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Metabolism > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Functional group

A

the part of the molecule that is reactive, therefore contributes to the biochemical function that involves the molecule. The functional group could be a small reactive part of a large molecule, such as a fatty acid

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2
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

the simplest organic structure consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

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3
Q

Alkane

A

Hydrocarbons with in which the carbons are bonded through carbon-carbon single bonds

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4
Q

Methylene group

A

Within a hydrocarbon structure with 3 or more carbons, the methylene group(s) are in the middle of the structure (not the ones on the end)

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5
Q

Volatile Fatty Acid

A

Commonly referred to as VFA’s, they consist primarily of acetate (2C), propionate (3C), and butyrate (4C). Along with these VFA’s there are several more minor VFAs that occur from ruminal fermentation of carbohydrates

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6
Q

Acetate

A

also called acetic acid, 2 carbon VFA one in the highest abundance in the rumen. Common compound in animal energy metabolism resulting from breakdown of fatty acids, carbohydrates, and amino acids

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7
Q

Propionate

A

2 carbon VFA occurs from fermentation of carbohydrates by bacteria

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8
Q

Butyrate

A

4C VFA occurring from fermentation of carbohydrates by ruminal microbes, absorbed by rumen and converted to ketone

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9
Q

Methane

A

1C hydrocarbon and is simplest alkane

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10
Q

Fermentation

A

Bacterial breakdown of nutrients that produces energy and substances for continued bacterial growth

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11
Q

Rumensin

A

a feed additive commonly used in feedlot cattle diets that will increase luminal bacterial proportion of microbes that will produce propionate of microbes and decrease the luminal proportion of acetate increasing amount of glucose

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12
Q

Isomer

A

Molecules that differ in their structure, but they have the same chemical formula

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13
Q

Substituent

A

if a molecule or atom substitutes for an atom on the main organic molecule
Ex. methane replaces a hydrogen atome on alkane methane is the substituent

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14
Q

Alkyl Group

A

alkane that composes the substituting
“YL”
methane —> methyl

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15
Q

Alkene

A

hydrocarbon wherein one or more of the carbon-carbon covalent finds occur as double bonds
C=C

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16
Q

Unsaturated

A

alkene because carbon atoms within the structure do not have two hydrogen atoms

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17
Q

Saturated

A

saturated with the number of hydrogen atoms as possible

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18
Q

Cis

A

same side

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19
Q

trans

A

opposite sides

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20
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

one or more carbon-carbon double bonds

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21
Q

alcohol

A

contains one or more hydroxyl functional groups

-OH

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22
Q

Hydroxyl

A

term used to indicate alcohol group

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23
Q

Ether

A

two hydrocarbon structure bonded together via oxygen molecule

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24
Q

Thiol

A

sulfur on the end on structure

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25
Q

Sulfide

A

two hydrocarbons are connected via sulfur atom

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26
Q

Disulfide

A

two thiols connected through sulfur atoms bonding to each other

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27
Q

Carbonyl Group

A

carbon atom bonded to an oxygen atom as carbon-oxygen double bond

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28
Q

Aldehyde

A

hydrocarbon where the carbonyl group is on the end of the molecule

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29
Q

Ketone

A

carbonyl group is within the structure

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30
Q

Alkanal

A

alkane that is also an aldehyde

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31
Q

Carbonyl-Carbon

A

carbon atom of the carbonyl group

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32
Q

Alkanone

A

alkane in which there is a carbonyl group within alkane structure

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33
Q

Electrophilic

A

carbon is polarized toward positive, it is attracted to negatively charged (polarized) atom

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34
Q

Nucleophilic

A

nucleus of an atom positively charged

attracted chemically to a positive charge

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35
Q

Carboxyl Group

A

C-OH

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36
Q

Carboxylic group

A

C-OH can dissociate donating hydrogen ion to the solution

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37
Q

Dicarboxylic acid

A

Two C-OH groups

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38
Q

Tricarboxylic acid

A

three C-OH groups

Ex. citric acid

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39
Q

Alkanoic acid

A

alkane that contains C-OH

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40
Q

Fatty Acid

A

1-30 carbons

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41
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

no carbon carbon double bonds

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42
Q

monounsaturated fatty acid

A

one carbon carbon double bond

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43
Q

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

A

two or more carbon carbon double bonds

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44
Q

Methylene- interrupted double bond

A

between carbon carbon double bonds is a methylene group

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45
Q

Conjugated double bonds

A

carbon carbon double bonds are directly bonded or connected

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46
Q

Conjugated linoleic acid

A

18 C with two C-C double bonds separated by one methylene group

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47
Q

Biohydrogenation

A

process of putting hydrogen atoms on c-c double bonds to alter structure to saturated form

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48
Q

Trans-Vaccenic Acid

A

18 C contains cis c-c double bonds between C 11-12

49
Q

Omega-3 Fatty Acid

A

contain a carboxyl group on one end, and a methelyene group on the other

50
Q

Trans- Fatty Acid

A

one or more C-C double bonds trans configuration

51
Q

Essential fatty acids

A

needed by the body but cannot be made by the body

Most important is linoleic acid n-6 needed to synthesis prostaglandins

52
Q

Amine

A

any structure that contains an ammonia group (NH2)

