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Metabolism > Ch. 1-3 > Flashcards

Ch. 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical reactions occurring in cells of the body’s tissues that produce, move, and utilize substances need for growth, lactation, reproduction, replacement of tissue and maintaining vital function

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

The ability to do work, in general, and in living cells energy is derived from energy released upon breakdown of adenosine triphosphate or ATP

A

Energy

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3
Q

Cells making up fat tissue (adipose tissue) that function primarily in storage of fat

A

Fat cells

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4
Q

Specific biological term for a fat cell

A

Adipocyte

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5
Q

A long period time without food or feed intake by animals

A

Fasting

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6
Q

Molecule consisting of a hydrocarbon and carboxylic acid together that represents the storage form of carbons in the adipocyte

A

Fatty acid

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7
Q

Chemical process in the adipocyte responsible for separating fatty acids from their chemical storage form needed to move the molecule out of the fat cell

A

Lipolysis

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8
Q

A large molecule that represents the chemical storage form by which fatty acids are stored in the adipocyte; the tri in this term refers to three fatty acids. The molecule also represents the primary storage form of fatty acids in other cells that will store fat, animals and plants alike

A

Triacylglycerol

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9
Q

Elements or conditions that speed the rate of a reaction

A

Catalyst

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10
Q

The reaction catalysts of a living cell

A

Enzymes

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11
Q

The reactants, or the materials that initially enter into a reaction in a living cell

A

Substrates

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12
Q

The first interaction between the substrate and enzyme that represents the binding to one another in order to start the reaction

A

Enzyme-substrate complex

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13
Q

Substances released (secreted) from endocrine glands in small quantities that trigger reactions in tissues different from the endocrine gland tissue they were released from

A

Hormones

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14
Q

Specialized tissue that synthesize and secrete hormones in response to specific signals (stimuli) that allow the animal to respond to its external environment

A

Endocrine gland

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15
Q

Structures on the surface of a cell that bind to specific hormones

A

Cell receptor

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16
Q

A hormone that is secreted mainly form the pancreas in response to the animal consuming feed or food, it causes the cells of the animals body to take up glucose and other nutrients that enter the blood stream after eating

A

Insulin

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17
Q

A molecule commonly referred to as blood sugar, but is also common in other materials such as starch and cellulose

A

Glucose

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18
Q

A hormone secreted from the pancreas in response to fasting or stress and causes the liver to produce glucose to be used by the tissues of the animals body

A

Glucagon

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19
Q

Term referring to the cells of the liver

A

Hepatocytes

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20
Q

A chemical structure that occurs primarily during the breakdown of glucose in the cells of the animal body

A

Pyruvate

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21
Q

The form of the important molecule, Acetate, that represents the starting point for continued breakdown of glucose and fatty acids, or the synthesis (building) of a new fatty acid by certain cells of the animals body

A

Acetyl-CoA

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22
Q

A very large molecule that represents the storage form of glucose in the body of an animal. It is similar to starch in structure

A

Glycogen

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23
Q

A molecule that occurs in certain types of muscle and bacterial cells as the end product of glucose breakdown. Buildup of this molecule in muscles causes some of the pain associated with rigorous exercise

A

Lactate

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24
Q

The maintaince of the internal environment or condition when changes occur in the external environment

A

Homeostasis

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25
Q

The individual chemical building block of proteins that make up muscle, enzymes, and other similar structures in the animals body. make up proteins of plants

A

Amino acid

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26
Q

A protein in the animals body that makes up the bulk of connective tissues

A

Collagen

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27
Q

The sugar that characterizes milk sugar. composed of a glucose and a galactose molecule bonded to each other

A

Lactose

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28
Q

An animal characterized by the presence of a rumen, which represents fermentation of feedstuffs before the passage of the feed enters the gastric part of the stomach and the intestines

A

Ruminant

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29
Q

The chemistry of reactions and substances that are based on the element carbon

A

Organic chemistry

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30
Q

The chemical reactions that take place in the living cell

A

Biochemical reaction

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31
Q

The materials that enter into the chemical reaction

A

Reactant

32
Q

Term used to represent the reactants of a biochemical reaction

A

Substrate

33
Q

The form that substrates take on during the process of the biochemical reaction- no longer substrates and not yet products of the reaction

A

Intermediates

34
Q

what the intermediates have become

A

Products

35
Q

The precise steps in the biochemical reaction that converts substrates to products- involve enzymes (catalysts) that were part of the reaction

A

Mechanism

36
Q

Opposite charges attract each other with a force inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the centers of the charges. This principle describes the strength of a chemical bond as affected by the distance between atoms

A

Coulomb’s law

37
Q

The fundamental structure of an element, for example, carbon or nitrogen or oxygen in their basic forms

A

Atoms

38
Q

The various layers of electrons that theoretically encircle the nucleus of an atom

A

Shell (atomic shell)

39
Q

Stable atoms contain 8 electrons in the atoms outermost electron shell
Except for hydrogen and helium

A

Octet rule

40
Q

The gasses located in the right side of the periodic table of the elements that each contain an octet of electrons in the outer shell, for example neon and argon

A

Noble gas

41
Q

Non-reactive or that atom cannot reach with another atom because the atom contains an octet of electrons in its outer shell

A

Inert gas

42
Q

A substance made up of atoms that combine (bond) in specific configurations

A

Molecule

43
Q

Atoms that contain either a positive charge (cation) or a negative charge (anion)

A

Ions

44
Q

A molecule consisting of atoms that bond to one another through the attraction of opposite charges.

