Exam 3 Flashcards
What is the purpose of Freud’s defense mechanisms
conflict in the id, superego, and ego results in anxiety. Mechanisms reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
what are Freud’s defense mechanisms
repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, sublimation
what is the id
instincts. the id wants immediate gratification, it operates in the unconscious and attempts to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives
what is the super ego
our internalized set of ideals, its the voice of our conscience, judging our actions and producing feelings of pride or guilt
what is ego
deals with demands of reality
What are the components of Freud’s psychoanalytic view of personality?
childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality
What ideas did Freud’s followers most disagree with?
Freud followers didn’t agree with him on the idea of it all being about/based on sex and aggression
what are humanistic theories
They stress a persons capacity for personal growth, free will, and positive qualities.
What are the most widely accepted traits?
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, Neutrocism
How are traits measured?
Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI) and results are interpreted by a trained psychologist and intended to diagnose
MMPI
it was originally intended to identify disorders but is now often used to asses personality traits, screen job candidates, etc.
fundamental attribution error
our tendency to underestimate the situational influences on the behaviors of others
(when someone driving cuts us off, we tend to call them an idiot without knowing whats going on with them)
cognitive dissonance
discomfort is caused by two dissonant thoughts
‘end of world’ group thot world would end 12/12/1954 but when it didn’t they then believed they had saved the world
bystander effect
individuals are less likely to help in an emergency when others are present
social facilitation
is the tendency for people to perform differently when in the presence of others than when alone. in the presence of others we do better on simple tasks but worse on complex or new things)
social loafing
is the phenomenon of a person exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone
deindividuation
psychological state in which a person has a reduced sense of individuality and personal responsibility, due to the anonymity of being in a group of people
group polarization
tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the original thoughts of its members.
difference between prejudice and discrimination
prejudice is belief and attitude while discrimination is action and behavior
What factors influence the likelihood that someone will help another person?
if they see an example of helping, victim needs or ‘deserves’ help, victim is similar to us or attractive, feel guilty, or if person is in a good mood
what is altruism
it is selflessness, the principle or practice of concern for the welfare of others.
foot in the door phenomenon
when a small request is initially made in order to get a person to later agree to a bigger request. (Example would be friend asks to borrow small amount of money, then later asks for a large amount.)
how can one define a psychological disorder
condition in which behavior is judged
How does the biopsychosocial model enrich our understanding of disorders?
assumes that biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors interact to produce psychological disorders
anxiety disorder
distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
generalized anxiety disorder
tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal (considered to have this if anxiety persists for 6months or longer and often occurs alongside depression)
panic disorder
recurrent, sudden onset of intense terror that often has no warning. symptoms are similar to feeling of a heart attack
OCD
unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
mood disorders
marked by distinctive lack of pleasure in life
major depressive disorder
for no apparent reason, person experiences 2+ weeks depressed moods, feeling of worthlessness, and diminished pleasure. Daily functioning is impaired.
what causes mood disorders and how do they develop
genetic influences, brain structure (smaller frontal lobes or damage to an area in the brain), brain chemistry (many depressed ppl have low lvls of neurotransmitter), negative events
how is schizophrenia diagnosed
individuals must have 2+ symptoms including: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized/inappropriate behaviors, and absence of normal behaviors or emotional responses
what are the types of schizophrenia
paranoid, catatonic, disorganized
biological influences of schizophrenia
- brain structure- abnormalities in structure/activity lvls of some areas of brain like frontal lobe of cortex and thalamus
psychotherapy
emotionally charged interation
psychodynamic therapy
tries to help ppl identify recurring themes or conflicts in relationships from childhood to adult years. it is briefer, more directed, and less focused on the id, sex, and aggression. More focused on ego
what does Humanistic therapy emphasize
emphasizes conscious thought, the present, self- healing capacities, and emphasis on psychological growth
Goals of humanistic therapy
encourage ppl to understand themselves and promote personal growth
Behavior therapy
emphasizes learning principles utilized for elimination of unwanted thoughts and is symptom oriented
counterconditioning
conditioning new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors (based on classical cond.)
what techniques does behavior therapy use
classical conditioning techniques like counter conditioning and systematic desensatization, adversive conditioning, and operant conditioning techniques like flooding
what is emphasis on cognitive therapies
thoughts occur between events and emtions
goals of cognitive therapies
cognitive restructuring (change the way you think)
psychopharmacology
study of effects of drugs on mind and behavior
anti psychotic drugs or ‘major tranquilizers’
block dopamine and have tons of side effects. 2/3 ppl stop taking b/c of side effects. ex: thorazine
anti-anxiety drugs
used to treat panic disorder and generalized anxiety. Ex :xanax or ativan
psychoanalysis
attempts to help ppl gain insight into unconcious origins of their disorder
anti depressants
generally increases serotonin lvl. Ex; prozac, zoloft
electroconvulsive therapy (shock therapy)
for severely depressed ppl.
what is psychosurgery
surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in effort to change behavior. Ex: lobotomy
repression
push unaccepted impulses out of awareness
regression
revert to behavior from earlier stage
reaction formation
switch unacceptable impulses into their opposites
projection
disguise your own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
rationalization
offers self justifying explanations in place of the real reason for one’s actions
displacement
shifts sexual aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable object/person
sublimation
transform unwanted impulses into something acceptable
openness
tolerance for new ideas and ways of doing things
concentiousness
tendency to show self discipline. planned rather than spontaneous behavior
extraversion
preference for social interaction and high activity level
agreeableness
orientation toward compassion and caring for others
neutrocism
tendency toward negative emotionality and emotional instability