53
Q

Alkyl Group

A

amine bonded to an alkane backbone structure

54
Q

Ammonium ion

A

Ammonia NH3 contains extra hydrogen atom it is ionized as the cation NH4+
R-NH3+

55
Q

Aromatic

A

benzene ring, 6 carbon cyclic structure each carbon bonded to the next

56
Q

Phenyl Group

A

benzene ring part of larger molecule

57
Q

Carboxyl Ester

A

ester bond developed by reaction in which alcohol is bonded to carboxylic acid

58
Q

Triacylglycerol

A

molecule contains 3 fatty acids, bonded to one of the three alcohol groups of glycerol
(store fat in animal and plant)

59
Q

Phospholipid

A

2 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule as carboxyl esters, with the last carbon of the glycerol bonded to a phosphate molecule

60
Q

Esterification

A

a carboxyl-or phosphate ester bond

water molecule is eliminated

61
Q

Hydrolysis

A

breaking ester bond through addition of water molecule

62
Q

Phosphate ester

A

ester bond formed between a phosphate group (PO4) and an alcohol

63
Q

Thioester

A

ester bond formed between a thiol (SH) and a carboxyl group

64
Q

Coenzyme-A

A

aids in enzyme-catalyzed biochemical reactions

65
Q

Amide

A

bond between carboxyl group and an amine

66
Q

Why would alkanes be considered as non-reactive molecules?

A

only single bonds
anchor other functional groups
hydrophobic

67
Q

How can volatile fatty acids, acetate, propionate, and butyrate, be derived from alkanes

A

backbone for functional groups

68
Q

Of the alkanes, how can methane produced cattle be related to feedlot efficiency be and consumption of ionophores

A

rumens increased feed efficiency, bacteria in the rumen

increasing proportion of feed carbons retained by the animal, less goes out of the animal

69
Q

How can fatty acids, palmitic and stearic acids, be related to alkanes

A

represent over 50% of the fatty acids in fat tissue of cattle and sheep
-long chain fatty acids derived from alkane

70
Q

Butane

A

CH3(CH2)2CH3 —> 4 C

71
Q

Ethane

A

CH3CH3 —-> 2 C

72
Q

Octane

A

CH3(CH2)6CH3 –> 8 C

73
Q

Decane

A

CH3(CH2)8 CH3 –> 10 C

74
Q

Heptane

A

CH3(CH2)5CH3 —> 7 C

75
Q

Hexane

A

CH3(CH2)4CH3 —> 6 C

76
Q

Dodecane

A

CH3(CH2)10CH3 —>12 C

77
Q

Hexadecane

A

CH3(CH2)14CH3 —> 16 C

78
Q

Methane

A

1 C

79
Q

Ethane

A

2 C

80
Q

Propane

A

3 C

81
Q

Butane

A

4 C

82
Q

Pentane

A

5 C

83
Q

Hexane

A

6 C

84
Q

Heptane

A

7 C

85
Q

Octane

A

8 C

86
Q

Nonane

A

9 C

87
Q

Decane

A

10 C

88
Q

Undecane

A

11 C

89
Q

Dodecane

A

12 C

90
Q

Tridecane

A

13 C

91
Q

Tetradecane

A

14 C

92
Q

Pentadecane

A

15 C

93
Q

Hexadecane

A

16 C

94
Q

Heptadecane

A

17 C

95
Q

Octadecane

A

18 C

96
Q

Nonadecane

A

19 C

97
Q

Eicosane

A

20 C

98
Q

Heneicosane

A

21 C

99
Q

Docasaeicosane

A

22 C

100
Q

Alkenes

A

C=C

101
Q

Alcohols

A

OH

102
Q

Ethers

A

-O- linked compounds

103
Q

Thiols and sulfides

A

important in protein structure

R-SH

104
Q

Ethanoic

A

Acetic CH3COOH

105
Q

Propanoic

A

Propionic CH3CH2COOH

106
Q

Butanoic

A

Butyric CH3(CH2)2COOH

107
Q

Pentanoic

A

Valeric CH3(CH2)3COOH

108
Q

Hexanoic

A

Caproic CH3(CH2)4COOH

109
Q

Octanoic

A

Caprylic CH3(CH2)6COOH

110
Q

Decanoic

A

Capric CH3(CH2)8COOH

111
Q

Dodecanoic

A

Lauric CH3(CH2)10COOH

112
Q

Tetradecanoic

A

Myristic CH3(CH2)12COOH

113
Q

Hexadecanoic

A

Palmitic CH3(CH2)14COOH

114
Q

Octadecanoic

A

Stearic CH3(CH2)16COOH

115
Q

Eicosanoic

A

Archidic CH3(CH2)18COOH

116
Q

Docosanioc

A

Behenic CH3(CH2)20COOH

117
Q

What class of organic molecules would the alkenes be most easily associated with?

A

hydrocarbons

118
Q

We usually associate alcohol with ethanol or alcoholic beverages. What other common molecules (could be nutrients) that are chemically alcohols that are parts of feeds or produced within the animal’s body

A

glucose, estradiol, glycerol

119
Q

What are alcohols capable of forming hydrogen bonds

A

-OH group consists of an electronegative oxygen and electropositive hydrogen

Metabolism (3 decks)

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