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Metabolism > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of Proteins and function

A

Connective tissue- collagen

muscle

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2
Q

Function of proteins

A

muscle contraction
enzymes
some hormones

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3
Q

Enzymes

A

all enzymes are proteins

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4
Q

Hormones

A

-insulin
-growth hormone
-glucagon
-epinephrin, norepinephrin
derived from a single amino acid

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5
Q

how many amino acids

A

20

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6
Q

R

A

is a side chain

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7
Q

amino acids combine to form proteins by

A

amide proteins

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8
Q

primary structure

A

amino acid sequence

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9
Q

secondary structure

A

arrangement of amino acids in “space”

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10
Q

tertiary structure

A

three dimensional shape

caused by folding, coiling, sheeting

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11
Q

quaternary structure

A

protein subunits combined to form 1 protein

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12
Q

how are amino acids classified

A

based on the structure of the side chain

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13
Q

order or sequence of amino acids

A

determine how the amino acids will interact with each other

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14
Q

how does the sequence influence long chains

A

influences the bend and fold as a protein develops

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15
Q

the final 3D shape is determined

A

sequence of amino acids

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16
Q

Bioactive proteins

A

resistance relies on a series of events that triggers the enzymes

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17
Q

Bioactive protein examples

A

hormones like insulin, growth hormone, glucagon

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18
Q

genetic code for insulin

A

transcribed into a nucleotide sequence complementary to the DNA strand

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19
Q

complimentary strand of nucleic acids in DNA message

A

messenger RNA

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20
Q

mRNA interacts w/

A

ribosomes so that the message is translated

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21
Q

set of 3 consecutive nucleic acids

A

codon

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22
Q

codon

A

specific for a particular amino acid

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23
Q

What reaction results in the formation of a peptide bond

A

In proteins or peptides, amide bond formed by reaction of amino group of one amino acid and the carboxylic acid

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24
Q

simplest amino acid

A

glycine (only side chain consisting of only hydrogen)

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25
Q

Non-polar side chains

alkane side chains (CH)

A

Ala
Val
Leu
Ile

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26
Q

Non-polar side chain
has -NH group bound to 2 C
Imino group

A

Proline

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27
Q
  • amino group and aromatic group
  • aromatic to a single methyl
  • sulfur bound to two carbons
A

Trp
Phe
Met

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28
Q

polar side chains with a pH 7.0 electrically neutral
-polar group (OH)
(SH)

A

Ser
Thr
Cys
Tyr

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29
Q

polar acid side chain ionized with pH 7.0 negative charge
-caboxylic acid
(acidic amino acids)

A

Glu

Asp

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30
Q

amino group attached to carboxyl-carbon

A

Gln

Asn

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31
Q

polar pH 7.0 positive charge (polar basic side chains)

A

His
Lys
Arg

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32
Q

How is the genetic code read and converted into the sequence of amino acids in a protein

A

genetic code –> double helix 1 strand per half consists of nucleotides–> read and transcribed by RNA developed by enzymes

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33
Q

Biotin

A

Biotin

CO2 fixation

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34
Q

Pantothenic acid

A

Coenzyme A

Acyl group transfer

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35
Q

Riboflavin (B2)

A

Flavins (FAD)

oxidation-reduction

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36
Q

Niacin

A

Nicotinamide (NAD)

oxidation-reduction

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37
Q

Pyridoxine (B6)

A

Pyridoxal phosphate

transamination

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38
Q

Thiamine

A

Thiamine pyrophosphate

aldehyde transfer

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39
Q

Essential amino acids

A

any amino acid that cannot be made

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40
Q

Non-essential amino acid

A

amino acids that can be synthesized by the animal and do not need to be in the diet

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41
Q

Indispensable amino acid

A

ruminant- ruminal microbes convert dietary proteins to microbial proteins, which contain essential amino acids

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42
Q

kinase

A

enzyme that catalyzes transfer of a phosphate from ATP

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43
Q

Enzyme hydrolase catalyzes

A

hydrolysis

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44
Q

oxireductase

A

oxidation and reduction

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45
Q

mutase

A

isomerase

46
Q

substances that include starch, cellulose, and other materials that represent food, feed, and structural components

A

carbohydrate

47
Q

any monosaccharide that is a polyhydroxide aldehyde

A

aldose

48
Q

any monosaccharide that is a polyhydrixide ketone

A

ketose

49
Q

triose

A

3

50
Q

tetroses

A

4

51
Q

pentoses

A

5

52
Q

hexoses

A

6, glucose

53
Q

anomeric

A

is carbon 1

carbon atom in the cyclic structure of a hemiacetal that originally was the aldehyde-carbon

54
Q

a(1 –>4)

A

starch

55
Q

a(1 –>6)

A

starch after branching

56
Q

b(1–>4)

A

cellulose

57
Q

gains

A

reduction

58
Q

loses

A

oxidation

59
Q

Polysaccharide that occurs in forages

A

cellulose

60
Q

Polysaccharide that occurs in grains

A

starch

61
Q

Polysaccharide that occurs in animal tissue

A

glucagon

62
Q

when glucose is metabolized by ruminal bacteria, what is the term that describes this process because it involves microbial metabolism

A

permutation

63
Q

what byproducts form that the animal makes use of when glucose is metabolized by rumen microbes? Cow

