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Brain And Behavior > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Rostral

A

Toward nose

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2
Q

Caudal

A

Toward tail

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3
Q

Axial vs saggital vs coronal

A

Top vs bottom
Left v right
Front v back

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4
Q

Dorsal vs ventral spinal cord

A

Dorsal is sensory afferent

Ventral is motor efferent

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5
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

Cluster of cell bodies of sensory neurons outside spinal cord

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6
Q

Gray vs white spinal cord

A

Gray is center unmyelinated

White is outter and myelinated

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7
Q

Somatic vs autonomic

A

Both PNS
Somatic is voluntary muscles (as well as sensory info)
Autonomic is for involuntary and has sympathetic and para

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8
Q

Sym vs para

A

Sym - fight or flight

Para - rest and digest

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9
Q

3 main divisions of brain

A

Hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

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10
Q

Hindbrain

A

Medulla

Pons cerebellum

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11
Q

Brainstem

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla,

Survival functions like undead chicken

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12
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Control sensations from head, movement in head, and parasympathetic stuff

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13
Q

Medulla

A

Above spinal cord (superior)

Vital stuff like breathing

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14
Q

Pons

A

Ventral to medulla and for arousal

Has reticular formation and raphe system

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15
Q

Reticular formation

A

Output to cerebral cortex Increasing arousal and attention

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16
Q

Raphe system

A

Modifies readiness

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17
Q

Cerebellum

A

Main hindbrain thing
Regulation and coordination of movement
Shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli

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18
Q

Midbrain

A

Tectum
Superiors colliculus and inferior culliculus
Tegmentum
Substantia nigra

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19
Q

Tectum

A

Roof of midbrain

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20
Q

Superior and inferior colliculus

A

Process sensory

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21
Q

Tegmentum

A

Nuclei for cranial nerves

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22
Q

Substantia nigra

A

Dopamine containing pathway

Readiness for movement

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23
Q

Forebrain

A

Front
2 hemispheres
Receives sensory
Contralateral control

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24
Q

Subcortical structures

A

Basal ganglia and thalamus

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25
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Planning movement
Memory
Emotion

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26
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay station

Main source of sensory input

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27
Q

Limbic system

A

Rings the brainstem

Whole bunch of stuff

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28
Q

Hippocampus

A

In limbic region
Between thalamus and cerebral cortex
Storing memories

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29
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Inferior to thalamus
Controls pituitary gland
Motivated behaviors

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30
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Hormones maker

Under hypothalamus

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31
Q

Basal forebrain

A

Contains nucleus basalis for arousal and wakefulness

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32
Q

Central canal

A

Channel in spinal cord for csf

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33
Q

What combines cerebral cortex

A

Corpus callosum and anterior commissure

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34
Q

How many laminar in cerebral cortex

A

6 layers

Also has columns

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35
Q

4 lobes of CC

A

Occipital posterior for vision
Parietal primary somatosesory cortex in postcentral gyrus
Temporal - sides for auditory and language
Frontal - precentral gyris for motor control and prefrontal cortex for higher thinking, working memory, executive control

36
Q

Kluver busy syndrome -

A

Temporal lobe damage

Put things in mouth and fuck everything

37
Q

Lobotomies

A

Scrambled frontal lobe

38
Q

Is there a single central processor in cerebral cortex

A

No

39
Q

Binding problem

A

How do visual auditory and other areas produce perception of a single object?
Maybe synchonous waves of activity but not sure

40
Q

4 main research methods

A

Effects of damage
Stimulation
Record during behavior
Corellate anatomy with behavior

41
Q

Broca’s area

A

Can’t form words but know what it means, hodor

42
Q

Wernicke

A

Makes many random words, nonsensical

43
Q

Phineas gauge

A

Became an ass

44
Q

Lesion vs ablation

A

Damage vs remove

45
Q

Stereotactic instrument

A

Damages part

46
Q

Gene knockout approach

A

Inactivate regions by mutating genes critical to development or function

47
Q

Transcrainal magnetic stimulation

A

TRS

Magnets inactivate part

48
Q

Limits on stim

A

Many interconnected structures are responsible for certain behaviors

49
Q

Functional techniques

A 
EEG
MEG
PET
fMRI
Relative differences (subtraction technique)
50
Q

EEG

A

Good temporal bad spatial

Evoked potential is average of EEG data to cancel out noise to find unique response to stim

51
Q

PET

A

Poor temporal but better spatial

Requires radioactive tracer

52
Q

FMRI

A

Magnetic properties of hemoglobin

Best spatial and temporal, eeg is better temporal but still

53
Q

Look for abnormal to relate to weird behavior

A

CAT or MRI

54
Q

Phrenology

A

Was look for weird head shape bs

Debunked

55
Q

CT

A

Has dye and is fancy gantry X-ray slices

56
Q

MRI

A

Hydrogen attoms

Looks for anatomy

57
Q

Temporal vs spatial summation

A

Manny in a row vs different adjacent spots

58
Q

Spontaneous firing rate

A

AP can happen randomly its just that EPSP make more and IPSP make less than this rate

59
Q

Ionotropic effect

A

NT attatches and ligand gated ion channels open immediately

Quick and not long on there

60
Q

Metabotropic

A

NT’s attatch to receptor which releases G protein which goes ot second messenger and its for slower stuff like hunger

61
Q

Oxytocin and vasopressin

A

From hypothalamus to posterior pituitary

62
Q

Releasing hormones

A

Go from HT to anterior pituitary to release hormones

63
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulates hormones with negative feedback system

64
Q

Reuptake

A

Removal of used NTs from synaptic cleft into pre s with transporters

65
Q

Inactivation

A

Acetylcholinesterase brakes down ACh

66
Q

Serotonin broken by

A

COMT MAO

67
Q

If not inactivated or reuptaked

A

Just diffuse away

68
Q

Autoreceptors

A

For negative feedback the Pre s has one attatch when theres enough sent out

69
Q

Other negative feedback

A

Post release Chema to pre to say stop

70
Q

Gap junction

A

Direct contact of membrane so just electrical and faster

71
Q

Interneurons/intrinsic neurons

A

Ones only in one structure

72
Q

Astrocytes

A

Presynaptic terminal to contain an remove NTs

73
Q

Microglia

A

Immune system

74
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

CNS dont heal

75
Q

Schwann cell

A

Only myelinated 1 axon at a time, PNS

76
Q

Radial glia

A

Development ones

77
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Not a structure just result of narrow caps

Small things get through and GLUCOSe goes actively in

78
Q

Thiamine

A

Helps use glucose

Without it korsakoff syndrome and memory impairment, symptom of alcoholism

79
Q

Anesthetic drugs

A

Block Na channels preventing AP

80
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Damaged Myelin sheath so cant propagate and poor coordination

81
Q

Local neuron

A

No real AP just depolarizers in proportion with stim; not all or none

82
Q

Mind body problem

A

Relationship between mental experience and brain activity

83
Q

Dualism

A

Descartes says two substances interacting at pineal gland cuz only one

84
Q

Monism

A

One substance

85
Q

Four explanations

A

Functional
Evolutionary
Ontogenetic - lifespan
Physiological

86
Q

Animal research

A

Similarities
Interesting
Minimalist vs abolitionist

87
Q

3 Rs

A

Reduce replace refine

Brain And Behavior (3 decks)

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