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Brain And Behavior > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Law of specific nerve energies

A

Any nerve only has one input job

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2
Q

Sensation

A

Absorbing stimuli from sensory organs

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3
Q

Transduction

A

Converting stim into nerve signal

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4
Q

Perception

A

How we put signals together to form the world

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5
Q

Pupil

A

Center opening that lets light in

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6
Q

Cornea lens retina

A

Cornea and lens focus light to back of eye which is retina contralateral stuff

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7
Q

Bipolar cells

A

Neurons that get info from rods and cone

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8
Q

Ganglion cells

A

Recieve info from bipolar cells and form optic nerve

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9
Q

Horizontal cells

A

Inhibitory interneuronts that are for input from photoreceptors

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10
Q

Amacrine cells

A

Regulate input from bipolar cells

For shapes and movements

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11
Q

Blind spot

A

Where optic nerve leaves back of eye and has no receptors

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12
Q

What makes predatory birds eyes special

A

They have more receptors on top of eye to see down for hunting
Conversely rats of more on bottom for avoiding predators

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13
Q

Fovea

A

Center of retina for detailed vision

Connects to single bipolar cell and midget ganglion celll for direct line to the brain

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14
Q

Rods

A

Most abundant in periphery

Photoreceptor for light not color

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15
Q

Cones

A

Mostly in fovea
Color vision
90% of input even tho way less of them than rods

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16
Q

Photopigments

A

Chemicals that release energy when struck with light

This is how cones work

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17
Q

Opsins

A

Something to do with photopigments that changes wavelength sensitivity

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18
Q

What about light makes color

A

Wavelength

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19
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

Ratio of relative response of the 3 (red blue green) cones blends to make all visible

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20
Q

Opponent process theory

A

Paired opposites so like red to green or white to black so its based on like backgrounds and its teh one where you see the negative image

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21
Q

Color constancy

A

Ability to recognize color despite lighting changes

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22
Q

Retainex theory

A

Cortex compares infor from various parts to determine brightness and color
Uses environmental context

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23
Q

Color vision deficiency

A

Impairment seeing color differences

Genetic and caused by lack of cone type or cone abnormality

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24
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

A

Part of thalamus for specialized visual perception

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25
Q

Lateral inhibition

A

Reduction of neuronal activity caused by activity in neighboring neurons

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26
Q

Receptive field

A

Part of visual field that causes response in cells

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27
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

Receives info from LGN for first stage of visual processing

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28
Q

Blind sight

A

Damage to v1 not eyes so eyes work but cant use visual info

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29
Q

Secondary visual cortex v2

A

Second step for processing and sending

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30
Q

Simple cells

A

In v1 only
Orientation sensitive
Has excitatory and inhibitory zones that are intuitively named

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31
Q

Complex cells

A

V1 and v2

Moving stimuli

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32
Q

End-stopped/hypercomplex cells

A

Has large inhibitory area so responds to bar stuff to a certain point

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33
Q

Feature detectors

A

Respond to particular feature

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34
Q

Sensitive period

A

In development when you need exposure to stimuli or your brain wont really recognzie it

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35
Q

Retinal disparity

A

Difference betweeen info from both eyes that used for depth perception

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36
Q

Ventral stream

A

What

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37
Q

Dorsal stream

A

Where for motor system

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38
Q

Inferior temporal cortex

A

Cells for recognizing complex shapes

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39
Q

Visual agnostic

A

Can’t recognize objects despite normal vision

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40
Q

Prospagnosia

A

Inability to recognize faces

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41
Q

Area v4

A

Color constancy

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42
Q

V5

A

Movement in particular direction

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43
Q

Medial superior temporal cortex

A

Expand/contract or rotate visual scene

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44
Q

Motion blindness

A

Inability to see if its movingd

Damage to MT

45
Q

Amplitude for audition

A

Loudness

46
Q

Frequency for audition

A

Pitch

47
Q

Steps for sound

A

1 external and middle ear collect and amplify pressure

Step 2 innear ear breaks into simpler components and is transduced into nerve signals

48
Q

Outer ear

A

Pinna is ear lobe
Concha
And ear canal (auditory meatus)

49
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

In middle ear
Is ear drum
Vibrates with sound waves
Connected to the ossicles and oval window

50
Q

Oval window

A

Membrane in inner ear

51
Q

Impedance matching

A

Conversion process i guess

52
Q

Ossicles

A

Malleus (hammer)
Incus - anvil
Stapes - stirrup

53
Q

Hair cells

A

In cochlea

Get moved by fluid and excite nerve cells

54
Q

Place theory

A

Each basilar membrane section has hair cells sensitive to only one specific frequency of sound

55
Q

Frequency theory

A

Basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with sound causing auditory nerve axons to produce APs at same frequency of sound

56
Q

Current pitch theory

A

Combo of place and frequency theories
High is explained by place
Low by freq
But middle?