A

Ionic bond

45
Q

Electrons that occur in the outermost shell of electrons of an atom

A

Valence electrons

46
Q

When atoms bond to one another in such a way through the interaction with each other that each atom is as stable as a noble gas. Atoms interact so that each atom of the molecule has the equivalent of an octet of electrons in the outermost shell

A

Noble gas configuration

47
Q

Molecules formed through atoms that share their valence electrons

A

Covalent bond

48
Q

Molecules formed through sharing one pair of electrons

A

Single bond

49
Q

Molecules formed through sharing two pairs of electrons

A

Double bond

50
Q

Molecules formed through the sharing of three pairs of electrons

A

Triple bond

51
Q

A fatty acid that consists of 16 carbon atoms in which the carbon atoms are bonded together by single bonds

A

Palmitic acid

52
Q

A fatty acid similar to palmitic acid except that contains 18 carbon atoms

A

Stearic acid

53
Q

A fatty acid similar to stearic acid except it contains one carbon-carbon double bond in its structure

A

Oleic acid

54
Q

A bonding form in which the molecules atoms are bonded by covalent bonds, but the structure of the molecule causes the molecules atoms to be like ions, with either a positive, negative charge or both

A

Polarized covalent bond

55
Q

Elements that commonly occupy the left side of the periodic table, and that would tend to become cations

A

Electropositive element

56
Q

The interaction of the electropositive hydrogen atom of one molecule and an electronegative atom that occurs in a separate molecule

A

Hydrogen bond

57
Q

Elements that occupy the right side of the periodic table and tend to become anions

A

Electronegative element

58
Q

A chemical structure that in three dimensions would look like a pyramid with each atom of the molecules in the structure representing a corner of the pyramid

A

Tetrahedral

59
Q

A fluid between temp of 0-100 degrees C, vapor above 100, solid below 0
Consists of molecules

A

Water

60
Q

A molecule in which both negative and positive polarities occur (not a charge)

A

Dipole

61
Q

Describes materials that easily dissolve in water.

A

Hydrophilic

62
Q

Describes materials that do nit dissolve in water

A

Hydrophobic

63
Q

Represents a molecule that is very hydrophobic, will not dissolve in water

A

Triacylglycerol

64
Q

A characteristic of a material that will allow it to dissolve in water. Hydrophobic materials can be coated with hydrophilic material to result in the hydrophobic material dissolving in water

A

Miscible

65
Q

The percentage value for protein, fat, carbohydrates (sugar), mineral, and water content of an animals body

A

Body composition

66
Q

Normal separation of one hydrogen atom from the water molecule.

A

Dissociation of water

67
Q

The amount of any material in a given volume or amount of primary material.

A

Concentration

68
Q

A mathematical term associated with a chemical change that Does not shift
K

A

Constant

69
Q

PH=-log[H+]
Represents the relative amounts of acid and base
High hydrogen ion concentration means acid, PH low
High PH , hydrogen concentration low means basic

A

PH

70
Q

Any compound in solution that donates an H+ to the solution so that [H+] increases, ph decreasing

A

Acid

71
Q

Any compound that takes up or accepts a H+ from the solution so the [H+] decreases driving ph up

A

Base

72
Q

A compound or chemical material in water or other solution that will resist changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added to solution

A

PH buffer

73
Q

Type of buffer occurs inside the cell (intracellular). buffer has a pK value of 7.2 which also is the intracellular pH for the environment to be maintained

A

Phosphate buffer

74
Q

A molecule consisting of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms attached by covalent bonds

A

Carbon dioxide

75
Q

A weak acid with the formula H2CO3. Intermediate in the bicarbonate buffer system

A

Carbonic acid

76
Q

The anion of the dissociation of carbonic acid with the formula HCO3-

A

Bicarbonate

77
Q

The buffer system of the blood where carbon dioxide is generated inside the cell is converted to bicarbonate before it is transported through the blood to the lungs where the carbon dioxide is exhaled. In this process the associated hydrogen ion is transported to the lungs attached to hemoglobin, by attaching to hemoglobin, the hydrogen ion is not in solution (the blood) so it cannot affect pH
Blood has a pH buffer

A

Bicarbonate buffer system

Metabolism (3 decks)

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