Exam 1 Flashcards
Rostral
Toward nose
Caudal
Toward tail
Axial vs saggital vs coronal
Top vs bottom
Left v right
Front v back
Dorsal vs ventral spinal cord
Dorsal is sensory afferent
Ventral is motor efferent
Dorsal root ganglion
Cluster of cell bodies of sensory neurons outside spinal cord
Gray vs white spinal cord
Gray is center unmyelinated
White is outter and myelinated
Somatic vs autonomic
Both PNS
Somatic is voluntary muscles (as well as sensory info)
Autonomic is for involuntary and has sympathetic and para
Sym vs para
Sym - fight or flight
Para - rest and digest
3 main divisions of brain
Hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
Hindbrain
Medulla
Pons cerebellum
Brainstem
Midbrain, pons, medulla,
Survival functions like undead chicken
Cranial nerves
Control sensations from head, movement in head, and parasympathetic stuff
Medulla
Above spinal cord (superior)
Vital stuff like breathing
Pons
Ventral to medulla and for arousal
Has reticular formation and raphe system
Reticular formation
Output to cerebral cortex Increasing arousal and attention
Raphe system
Modifies readiness
Cerebellum
Main hindbrain thing
Regulation and coordination of movement
Shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli
Midbrain
Tectum
Superiors colliculus and inferior culliculus
Tegmentum
Substantia nigra
Tectum
Roof of midbrain
Superior and inferior colliculus
Process sensory
Tegmentum
Nuclei for cranial nerves
Substantia nigra
Dopamine containing pathway
Readiness for movement
Forebrain
Front
2 hemispheres
Receives sensory
Contralateral control
Subcortical structures
Basal ganglia and thalamus
Basal ganglia
Planning movement
Memory
Emotion
Thalamus
Relay station
Main source of sensory input
Limbic system
Rings the brainstem
Whole bunch of stuff
Hippocampus
In limbic region
Between thalamus and cerebral cortex
Storing memories
Hypothalamus
Inferior to thalamus
Controls pituitary gland
Motivated behaviors
Pituitary gland
Hormones maker
Under hypothalamus
Basal forebrain
Contains nucleus basalis for arousal and wakefulness
Central canal
Channel in spinal cord for csf
What combines cerebral cortex
Corpus callosum and anterior commissure
How many laminar in cerebral cortex
6 layers
Also has columns
4 lobes of CC
Occipital posterior for vision
Parietal primary somatosesory cortex in postcentral gyrus
Temporal - sides for auditory and language
Frontal - precentral gyris for motor control and prefrontal cortex for higher thinking, working memory, executive control
Kluver busy syndrome -
Temporal lobe damage
Put things in mouth and fuck everything
Lobotomies
Scrambled frontal lobe
Is there a single central processor in cerebral cortex
No
Binding problem
How do visual auditory and other areas produce perception of a single object?
Maybe synchonous waves of activity but not sure
4 main research methods
Effects of damage
Stimulation
Record during behavior
Corellate anatomy with behavior
Broca’s area
Can’t form words but know what it means, hodor
Wernicke
Makes many random words, nonsensical
Phineas gauge
Became an ass
Lesion vs ablation
Damage vs remove
Stereotactic instrument
Damages part
Gene knockout approach
Inactivate regions by mutating genes critical to development or function
Transcrainal magnetic stimulation
TRS
Magnets inactivate part
Limits on stim
Many interconnected structures are responsible for certain behaviors
Functional techniques
EEG MEG PET fMRI Relative differences (subtraction technique)
EEG
Good temporal bad spatial
Evoked potential is average of EEG data to cancel out noise to find unique response to stim
PET
Poor temporal but better spatial
Requires radioactive tracer
FMRI
Magnetic properties of hemoglobin
Best spatial and temporal, eeg is better temporal but still
Look for abnormal to relate to weird behavior
CAT or MRI
Phrenology
Was look for weird head shape bs
Debunked
CT
Has dye and is fancy gantry X-ray slices
MRI
Hydrogen attoms
Looks for anatomy
Temporal vs spatial summation
Manny in a row vs different adjacent spots
Spontaneous firing rate
AP can happen randomly its just that EPSP make more and IPSP make less than this rate
Ionotropic effect
NT attatches and ligand gated ion channels open immediately
Quick and not long on there
Metabotropic
NT’s attatch to receptor which releases G protein which goes ot second messenger and its for slower stuff like hunger
Oxytocin and vasopressin
From hypothalamus to posterior pituitary
Releasing hormones
Go from HT to anterior pituitary to release hormones
Hypothalamus
Regulates hormones with negative feedback system
Reuptake
Removal of used NTs from synaptic cleft into pre s with transporters
Inactivation
Acetylcholinesterase brakes down ACh
Serotonin broken by
COMT MAO
If not inactivated or reuptaked
Just diffuse away
Autoreceptors
For negative feedback the Pre s has one attatch when theres enough sent out
Other negative feedback
Post release Chema to pre to say stop
Gap junction
Direct contact of membrane so just electrical and faster
Interneurons/intrinsic neurons
Ones only in one structure
Astrocytes
Presynaptic terminal to contain an remove NTs
Microglia
Immune system
Oligodendrocytes
CNS dont heal
Schwann cell
Only myelinated 1 axon at a time, PNS
Radial glia
Development ones
Blood brain barrier
Not a structure just result of narrow caps
Small things get through and GLUCOSe goes actively in
Thiamine
Helps use glucose
Without it korsakoff syndrome and memory impairment, symptom of alcoholism
Anesthetic drugs
Block Na channels preventing AP
Multiple sclerosis
Damaged Myelin sheath so cant propagate and poor coordination
Local neuron
No real AP just depolarizers in proportion with stim; not all or none
Mind body problem
Relationship between mental experience and brain activity
Dualism
Descartes says two substances interacting at pineal gland cuz only one
Monism
One substance
Four explanations
Functional
Evolutionary
Ontogenetic - lifespan
Physiological
Animal research
Similarities
Interesting
Minimalist vs abolitionist
3 Rs
Reduce replace refine
