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Psyc101 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

how do we learn?

A

linking 2 events together

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2
Q

components of classical conditioning

A
  1. unconditioned stimulus (like ice cream)
  2. unconditioned response,- unlearned reflexive response to us (like salivation)
  3. conditioned stimulus- after many us/ns pairings ns becomes cs (like ice cream truck song)
  4. conditioned response
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3
Q

aquisition

A

neutral response becomes conditioned stimulus

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4
Q

extinction

A

extinction is the diminishing of a conditioned response. it is accomplished when US doesn’t follow CR across repeated trials

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5
Q

what is spontaneous recovery

A

it is the reappearance of an extinguished condition response.

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6
Q

generalization

A

tendency for stimuli similar to CS to evoke similar responses

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7
Q

discrimmination

A

distinguishes between CS and similar stimuli (like salivating to one taylor swift song but not others)

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8
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed y punishment

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9
Q

what is a reinforcer/reinforcement

A

any event that increases the likelihood of behavior it follows

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10
Q

what is shaping

A

process of rewarding closer and closer approximations of a desired behavior

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11
Q

what is continuous reinforcement

A

reinforcing the response each time it occurs, learning occurs rapidly

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12
Q

what is partial or intermittent reinforcement

A

reinforcing a response only occasionally. comes with slower aquisition

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13
Q

positive reinforcement

A

adding stimulus. ex: food and money

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14
Q

negative reinforcement

A

take away stimulus: ex: medicine b/c it takes away

pain, plugging in a seat belt so the car beep goes away

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15
Q

positive punishment

A

(adding stimulus) like spanking

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16
Q

negative punishment

A

(taking away stimulus) like a time out = losing freedom,

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17
Q

drawbacks of punishment

A
  1. punished behavior isnt forgotten, rather surpressed
  2. causes increased aggression because its showing that it is a way to cope
  3. creates fear that may overgeneralize (fear of school, learned helplessness)
  4. doesnt always guide toward desired behavior
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18
Q

what is observational learning

A

idea that we dont learn everything by doing it, rather through modeling, vicarious reinforcement or punishment, and mirror neurons

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19
Q

what is prosocial behavior

A

positive, constructive, helpful behavior

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20
Q

what does memory do>

A

memory organizes, stores, alters, and retrieves information

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21
Q

Model of memory: sensory memory

A

different for each sense

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22
Q

Model of memory: auditory sensory memory

A

(echoic memory) seconds of verbal material (speech)

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23
Q

Model of memory: Short term memory/working memory

A

activated memory that holds a few items for up to 20 seconds unless rehearsed. capacity is 7+/- 2 chunks of info

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24
Q

implicit

A

not consciously accessible to us / nondeclarative

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25
Q

explicit

A

conscious recollection, like facts/ declarative

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26
Q

consolidation

A

process by which short term memory can be encoded to form long term memories

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27
Q

Spacing effect

A

we remember better if we study and practice spread over time

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28
Q

distributed practice

A

produces better long term recall

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29
Q

mass practice

A

produces speedy short term learning and feelings of conifdence

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30
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

cannot form new explicit memories but can learn new skills and be classical conditioned because of damage to the hippocampus

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31
Q

what causes forgetting

A

storage decay, retrieval failure, interference

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32
Q

retrieval

A

memories are linked in a web of associations called retrieval cues, the more you have, the better chance of finding retrieval path

33
Q

context effects

A

retrieval works best in context of original learning

34
Q

problem solving: algorithms

A

methodical rule based approach to problem solving (math problems or income taxes)

35
Q

Problem solving: heuristics

A

an educated guess based on prior experiences

36
Q

overconfidence

A

tend to be more confident than correct

37
Q

belief perserverence

A

cling to beliefs even after evidence proves us wrong

38
Q

insight

A

sudden perception of a solution to a problem (like jokes, dont get it till the end)

39
Q

framing

A

judgement influenced by how issue is posed (ex: when buying ground beef, it could be represented as 10% fat or 90% lean)

40
Q

fixation

A

difficulty seeing a problem from a new perspective

41
Q

mental set

A

we tend to use approaches that have worked in the past

42
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency to search for evidence that fits ones beleifs

