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Brain And Behavior > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Biological processes that keep certain body variabls within fixed ranger

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2
Q

Set point

A

Single value the body works to maintain

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3
Q

Negative feedback

A

Processes that reduce discrepencies from the set point

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4
Q

Allostasis

A

Adaptive way the body changes its set point in response to environmental changes

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5
Q

Basal metabolism

A

Energy used to maintain constant body temperature while at rest

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6
Q

Poikilothermic

A

Body temperature matches environment like cold blooded

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7
Q

Homeothermic

A

Internal phyisological mechanisms to marinating body temp like warm blooded stuff

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8
Q

Preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus (pop/ah)

A

Regulates body temperature

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9
Q

Vasopressin

A

Antidirutetic hormaone
From hypothalamus
Makes you lose LESS water

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10
Q

Osmotic thirst

A

From eating salty foods
Too high solute concentration
Pressure detected by volt and subfornical organ (leaky blood brain barrier)

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11
Q

Hypovolemic thirst

A

From loss of fluids like bleeding or sweating

Triggered by vasopressin and angiotensin II

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12
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Tendency of water to flow across a membrane from area of low solute concentration to area of high solute concentration

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13
Q

Supraotoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus

A

Both control rate at which posterior pituitary releases vasopressin
Important in osmotic thirst

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14
Q

Angiotensin II

A

Constricts blood vessels and increases drinking for Hypovolemic thirst

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15
Q

Sodium specific hunger

A

Strong salty food cravings
To restore blood solute levels
Aldosterone changes taste receptors

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16
Q

What should you drink when

A

Osmotic - pure water to dilute

Hypovolemic - salty water to rehydrate overall

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17
Q

Sham feeding experiments

A

Chew and swallow but food doesnt reach stomach

Did not reach satiatiety

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18
Q

Main signal to stop eating

A

Distinction (stretch) of stomach or duodenum

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19
Q

Duodenum

A

Part of small intestine where initial nutrient absorption occurs

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20
Q

Vagus nerve

A

Conveys no about stomach stretch to brain

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21
Q

Splanchnic nerve

A

Convey info about nutrient contents of stomach

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22
Q

CCK

A

Regulates hunger
Released by duodenum
Closes sphincter

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23
Q

Insulin

A

Enables glucose to enter cells

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24
Q

Lepton

A

Signals the Brian to decrease eating

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25
Q

Arcuate nucleus

A

Master area of control of appetite

Part of hypothalamus

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26
Q

Ghrelin

A

Axons release this NT in brain and hormone in stomach to make hungry

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27
Q

Paraventricular nucleus

A

Inhibits lateral hypothalamus

Important for satiety

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28
Q

Melanocortin

A

Chemical important for limiting food intake

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29
Q

Orexin

A

Released by lateral hypothalamus
Increases persistence in seeking food
Responds to incentives and reinforcement

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30
Q

Ventormedial hypothalamus

A

Inhibits feeding

Damage causes over eating

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31
Q

Mutated gene receptor to melanocortin

A

Overeat and become obese

Usually a neuropeptide that limits food intake

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32
Q

Syndrome obesity

A

Caused by medical condition like prader-William syndrome

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33
Q

Prader-William syndrome

A

Genetic condition marked by mental retardation
Short and fat
Ghrelin 5x

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34
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

An eating disorder in which people alternate between extreme dieting and binges of overeating

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35
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A

Autonomic arousal & skeletal action occur first in emotion
Felt emotion is label to arousal of organ or muscle
Result of body action like SUDDEN onset of panic attack symptoms

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36
Q

Möbius syndrome

A

Can’t move face

Proof that emotions dont require body movement

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37
Q

Behavioral activation system

A

Activation of frontal and temporal lobe in left hem
Approach
Low to moderate arousal
Happy or angry

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38
Q

Behavioral inhibition system

A

Front and temp in right side
Attention and arousal
Inhibits action
Emotions such as fear and disgust

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39
Q

Emotion practical?

