to smaller objects because it judges distance by object qualities like overall size, not things like changes in closing distance.
ex: right mirror on the car “objects may be closer than you think”
ventral system
the ___ __ is object-centered, dealing with details of the object and what the object is more than where it is relative to us.
The _____ ___ can underestimate distances to smaller objects because it judges distance by objects qualities like overall size, not things like changes in closing distance.
ventral system
____ : viewer centered, where they are
dorsol
____ : what something is
ventricle
Every culture invents ___
music
Cultural Universals
___ uses rhythms, melodies, harmonies. ____ appears to be wired into us – it doesn’t have to be learned
Music
Tones that are in proximity with each other in frequency are grouped. This is known as __________
Ex: notes played by the same instrument or sung by the same voice
Gestalt Principles
Notes that are close together in time are ___
grouped
Composers and musicians use ___, ___, and ____ to separate melodies.
Loudness, pitch, and location
___ recordings are preferred to mono mostly for this reason
stereo
___ will put melody in one person’s voice, and harmony will be sung by a person with. a contrasting voice.
Bands
____ are ___ appreciating music and responding to it.
- through enculturation, we learn common musical tropes– rhythms, note combinations, etc.
- This is why new music takes some getting use to– you have to learn the tropes
Babies ; born
Acquiring musical skill in a culture involves:
a. _______ : learning the phrases and tropes of your culture
b. _____ learning to produce music, play instruments, control voice, recognize perfect pitch
a. enculturation
b. training
