Exam 2 Flashcards
Law of specific nerve energies
Any nerve only has one input job
Sensation
Absorbing stimuli from sensory organs
Transduction
Converting stim into nerve signal
Perception
How we put signals together to form the world
Pupil
Center opening that lets light in
Cornea lens retina
Cornea and lens focus light to back of eye which is retina contralateral stuff
Bipolar cells
Neurons that get info from rods and cone
Ganglion cells
Recieve info from bipolar cells and form optic nerve
Horizontal cells
Inhibitory interneuronts that are for input from photoreceptors
Amacrine cells
Regulate input from bipolar cells
For shapes and movements
Blind spot
Where optic nerve leaves back of eye and has no receptors
What makes predatory birds eyes special
They have more receptors on top of eye to see down for hunting
Conversely rats of more on bottom for avoiding predators
Fovea
Center of retina for detailed vision
Connects to single bipolar cell and midget ganglion celll for direct line to the brain
Rods
Most abundant in periphery
Photoreceptor for light not color
Cones
Mostly in fovea
Color vision
90% of input even tho way less of them than rods
Photopigments
Chemicals that release energy when struck with light
This is how cones work
Opsins
Something to do with photopigments that changes wavelength sensitivity
What about light makes color
Wavelength
Trichromatic theory
Ratio of relative response of the 3 (red blue green) cones blends to make all visible
Opponent process theory
Paired opposites so like red to green or white to black so its based on like backgrounds and its teh one where you see the negative image
Color constancy
Ability to recognize color despite lighting changes
Retainex theory
Cortex compares infor from various parts to determine brightness and color
Uses environmental context
Color vision deficiency
Impairment seeing color differences
Genetic and caused by lack of cone type or cone abnormality
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
Part of thalamus for specialized visual perception
Lateral inhibition
Reduction of neuronal activity caused by activity in neighboring neurons
Receptive field
Part of visual field that causes response in cells
Primary visual cortex
Receives info from LGN for first stage of visual processing
Blind sight
Damage to v1 not eyes so eyes work but cant use visual info
Secondary visual cortex v2
Second step for processing and sending
Simple cells
In v1 only
Orientation sensitive
Has excitatory and inhibitory zones that are intuitively named
Complex cells
V1 and v2
Moving stimuli
End-stopped/hypercomplex cells
Has large inhibitory area so responds to bar stuff to a certain point
Feature detectors
Respond to particular feature
Sensitive period
In development when you need exposure to stimuli or your brain wont really recognzie it
Retinal disparity
Difference betweeen info from both eyes that used for depth perception
Ventral stream
What
Dorsal stream
Where for motor system
Inferior temporal cortex
Cells for recognizing complex shapes
Visual agnostic
Can’t recognize objects despite normal vision
Prospagnosia
Inability to recognize faces
Area v4
Color constancy
V5
Movement in particular direction
Medial superior temporal cortex
Expand/contract or rotate visual scene
Motion blindness
Inability to see if its movingd
Damage to MT
Amplitude for audition
Loudness
Frequency for audition
Pitch
Steps for sound
1 external and middle ear collect and amplify pressure
Step 2 innear ear breaks into simpler components and is transduced into nerve signals
Outer ear
Pinna is ear lobe
Concha
And ear canal (auditory meatus)
Tympanic membrane
In middle ear
Is ear drum
Vibrates with sound waves
Connected to the ossicles and oval window
Oval window
Membrane in inner ear
Impedance matching
Conversion process i guess
Ossicles
Malleus (hammer)
Incus - anvil
Stapes - stirrup
Hair cells
In cochlea
Get moved by fluid and excite nerve cells
Place theory
Each basilar membrane section has hair cells sensitive to only one specific frequency of sound
Frequency theory
Basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with sound causing auditory nerve axons to produce APs at same frequency of sound
Current pitch theory
Combo of place and frequency theories
High is explained by place
Low by freq
But middle?
Volley principle
Cells take turns firing i guess
Amusia
Impaired detection of frequency changes
Tone deaf
Primary auditory cortex
Destination for auditory info
Tonotopic
Tones are next to each other i guess
Conductive deafness
Middle ear
Can’t transmit right
Surgery of hearing aids
Nerve deafness
Inner ear
Damage to cochlea or nerves
Causes tinnitus
Tinnitus
Constant ringing
Cochlear implants
Bypass ear and stimulate cell directly
Sound localization
Depends on compared responses
Sound shadow - created by head cuz closer ear hears louder
Difference in time of arrival
Phase difference
Vestibular sense
Head position and movement
Otoliths
Calcium carbonate particles in vestibular organ that push hair cells when tilting
Semicircular canals
In VO
Have jelly that touches hair cells when head moves
Dermatome
Map of where spinal nerve innervates skin
Parallel processing
Various body sensations remain separate in cortex
Pain
Nociception
Least specialized receptors with bare nerve endings
Can be fast or slow but generally slower than touch cuz of unmyelination
Itch
Pain suppresses
Labeled line principle
Each receptor responds to limited range
Across fiber pattern
Each receptor responds to wider re age of stim and contributes to perception overall
Papillae
Structure on tongue that containe taste buds
Adaptation
Reduced perception of stimuli from receptor fatigue
Cross adaptation
Reduces response to one stim after exposure to another
Ionotropic tastes
Salty, sour
Metabotropic
Sweet
Bitter
Umami
Nucleus of the tractus solitaries
Area in medulla for taste
Insula
Primary taste cortex
Supertasters
High sensitivities and more picky
Olfactory cells
Epithelium of rear nasal passageway
More subject to adaptation than other senses
Metabotropic response ot chemicals outside membrane
Olfactory bulb straight ot cortex
Vomeronasal organ
Receptors near olfactory receptors
Sensitive to pheromones
Pheoromeones
Chems released by animals to affect behavior of others of same species
Synesthesia
Experience of one sense in response to stim of a different sense like seeing color
Main skeletal muscle NT
Acetylcholine
Fast vs slow and aerobic vis anaerobic
Know this
Muscle spindles
Proporiceptors that respond to stretch
Golgi tendon organ
Responds to increase in muscle tension
Ballistic movement
Can’t be stopped or corrected after start
Central pattern generators
Neural circuits that produce specific rhythmic movements without conscious effort
Motor program
Fixed sequence liike yawning or cats grooming
Posterior parietal cortex
Keeps track of body position
Supplementary motor cortex
Planning for specific order
Premotor
Active during prep
Prefrontal cortex
Plans according to outcomes
Antisaccade task
Look in opposite direction from moving object
Requires sustained prefrontal and BG stuff cuz it’s voluntary and counter intuitive
Mirror neurons
Active during prep and watching others do
Lateral corticosppinal tract
Red nucleus
For movement in periphery
Crosses in brainstem
Medial corticospinal tract
Controls like trunk and walking
Crosses in SC
Purkinje cells
Flat and parallel in sequential planes for cerebellum timing efficiency
Parallel fibers
Axons parallel to one another perpendicular to planes of purkinje cells to excite one after another for timing efficiency in cerebellum
Basal Ganglia
Initiating action without stimuli
Globus palliudus
Inhibits thalamus which therefore inhibits thalamus from saying go to motor cortex
Caudate/putamen
Input from cortex
Inhibit GP
Need dopamine from substantia nigra
BG select movement by ceasing to inhibit it
Motor learning
BG for new stuff
Motor cortex calms down as its learned
Readiness potential
Motor cortex activity that occurs before any voluntary movement
Present before we even consciously decide to move
Parkinson’s
Death of substantia Nigra so no dopamine so less stim of motor cortex