A

Quick and moral decisions

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40
Q

Hormones

A

Also influence aggressive behavior

Like testosterone

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41
Q

Triple imbalance hypothesis

A

Violence depends on testosterone cortisol and serotonin
Aggression highest when cortisol is low, and test is high
Serotonin inhibits violent tendencies

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42
Q

Low serotonin release

A

Aggressive behavior

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43
Q

Startle reflex

A

Ultra fast response to unexpected noise
Present in infants
Can be reduced by mood or situation

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44
Q

Amygdala

A

Responds to fear stim directed at u not just near you

Also to stuff not percieved

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45
Q

Damage to amygdala

A

Does not result in loss of emotion
Impairs emotional processsing
Recognize cognitive aspects still but dont really feel

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46
Q

Urbach wiethe disease

A

Genetic condition of calcium build up in amygdala until it wastes away

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47
Q

Panic disorders

A

Frequent periods of anxiety and occialsolnal attacks of rapid breathing, increased heart rate, sweating trembling
Less gaba more orexin

48
Q

Anxiety disorder drugs

A

Benzodiazepine - facilitates effects of GABA

49
Q

Propanolol

A

Drug that interferes with protein synthesis at synapses in amygdala`

50
Q

Stress

A

Non specific response of body to any demand made upon it

51
Q

General adaptation syndrome

A 
Regardless of type of threat
Stages:
Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion
52
Q

Alarm stage

A

Increased sympathetic NS activity

53
Q

Resistance stage

A

Sympathetic response declines
Adrenal cortex releases cortisol and other hormones
Prolonged alertness, fight infections

54
Q

Exhaustion stage

A

Occurs after prolonged stress

Inactivity, vulnerability and decreased energy

55
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Fight or flight

Prepares for briefe emergency response

56
Q

HPA axis

A

Hypothalamus pituitary gland and adrenal cortex

Second system activated by stress

57
Q

ACTH

A

From pituitarty cuz of hypothalamus

Causes secretion of cortisol

58
Q

Cortisol

A

Stress hormone

Mobilizes energies

59
Q

Cytokines

A

Produced by leukocytes
Combat infection
Communicate to brain to inform of illness
In Brian can produce symptoms like fever/ sleepiness to conserve energy or directly combat illness

60
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

A neutral stimulus to be paired (the bell)

61
Q

Unconditional stimulus

A

Automatically results in response (the food)

62
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Result of UCS like drooling for food

63
Q

Conditioned response

A

Like drooling for belll not food after pairing

64
Q

Instrumental (operant) conditioning

A

Responses followed by reinforcement or punishment ot weaken or strenght Em behavior

65
Q

Reinforcers

A

Events that increase probability of response again

Like giving a treat for sitting

66
Q

Punishment

A

Event that decreases the probability that response will occur again
Zapping for picking wrong door

67
Q

Engrams

A

Physical representation of memory
Lashley tested by cutting
Accross cortex connections not the only thing that matters

68
Q

Equipotentiallity

A

All parts of cortex contribute equally to complex behaviors liike learnign

69
Q

Mass action

A

Cortex as a whole not as units

70
Q

Cerebellum

A

Condition has changes in LIP

Possible relay location

71
Q

Short term memory

A

Memory of events that have just occurred

72
Q

Long term memory

A

Memory of events from times further back

73
Q

Differences between stm and lum

A

Limited capacity in stm
STM fades quickly w/o training
Memories gone from stm are gone forever but long term can be found again with work

74
Q

Consolidation

A

Turning into ltm

75
Q

Reconsolidaiton

A

Memory strengthened again by a process that requires protein synthesis

76
Q

Working memory

A

Temporyrary infor actively being worked on

77
Q

Delayed response task

A

Common test of WM

Requires responding to something you heard or saw a short while ago

78
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

working memory storage

79
Q

Amnesia

A

Loss of memory

Damage in hippocampus because it is for formation and retreival

80
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Can’t form new memories

81
Q

Retrograde

A

Loss of memory prior to event

82
Q

HM

A

Hippocampus out for seizures
Super bad anterograde amnesia
Better implicit than explicit memory

