Exam 2 Flashcards
how do we learn?
linking 2 events together
components of classical conditioning
- unconditioned stimulus (like ice cream)
- unconditioned response,- unlearned reflexive response to us (like salivation)
- conditioned stimulus- after many us/ns pairings ns becomes cs (like ice cream truck song)
- conditioned response
aquisition
neutral response becomes conditioned stimulus
extinction
extinction is the diminishing of a conditioned response. it is accomplished when US doesn’t follow CR across repeated trials
what is spontaneous recovery
it is the reappearance of an extinguished condition response.
generalization
tendency for stimuli similar to CS to evoke similar responses
discrimmination
distinguishes between CS and similar stimuli (like salivating to one taylor swift song but not others)
what is operant conditioning
learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed y punishment
what is a reinforcer/reinforcement
any event that increases the likelihood of behavior it follows
what is shaping
process of rewarding closer and closer approximations of a desired behavior
what is continuous reinforcement
reinforcing the response each time it occurs, learning occurs rapidly
what is partial or intermittent reinforcement
reinforcing a response only occasionally. comes with slower aquisition
positive reinforcement
adding stimulus. ex: food and money
negative reinforcement
take away stimulus: ex: medicine b/c it takes away
pain, plugging in a seat belt so the car beep goes away
positive punishment
(adding stimulus) like spanking
negative punishment
(taking away stimulus) like a time out = losing freedom,
drawbacks of punishment
- punished behavior isnt forgotten, rather surpressed
- causes increased aggression because its showing that it is a way to cope
- creates fear that may overgeneralize (fear of school, learned helplessness)
- doesnt always guide toward desired behavior
what is observational learning
idea that we dont learn everything by doing it, rather through modeling, vicarious reinforcement or punishment, and mirror neurons
what is prosocial behavior
positive, constructive, helpful behavior
what does memory do>
memory organizes, stores, alters, and retrieves information
Model of memory: sensory memory
different for each sense
Model of memory: auditory sensory memory
(echoic memory) seconds of verbal material (speech)
Model of memory: Short term memory/working memory
activated memory that holds a few items for up to 20 seconds unless rehearsed. capacity is 7+/- 2 chunks of info
implicit
not consciously accessible to us / nondeclarative
explicit
conscious recollection, like facts/ declarative
consolidation
process by which short term memory can be encoded to form long term memories
Spacing effect
we remember better if we study and practice spread over time
distributed practice
produces better long term recall
mass practice
produces speedy short term learning and feelings of conifdence
anterograde amnesia
cannot form new explicit memories but can learn new skills and be classical conditioned because of damage to the hippocampus
what causes forgetting
storage decay, retrieval failure, interference
retrieval
memories are linked in a web of associations called retrieval cues, the more you have, the better chance of finding retrieval path
context effects
retrieval works best in context of original learning
problem solving: algorithms
methodical rule based approach to problem solving (math problems or income taxes)
Problem solving: heuristics
an educated guess based on prior experiences
overconfidence
tend to be more confident than correct
belief perserverence
cling to beliefs even after evidence proves us wrong
insight
sudden perception of a solution to a problem (like jokes, dont get it till the end)
framing
judgement influenced by how issue is posed (ex: when buying ground beef, it could be represented as 10% fat or 90% lean)
fixation
difficulty seeing a problem from a new perspective
mental set
we tend to use approaches that have worked in the past
confirmation bias
tendency to search for evidence that fits ones beleifs
what does it mean to be intelligent
goal directed and adaptive behavior which involves certain abilities like reasoning effectively, profiting from experience, and solving problems
general intelligence (g)
single factor that underlies specific mental abilities and is measured by every task on intelligence tests
savant syndrome
condition in which person otherwise limited in mental ability has amazing specific skill. like drawing, language, or computation
multiple intelligence theory: Gardner’s theory
no research to support it, yet it is still used in k-12 classrooms
multiple intelligence theory: sternbergs theory
street smarts:
- analytical intelligence- mental steps or components used to solve problems
- creative intelligence- use of experience in ways that foster insight
- practical intelligence: ability to read
crystallized intelligence
knowledge increases with age
fluid intelligence
ability to reason speedily and abstractly, decreases with age
heritability
proportion of variation among individuals that can be attributed by genes
genetic influences
most genetically similar people have the most similar scores
what is IQ
historically, the ratio of mental age to chronological age times 100
types of intelligence tests
- wechsler adult intell. scale (wais)
2. wechsler intell. scale for children (wisc)
motivation concepts
need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
motivation: drive reduction theory
physiological need creates drive that motivates an organism
motivation: arousal theory
we are motivated to engage in behaviors that either increase or decrease arousal levels:
1. high arousal levels motivate behaviors that will lower these levels and visa versa
homeostatsis
tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
incentive
positive/negative environmental stimulus that motivated behavior
insulin
regulates glucose in blood
grehlin
secreted by our empty stomach
leptin
secreted by fat cells, it decreases food intake and increases motabolism
what does hypothalamus have to do with hunger
hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions (four F’s)
what factors influence obesity
- genetics- obese parents more likely to have obese kids
- set point- weight if no effort is made to gain or lose weight
- metabolism slows if you decrease caloric intake
what are the benefits of belonging
- survival value
- when psychological needs are satisifed, a deep sense of well being results
- anxiety, lonliness, jealousy, or guilt follow when something threatens or dissolves social ties
what happens when someone is “shut out”
- ostracism causes real pain
- social isolation/rejection foster depressed moods or emotional numbness and can trigger aggression
- risk of mental decline and ill health
main emotions/ primary affects
happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, anger, disgust
james lange theory
feelings follow our bodys response (heart doesnt pound cause youre scared, youre scared b/c heart pounds)
cannon bard theory
experience of emotion and the physiological arousal are triggered at same time
schater -sing two- facory theory
physiological arousal and and cognitive label necessary for subjective experience of emotion
what is stress
appraising an event as either threatening or challenging and responding
what are some major life events that are stressors?
divorce, moving, job loss, marriage, and the most stressful life change is death of spouse
what are daily hassles
regularly occurring conditions and experiences that can threaten or harm well being. they are linked to nervousness, worrying, sadness, and lonliness
general adaptaion syndrome and phases
bodys adaptive response to stress (3 stages)
- alarm
- resistance
- exhaustion (if you havent dealt with stressor in few months)
what is personal control
do we perceive having control of our environment
what is learned helplessnes
involves dramatic forms of llss of control and may result in negative health consequences
social support
people supported by close relationships are less likely to die early
benefits of aerobic exercise
increases heart and lung fitness, reduces stress,depression, and anxiety, can weaken genetic risk for obesity, and increases quality/quantity of life
benefits of relaxation and meditation
relief from headaches, high blood pressure, anxiety and insomnia
