Exam 3 Flashcards
Homeostasis
Biological processes that keep certain body variabls within fixed ranger
Set point
Single value the body works to maintain
Negative feedback
Processes that reduce discrepencies from the set point
Allostasis
Adaptive way the body changes its set point in response to environmental changes
Basal metabolism
Energy used to maintain constant body temperature while at rest
Poikilothermic
Body temperature matches environment like cold blooded
Homeothermic
Internal phyisological mechanisms to marinating body temp like warm blooded stuff
Preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus (pop/ah)
Regulates body temperature
Vasopressin
Antidirutetic hormaone
From hypothalamus
Makes you lose LESS water
Osmotic thirst
From eating salty foods
Too high solute concentration
Pressure detected by volt and subfornical organ (leaky blood brain barrier)
Hypovolemic thirst
From loss of fluids like bleeding or sweating
Triggered by vasopressin and angiotensin II
Osmotic pressure
Tendency of water to flow across a membrane from area of low solute concentration to area of high solute concentration
Supraotoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus
Both control rate at which posterior pituitary releases vasopressin
Important in osmotic thirst
Angiotensin II
Constricts blood vessels and increases drinking for Hypovolemic thirst
Sodium specific hunger
Strong salty food cravings
To restore blood solute levels
Aldosterone changes taste receptors
What should you drink when
Osmotic - pure water to dilute
Hypovolemic - salty water to rehydrate overall
Sham feeding experiments
Chew and swallow but food doesnt reach stomach
Did not reach satiatiety
Main signal to stop eating
Distinction (stretch) of stomach or duodenum
Duodenum
Part of small intestine where initial nutrient absorption occurs
Vagus nerve
Conveys no about stomach stretch to brain
Splanchnic nerve
Convey info about nutrient contents of stomach
CCK
Regulates hunger
Released by duodenum
Closes sphincter
Insulin
Enables glucose to enter cells
Lepton
Signals the Brian to decrease eating
Arcuate nucleus
Master area of control of appetite
Part of hypothalamus
Ghrelin
Axons release this NT in brain and hormone in stomach to make hungry
Paraventricular nucleus
Inhibits lateral hypothalamus
Important for satiety
Melanocortin
Chemical important for limiting food intake
Orexin
Released by lateral hypothalamus
Increases persistence in seeking food
Responds to incentives and reinforcement
Ventormedial hypothalamus
Inhibits feeding
Damage causes over eating
Mutated gene receptor to melanocortin
Overeat and become obese
Usually a neuropeptide that limits food intake
Syndrome obesity
Caused by medical condition like prader-William syndrome
Prader-William syndrome
Genetic condition marked by mental retardation
Short and fat
Ghrelin 5x
Bulimia nervosa
An eating disorder in which people alternate between extreme dieting and binges of overeating
James-Lange theory of emotion
Autonomic arousal & skeletal action occur first in emotion
Felt emotion is label to arousal of organ or muscle
Result of body action like SUDDEN onset of panic attack symptoms
Möbius syndrome
Can’t move face
Proof that emotions dont require body movement
Behavioral activation system
Activation of frontal and temporal lobe in left hem
Approach
Low to moderate arousal
Happy or angry
Behavioral inhibition system
Front and temp in right side
Attention and arousal
Inhibits action
Emotions such as fear and disgust
Emotion practical?
Quick and moral decisions
Hormones
Also influence aggressive behavior
Like testosterone
Triple imbalance hypothesis
Violence depends on testosterone cortisol and serotonin
Aggression highest when cortisol is low, and test is high
Serotonin inhibits violent tendencies
Low serotonin release
Aggressive behavior
Startle reflex
Ultra fast response to unexpected noise
Present in infants
Can be reduced by mood or situation
Amygdala
Responds to fear stim directed at u not just near you
Also to stuff not percieved
Damage to amygdala
Does not result in loss of emotion
Impairs emotional processsing
Recognize cognitive aspects still but dont really feel
Urbach wiethe disease
Genetic condition of calcium build up in amygdala until it wastes away
Panic disorders
Frequent periods of anxiety and occialsolnal attacks of rapid breathing, increased heart rate, sweating trembling
Less gaba more orexin
Anxiety disorder drugs
Benzodiazepine - facilitates effects of GABA
Propanolol
Drug that interferes with protein synthesis at synapses in amygdala`
Stress
Non specific response of body to any demand made upon it
General adaptation syndrome
Regardless of type of threat Stages: Alarm Resistance Exhaustion
Alarm stage
Increased sympathetic NS activity
Resistance stage
Sympathetic response declines
Adrenal cortex releases cortisol and other hormones
Prolonged alertness, fight infections
Exhaustion stage
Occurs after prolonged stress
Inactivity, vulnerability and decreased energy
Sympathetic nervous system
Fight or flight
Prepares for briefe emergency response
HPA axis
Hypothalamus pituitary gland and adrenal cortex
Second system activated by stress
ACTH
From pituitarty cuz of hypothalamus
Causes secretion of cortisol
Cortisol
Stress hormone
Mobilizes energies
Cytokines
Produced by leukocytes
Combat infection
Communicate to brain to inform of illness