57
Q

Volley principle

A

Cells take turns firing i guess

58
Q

Amusia

A

Impaired detection of frequency changes

Tone deaf

59
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

Destination for auditory info

60
Q

Tonotopic

A

Tones are next to each other i guess

61
Q

Conductive deafness

A

Middle ear
Can’t transmit right
Surgery of hearing aids

62
Q

Nerve deafness

A

Inner ear
Damage to cochlea or nerves
Causes tinnitus

63
Q

Tinnitus

A

Constant ringing

64
Q

Cochlear implants

A

Bypass ear and stimulate cell directly

65
Q

Sound localization

A

Depends on compared responses
Sound shadow - created by head cuz closer ear hears louder
Difference in time of arrival
Phase difference

66
Q

Vestibular sense

A

Head position and movement

67
Q

Otoliths

A

Calcium carbonate particles in vestibular organ that push hair cells when tilting

68
Q

Semicircular canals

A

In VO

Have jelly that touches hair cells when head moves

69
Q

Dermatome

A

Map of where spinal nerve innervates skin

70
Q

Parallel processing

A

Various body sensations remain separate in cortex

71
Q

Pain

A

Nociception
Least specialized receptors with bare nerve endings
Can be fast or slow but generally slower than touch cuz of unmyelination

72
Q

Itch

A

Pain suppresses

73
Q

Labeled line principle

A

Each receptor responds to limited range

74
Q

Across fiber pattern

A

Each receptor responds to wider re age of stim and contributes to perception overall

75
Q

Papillae

A

Structure on tongue that containe taste buds

76
Q

Adaptation

A

Reduced perception of stimuli from receptor fatigue

77
Q

Cross adaptation

A

Reduces response to one stim after exposure to another

78
Q

Ionotropic tastes

A

Salty, sour

79
Q

Metabotropic

A

Sweet
Bitter
Umami

80
Q

Nucleus of the tractus solitaries

A

Area in medulla for taste

81
Q

Insula

A

Primary taste cortex

82
Q

Supertasters

A

High sensitivities and more picky

83
Q

Olfactory cells

A

Epithelium of rear nasal passageway
More subject to adaptation than other senses
Metabotropic response ot chemicals outside membrane
Olfactory bulb straight ot cortex

84
Q

Vomeronasal organ

A

Receptors near olfactory receptors

Sensitive to pheromones

85
Q

Pheoromeones

A

Chems released by animals to affect behavior of others of same species

86
Q

Synesthesia

A

Experience of one sense in response to stim of a different sense like seeing color

87
Q

Main skeletal muscle NT

A

Acetylcholine

88
Q

Fast vs slow and aerobic vis anaerobic

A

Know this

89
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Proporiceptors that respond to stretch

90
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

Responds to increase in muscle tension

91
Q

Ballistic movement

A

Can’t be stopped or corrected after start

92
Q

Central pattern generators

A

Neural circuits that produce specific rhythmic movements without conscious effort

93
Q

Motor program

A

Fixed sequence liike yawning or cats grooming

94
Q

Posterior parietal cortex

A

Keeps track of body position

95
Q

Supplementary motor cortex

A

Planning for specific order

96
Q

Premotor

A

Active during prep

97
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Plans according to outcomes

98
Q

Antisaccade task

A

Look in opposite direction from moving object

Requires sustained prefrontal and BG stuff cuz it’s voluntary and counter intuitive

99
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Active during prep and watching others do

100
Q

Lateral corticosppinal tract

A

Red nucleus
For movement in periphery
Crosses in brainstem

101
Q

Medial corticospinal tract

A

Controls like trunk and walking

Crosses in SC

102
Q

Purkinje cells

A

Flat and parallel in sequential planes for cerebellum timing efficiency

103
Q

Parallel fibers

A

Axons parallel to one another perpendicular to planes of purkinje cells to excite one after another for timing efficiency in cerebellum

104
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Initiating action without stimuli

105
Q

Globus palliudus

A

Inhibits thalamus which therefore inhibits thalamus from saying go to motor cortex

106
Q

Caudate/putamen

A

Input from cortex
Inhibit GP
Need dopamine from substantia nigra
BG select movement by ceasing to inhibit it

107
Q

Motor learning

A

BG for new stuff

Motor cortex calms down as its learned

108
Q

Readiness potential

A

Motor cortex activity that occurs before any voluntary movement
Present before we even consciously decide to move

109
Q

Parkinson’s

A

Death of substantia Nigra so no dopamine so less stim of motor cortex

Brain And Behavior (3 decks)

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