43
Q

what does it mean to be intelligent

A

goal directed and adaptive behavior which involves certain abilities like reasoning effectively, profiting from experience, and solving problems

44
Q

general intelligence (g)

A

single factor that underlies specific mental abilities and is measured by every task on intelligence tests

45
Q

savant syndrome

A

condition in which person otherwise limited in mental ability has amazing specific skill. like drawing, language, or computation

46
Q

multiple intelligence theory: Gardner’s theory

A

no research to support it, yet it is still used in k-12 classrooms

47
Q

multiple intelligence theory: sternbergs theory

A

street smarts:

  1. analytical intelligence- mental steps or components used to solve problems
  2. creative intelligence- use of experience in ways that foster insight
  3. practical intelligence: ability to read
48
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

knowledge increases with age

49
Q

fluid intelligence

A

ability to reason speedily and abstractly, decreases with age

50
Q

heritability

A

proportion of variation among individuals that can be attributed by genes

51
Q

genetic influences

A

most genetically similar people have the most similar scores

52
Q

what is IQ

A

historically, the ratio of mental age to chronological age times 100

53
Q

types of intelligence tests

A
  1. wechsler adult intell. scale (wais)

2. wechsler intell. scale for children (wisc)

54
Q

motivation concepts

A

need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

55
Q

motivation: drive reduction theory

A

physiological need creates drive that motivates an organism

56
Q

motivation: arousal theory

A

we are motivated to engage in behaviors that either increase or decrease arousal levels:
1. high arousal levels motivate behaviors that will lower these levels and visa versa

57
Q

homeostatsis

A

tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state

58
Q

incentive

A

positive/negative environmental stimulus that motivated behavior

59
Q

insulin

A

regulates glucose in blood

60
Q

grehlin

A

secreted by our empty stomach

61
Q

leptin

A

secreted by fat cells, it decreases food intake and increases motabolism

62
Q

what does hypothalamus have to do with hunger

A

hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions (four F’s)

63
Q

what factors influence obesity

A
  1. genetics- obese parents more likely to have obese kids
  2. set point- weight if no effort is made to gain or lose weight
  3. metabolism slows if you decrease caloric intake
64
Q

what are the benefits of belonging

A
  1. survival value
  2. when psychological needs are satisifed, a deep sense of well being results
  3. anxiety, lonliness, jealousy, or guilt follow when something threatens or dissolves social ties
65
Q

what happens when someone is “shut out”

A
  1. ostracism causes real pain
  2. social isolation/rejection foster depressed moods or emotional numbness and can trigger aggression
  3. risk of mental decline and ill health
66
Q

main emotions/ primary affects

A

happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, anger, disgust

67
Q

james lange theory

A

feelings follow our bodys response (heart doesnt pound cause youre scared, youre scared b/c heart pounds)

68
Q

cannon bard theory

A

experience of emotion and the physiological arousal are triggered at same time

69
Q

schater -sing two- facory theory

A

physiological arousal and and cognitive label necessary for subjective experience of emotion

70
Q

what is stress

A

appraising an event as either threatening or challenging and responding

71
Q

what are some major life events that are stressors?

A

divorce, moving, job loss, marriage, and the most stressful life change is death of spouse

72
Q

what are daily hassles

A

regularly occurring conditions and experiences that can threaten or harm well being. they are linked to nervousness, worrying, sadness, and lonliness

73
Q

general adaptaion syndrome and phases

A

bodys adaptive response to stress (3 stages)

  1. alarm
  2. resistance
  3. exhaustion (if you havent dealt with stressor in few months)
74
Q

what is personal control

A

do we perceive having control of our environment

75
Q

what is learned helplessnes

A

involves dramatic forms of llss of control and may result in negative health consequences

76
Q

social support

A

people supported by close relationships are less likely to die early

77
Q

benefits of aerobic exercise

A

increases heart and lung fitness, reduces stress,depression, and anxiety, can weaken genetic risk for obesity, and increases quality/quantity of life

78
Q

benefits of relaxation and meditation

A

relief from headaches, high blood pressure, anxiety and insomnia

Psyc101 (3 decks)

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