A

VFA

64
Q

VFA Production

A

acetate
butarate
propionate

65
Q

what are they

A

VFA

66
Q

what are they used for

A

ATP production

TCH cycle

67
Q

Excess

A

fat synthesis

-FAD+ NAD reduced

68
Q

how will the animal derive its glucose if its a ruminant

A

fermented and digested into a VFA

69
Q

what happens to the excess VFA that the animal absorbs

A

absorbed by a rumen wall

  • propionate= glucogenic VFA
  • hepatic trans vein escaped absorbed by small intestine
70
Q

if the animal is a non-ruminant how is glucose digested and absorbed

A

small intestine —>process –> sodium glucose co transport

71
Q

enzymes needed by animal or microbes if a ruminant for digestion of starches

A

amalase

72
Q

enzymes needed by animal or microbes if a ruminant for digestion of cellulose

A

cellulase

73
Q

enzymes needed by animal or microbes if a ruminant for digestion of branch points

A

debranching enzyme

74
Q

how does the animal respond to digesting carbs and absorbing glucose so that after the glucose is in the animals system it can be taken up by the cells if various tissues and organs

A

insulin activates glucose transport protein —> released before food is consumed

75
Q

if a ruminant animal abruptly consumes a high starch feed after having been consuming high forage feeds for an extended period, what can happen in the rumen that will ultimately affect the animals blood and health

A

potential for acidosis of lactic acid

“lactic acidosis”

76
Q

what cell surface protein regulates uptake of glucose from the circulation

A

glucose transport protein 4

77
Q

what is the first chemical reaction involving glucose when it first enters the cell

A

phosphorylation at carbon-6 by a phosphate ester involving ATP and the C-6 hydroxyl group

78
Q

which enzyme of glycolysis catalyzes this first reaction

A

hexokinase

79
Q

what is this first reaction classified as regarding the rate of the glycolysis reaction pathway

A

hexokinase catalyzes the rate limiting step of glycolysis

80
Q

in what part of the cell do the reactions of glycolysis occur

A

cytosol

81
Q

the enzyme type, kinase, is involved in several important reactions in the cell. Generally, what is the reaction that is catalyzed by all kinase enzymes

A

phosphate transfers involving ATP

82
Q

after the first reaction involving glucose occurs, what is the significance regarding maintaining glucose in the cell

A

phosphorylated glucose cannot leak back out of the cell through transport protein

83
Q

as a matter of glucose structure, the first reaction involves carbon 6. the alcohol at carbon 6 is not within the ring structure of glucose. based on the structural characteristic, why would converting glucose phosphate to fructose phosphate be significant to phosphorylation of fructose phosphate

A

with the fructose structure, carbon-1 hydroxyl is not within the ring structure so it is a better substrate for phosphofructokinase

84
Q

how many ATP are used in the first half of glycolysis

A

2

85
Q

when fructose 1,6 bis phosphate is split which of the 3 carbon products is the structure that proceeds through the end of glycolysis

A

glyceraldyhyde 3-phosphate

the other 3 carbon structure, dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

86
Q

which step in the glycolysis pathway represents the committed step

A

phosphorylation of fructose 6 phosphate, phosphofructokinase catalyzes the committed step

87
Q

when glyceraldhyde 3 phosphate is phosphorylated to 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate there is an oxidation reaction coupled to it where NAD is reduced to NADH. if the cell type is anaerobic how does this reaction provide significance to the conversion of pyruvate to lacatet

A

in the anaerobic cell NAD is limited. by converting pyruvate to lactate, NADH is oxidized, thereby regenerating NAD so that glycolysis can continue

88
Q

for each glucose molecule that is metabolized by glycolysis, what is the net production of ATP

A

2

89
Q

if the cell type is aerobic, what happens to pyruvate

A

pyruvate will be transported into the mitochondria where it will be completely oxidized

90
Q

where would glycogen be found

A

in the cells of liver, muscle, and animal tissue

91
Q

glucose absorption in the enterocyte requires ATP. What is the ATP needed for

A

energy to pump NA out of the enterocyte

92
Q

define what a hexose is

A

hexose is a 6 carbon carbohydrate molecule

93
Q

in a ruminant animal, which VFA will be used to produce glucose

A

propionate

94
Q

give the complete, correct, and precise name of the bond that connects the two glucose molecules of the branch point in amylopectin or glycogen

A

a(1 –>6) glycosidic bond

95
Q

what is the blood vessel that drains the stomach and small intestine for nutrient transport to the liver

A

liver

96
Q

How is the genetic code read and converted into the sequence of amino acids in protein

A

unwind double helix so the DNA can be transcribed by RNA then translated mRNA to protein, codons will match up —>determine sequence

97
Q

what reaction results in formation of a peptide bond

A

amide bond —> carboxylic acid and amide bond

peptide bond —> carboxylic acid of a AA w/ another amine group of an AA

98
Q

Understand the possible types of co-enzymes

A

CO-A
metals
vitamins

99
Q

Which vitamin will serve as which co-enzymes

A

b-vitamins

100
Q

must consume in diet

A

essential amino acid

101
Q

can’t make them in the body

A

indispensable amino acid

102
Q

enzymes that involve ATP to transfer phosphate

A

kinase

103
Q

involves H2O

A

hydrolase

104
Q

transfer of H+

A

oxidoreductase

105
Q

mutase —> isomerize

A

mutase catalyze

106
Q

peptide hormone —> hemoglobin

A

bioactive protein

107
Q

carbohydrate w/ aldehyde (glucose)

A

aldose

108
Q

carbohydrate w/ ketone (fructose)

A

ketose

109
Q

what are the functional groups that can occur on a carbohydrate such as glucose and fructose

A

aldose
ketone
alcohol

110
Q

when glucose is metabolized by luminal bacteria, what is the term that describes this process because it involves microbial metabolism

A

fermentation

Metabolism (3 decks)

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