83
Q

Explicit memory

A

Deliberate recall of info that one recognizes as memory (conscioius)

84
Q

Implicit memory

A

Influence of recent experience on behavior without realizing one is using memory

85
Q

Episodic memory

A

Ability to recall single events

86
Q

Declarative memory

A

Ability to state a memory in words

87
Q

Procedural memory

A

Ability to develop motor skills like how to do things

Type of implicit

88
Q

Amnesia general symptoms

A 
Normal working memory 
Difficuliut y form in declarative men's
Some degree of retrograde
Better implicit than explicit
Nearly intact procedural
89
Q

Hippocampus main

A

Declarative
Spatial
Context

90
Q

Delayed matching to sample

A

Damage to hippi

Subject sees object and must later choos object that mathces it like monkey picking up circle twice not square

91
Q

Delayed non matching to sample

A

Subject sees object and later must choose the object that is different than the sample like picking circle then square

92
Q

Radial mazes

A

Subject must navigate maze with 8 or more arms with reinforcer at the end

93
Q

Morris water maze

A

Rat swims in murky water to find rest platform just underneath

94
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Implicit and habit learning

Strategy

95
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

Brain damage caused by prolonged thiamine deficiency
A path y confusion confabulation
Shrinkage of thalamus
Can’t get glucose

96
Q

Confabulation

A

Taking guesses to fill in gaps in memory

97
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Gradually progressive loss of memory

Clumping of proteins

98
Q

Amyloid beta proteins

A

Produces atrophy of cerebral cortex

Plaques

99
Q

Tau protein

A

Altered form
Part of intracellular support system for neurons
Tangles

100
Q

Amygdala

A

Fear learnign

101
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Piecing info together

102
Q

Semantic dementia

A

Loss of semantic memory

Anterior temporal lobe

103
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Learning rewards and punishment
Basal ganglia
Opt for immmediate rewarded

104
Q

Hebbbian synapse

A

Successful stimulation of a cell by an axon enhances the axons ability to stimulate that cell in the future
Fire together wire together

105
Q

Aplysia

A

Slug like invertebrate with large neurons

Good for studying habituationa don sensitization

106
Q

Habituation

A

Decreases in response to stimulus presented repeatedly accompanied by no change in other stimuli
Stop getting such a big result

107
Q

Sensitization

A

Increase in response to mild stimulius as a result of exposure to more intense
Prolonged NT release

108
Q

Long term potentiation

A

Occurs when axons bombard a dendrite with rapid series of stimulation
Leaves ‘potentiated’ so more likely to fire
Might be cellular basis of learning

109
Q

Properties of LTP

A

Specificity
Cooperatively
Associativity

110
Q

Specificity

A

Only synapses onto a cell that have been highly active become stronger

111
Q

Cooperatively

A

Simultaneous stimulation by 2 or more axons produces LTP more strongly than single axon

112
Q

Associativity

A

Pairing a weak input with a strong input enhances later responses to weak input

113
Q

Long term depression

A

Prolonged decrease in response at a synapse that occurs when axons have been less active than others
Compensatory to balance LTP

114
Q

Glutamate receptors

A

Both ionotropic
AMPA
NMDA - coincidence detector is blocked by Mg

115
Q

LTP process

A

Na thru AMPA depolarizers to remove Mg letting glutamate open NMDA to let sodium and calcium in
Ca potentiates and leads to more AMPA receptors being made

116
Q

Changes in presynaptic side from LTP

A 
Retrograde transmitter comes back to 
Decrease AP threshold
Increase NT relases
Expand axon
Transmit release from additional sites
117
Q

LTP reflects

A

Increased activity by presynaptic neuron

Increased responsive ness of postsynaptic neuron

Brain And Behavior (3 decks)

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