In Brian can produce symptoms like fever/ sleepiness to conserve energy or directly combat illness
Conditioned stimulus
A neutral stimulus to be paired (the bell)
Unconditional stimulus
Automatically results in response (the food)
Unconditioned response
Result of UCS like drooling for food
Conditioned response
Like drooling for belll not food after pairing
Instrumental (operant) conditioning
Responses followed by reinforcement or punishment ot weaken or strenght Em behavior
Reinforcers
Events that increase probability of response again
Like giving a treat for sitting
Punishment
Event that decreases the probability that response will occur again
Zapping for picking wrong door
Engrams
Physical representation of memory
Lashley tested by cutting
Accross cortex connections not the only thing that matters
Equipotentiallity
All parts of cortex contribute equally to complex behaviors liike learnign
Mass action
Cortex as a whole not as units
Cerebellum
Condition has changes in LIP
Possible relay location
Short term memory
Memory of events that have just occurred
Long term memory
Memory of events from times further back
Differences between stm and lum
Limited capacity in stm
STM fades quickly w/o training
Memories gone from stm are gone forever but long term can be found again with work
Consolidation
Turning into ltm
Reconsolidaiton
Memory strengthened again by a process that requires protein synthesis
Working memory
Temporyrary infor actively being worked on
Delayed response task
Common test of WM
Requires responding to something you heard or saw a short while ago
Prefrontal cortex
working memory storage
Amnesia
Loss of memory
Damage in hippocampus because it is for formation and retreival
Anterograde amnesia
Can’t form new memories
Retrograde
Loss of memory prior to event
HM
Hippocampus out for seizures
Super bad anterograde amnesia
Better implicit than explicit memory
Explicit memory
Deliberate recall of info that one recognizes as memory (conscioius)
Implicit memory
Influence of recent experience on behavior without realizing one is using memory
Episodic memory
Ability to recall single events
Declarative memory
Ability to state a memory in words
Procedural memory
Ability to develop motor skills like how to do things
Type of implicit
Amnesia general symptoms
Normal working memory Difficuliut y form in declarative men's Some degree of retrograde Better implicit than explicit Nearly intact procedural
Hippocampus main
Declarative
Spatial
Context
Delayed matching to sample
Damage to hippi
Subject sees object and must later choos object that mathces it like monkey picking up circle twice not square
Delayed non matching to sample
Subject sees object and later must choose the object that is different than the sample like picking circle then square
Radial mazes
Subject must navigate maze with 8 or more arms with reinforcer at the end
Morris water maze
Rat swims in murky water to find rest platform just underneath
Basal ganglia
Implicit and habit learning
Strategy
Korsakoff’s syndrome
Brain damage caused by prolonged thiamine deficiency
A path y confusion confabulation
Shrinkage of thalamus
Can’t get glucose
Confabulation
Taking guesses to fill in gaps in memory
Alzheimer’s disease
Gradually progressive loss of memory
Clumping of proteins
Amyloid beta proteins
Produces atrophy of cerebral cortex
Plaques
Tau protein
Altered form
Part of intracellular support system for neurons
Tangles
Amygdala
Fear learnign
Parietal lobe
Piecing info together
Semantic dementia
Loss of semantic memory
Anterior temporal lobe
Prefrontal cortex
Learning rewards and punishment
Basal ganglia
Opt for immmediate rewarded
Hebbbian synapse
Successful stimulation of a cell by an axon enhances the axons ability to stimulate that cell in the future
Fire together wire together
Aplysia
Slug like invertebrate with large neurons
Good for studying habituationa don sensitization
Habituation
Decreases in response to stimulus presented repeatedly accompanied by no change in other stimuli
Stop getting such a big result
Sensitization
Increase in response to mild stimulius as a result of exposure to more intense
Prolonged NT release
Long term potentiation
Occurs when axons bombard a dendrite with rapid series of stimulation
Leaves ‘potentiated’ so more likely to fire
Might be cellular basis of learning
Properties of LTP
Specificity
Cooperatively
Associativity
Specificity
Only synapses onto a cell that have been highly active become stronger
Cooperatively
Simultaneous stimulation by 2 or more axons produces LTP more strongly than single axon
Associativity
Pairing a weak input with a strong input enhances later responses to weak input
Long term depression
Prolonged decrease in response at a synapse that occurs when axons have been less active than others
Compensatory to balance LTP
Glutamate receptors
Both ionotropic
AMPA
NMDA - coincidence detector is blocked by Mg
LTP process
Na thru AMPA depolarizers to remove Mg letting glutamate open NMDA to let sodium and calcium in
Ca potentiates and leads to more AMPA receptors being made
Changes in presynaptic side from LTP
Retrograde transmitter comes back to Decrease AP threshold Increase NT relases Expand axon Transmit release from additional sites
LTP reflects
Increased activity by presynaptic neuron
Increased responsive ness of postsynaptic neuron
