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Psyc101 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

how do we learn?

A

linking 2 events together

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2
Q

components of classical conditioning

A
  1. unconditioned stimulus (like ice cream)
  2. unconditioned response,- unlearned reflexive response to us (like salivation)
  3. conditioned stimulus- after many us/ns pairings ns becomes cs (like ice cream truck song)
  4. conditioned response
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3
Q

aquisition

A

neutral response becomes conditioned stimulus

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4
Q

extinction

A

extinction is the diminishing of a conditioned response. it is accomplished when US doesn’t follow CR across repeated trials

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5
Q

what is spontaneous recovery

A

it is the reappearance of an extinguished condition response.

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6
Q

generalization

A

tendency for stimuli similar to CS to evoke similar responses

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7
Q

discrimmination

A

distinguishes between CS and similar stimuli (like salivating to one taylor swift song but not others)

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8
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed y punishment

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9
Q

what is a reinforcer/reinforcement

A

any event that increases the likelihood of behavior it follows

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10
Q

what is shaping

A

process of rewarding closer and closer approximations of a desired behavior

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11
Q

what is continuous reinforcement

A

reinforcing the response each time it occurs, learning occurs rapidly

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12
Q

what is partial or intermittent reinforcement

A

reinforcing a response only occasionally. comes with slower aquisition

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13
Q

positive reinforcement

A

adding stimulus. ex: food and money

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14
Q

negative reinforcement

A

take away stimulus: ex: medicine b/c it takes away

pain, plugging in a seat belt so the car beep goes away

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15
Q

positive punishment

A

(adding stimulus) like spanking

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16
Q

negative punishment

A

(taking away stimulus) like a time out = losing freedom,

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17
Q

drawbacks of punishment

A
  1. punished behavior isnt forgotten, rather surpressed
  2. causes increased aggression because its showing that it is a way to cope
  3. creates fear that may overgeneralize (fear of school, learned helplessness)
  4. doesnt always guide toward desired behavior
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18
Q

what is observational learning

A

idea that we dont learn everything by doing it, rather through modeling, vicarious reinforcement or punishment, and mirror neurons

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19
Q

what is prosocial behavior

A

positive, constructive, helpful behavior

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20
Q

what does memory do>

A

memory organizes, stores, alters, and retrieves information

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21
Q

Model of memory: sensory memory

A

different for each sense

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22
Q

Model of memory: auditory sensory memory

A

(echoic memory) seconds of verbal material (speech)

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23
Q

Model of memory: Short term memory/working memory

A

activated memory that holds a few items for up to 20 seconds unless rehearsed. capacity is 7+/- 2 chunks of info

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24
Q

implicit

A

not consciously accessible to us / nondeclarative

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25
explicit
conscious recollection, like facts/ declarative
26
consolidation
process by which short term memory can be encoded to form long term memories
27
Spacing effect
we remember better if we study and practice spread over time
28
distributed practice
produces better long term recall
29
mass practice
produces speedy short term learning and feelings of conifdence
30
anterograde amnesia
cannot form new explicit memories but can learn new skills and be classical conditioned because of damage to the hippocampus
31
what causes forgetting
storage decay, retrieval failure, interference
32
retrieval
memories are linked in a web of associations called retrieval cues, the more you have, the better chance of finding retrieval path
33
context effects
retrieval works best in context of original learning
34
problem solving: algorithms
methodical rule based approach to problem solving (math problems or income taxes)
35
Problem solving: heuristics
an educated guess based on prior experiences
36
overconfidence
tend to be more confident than correct
37
belief perserverence
cling to beliefs even after evidence proves us wrong
38
insight
sudden perception of a solution to a problem (like jokes, dont get it till the end)
39
framing
judgement influenced by how issue is posed (ex: when buying ground beef, it could be represented as 10% fat or 90% lean)
40
fixation
difficulty seeing a problem from a new perspective
41
mental set
we tend to use approaches that have worked in the past
42
confirmation bias
tendency to search for evidence that fits ones beleifs
43
what does it mean to be intelligent
goal directed and adaptive behavior which involves certain abilities like reasoning effectively, profiting from experience, and solving problems
44
general intelligence (g)
single factor that underlies specific mental abilities and is measured by every task on intelligence tests
45
savant syndrome
condition in which person otherwise limited in mental ability has amazing specific skill. like drawing, language, or computation
46
multiple intelligence theory: Gardner's theory
no research to support it, yet it is still used in k-12 classrooms
47
multiple intelligence theory: sternbergs theory
street smarts: 1. analytical intelligence- mental steps or components used to solve problems 2. creative intelligence- use of experience in ways that foster insight 3. practical intelligence: ability to read
48
crystallized intelligence
knowledge increases with age
49
fluid intelligence
ability to reason speedily and abstractly, decreases with age
50
heritability
proportion of variation among individuals that can be attributed by genes
51
genetic influences
most genetically similar people have the most similar scores
52
what is IQ
historically, the ratio of mental age to chronological age times 100
53
types of intelligence tests
1. wechsler adult intell. scale (wais) | 2. wechsler intell. scale for children (wisc)
54
motivation concepts
need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
55
motivation: drive reduction theory
physiological need creates drive that motivates an organism
56
motivation: arousal theory
we are motivated to engage in behaviors that either increase or decrease arousal levels: 1. high arousal levels motivate behaviors that will lower these levels and visa versa
57
homeostatsis
tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
58
incentive
positive/negative environmental stimulus that motivated behavior
59
insulin
regulates glucose in blood
60
grehlin
secreted by our empty stomach
61
leptin
secreted by fat cells, it decreases food intake and increases motabolism
62
what does hypothalamus have to do with hunger
hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions (four F's)
63
what factors influence obesity
1. genetics- obese parents more likely to have obese kids 2. set point- weight if no effort is made to gain or lose weight 3. metabolism slows if you decrease caloric intake
64
what are the benefits of belonging
1. survival value 2. when psychological needs are satisifed, a deep sense of well being results 3. anxiety, lonliness, jealousy, or guilt follow when something threatens or dissolves social ties
65
what happens when someone is "shut out"
1. ostracism causes real pain 2. social isolation/rejection foster depressed moods or emotional numbness and can trigger aggression 3. risk of mental decline and ill health
66
main emotions/ primary affects
happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, anger, disgust
67
james lange theory
feelings follow our bodys response (heart doesnt pound cause youre scared, youre scared b/c heart pounds)
68
cannon bard theory
experience of emotion and the physiological arousal are triggered at same time
69
schater -sing two- facory theory
physiological arousal and and cognitive label necessary for subjective experience of emotion
70
what is stress
appraising an event as either threatening or challenging and responding
71
what are some major life events that are stressors?
divorce, moving, job loss, marriage, and the most stressful life change is death of spouse
72
what are daily hassles
regularly occurring conditions and experiences that can threaten or harm well being. they are linked to nervousness, worrying, sadness, and lonliness
73
general adaptaion syndrome and phases
bodys adaptive response to stress (3 stages) 1. alarm 2. resistance 3. exhaustion (if you havent dealt with stressor in few months)
74
what is personal control
do we perceive having control of our environment
75
what is learned helplessnes
involves dramatic forms of llss of control and may result in negative health consequences
76
social support
people supported by close relationships are less likely to die early
77
benefits of aerobic exercise
increases heart and lung fitness, reduces stress,depression, and anxiety, can weaken genetic risk for obesity, and increases quality/quantity of life
78
benefits of relaxation and meditation
relief from headaches, high blood pressure, anxiety and insomnia

Psyc101 (3 decks)

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