Exam 3 Flashcards
The pathways of the components of the ventilator system
Ambient air enters the _______; Mouth; ____________(and adjusts to body temperature, Filtered, and humidified); Two Bronchi; ________________; Alveoli(alveolar ducts, alveolar sac, alveolar pores)
T/F
Alveoli have more than 600 million alveoli
True
Alveoli provide the surface for _____ exchange between lung tissue and ________
Gas
Blood
During inspiration the diaphragm ____________
Descends
During inspiration the ribs ______
Rise
During _______________ the diaphragm moves upward
Expiration
T/F
During expiration the ribs lower
True
Conducting zone
Trachea and terminal bronchioles; No alveoli= anatomical dead space
Transitional and respiratory zones
Bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli; Contains the largest portion of total lung volume 2.5-3L
Ficks law of diffusion:
Governs gas _______________ across a fluid membrane
- _____ diffuses through a sheet of tissue at a rate:
1. ______________ proportional to tissue area, a ____________ constant,and pressure differential of the gas on each side of the membrane
2. Inversely proportional to __________ thickness
Diffusion
Gas
Directly; diffusion
Tissue
“Wetting agent” lipoprotein mixture of proteins, phospholipids, and calcium ions produced by alveolar epithelial cells(to reduce surface tension)
The Surfactant
T/F
W/o surfactant, small alveoli would collapse from high collapsing pressures
True
Tidal volume: air moved during the _______________ or expiratory phase of each breathing cycle(0.4-1.0L)
Inspiratory
Inspiratory reserve volume: Inspiring as deeply as possible following a normal inspiration(2.5-___L above tidal air)
3.5
Expiratory reserve volume: after a normal exhalation, continuing to ________ and forcing as much air as possible from the lungs(1.0-1.5L)
Exhale
Forced vital capacity: total volume of _____ voluntarily moved in one maximal breath; it includes TV plus IRV and ERV(4-5L in young ______) and (3 to ___L in young women)
Air
Men
4
Pulmonary Ventilation two views:
- Volume of air moved into or out of the ______________ tract each minute
- Air volume that __________ only alveolar chambers each minute
Respiratory
Ventilates
T/F
Women have a reduced lung size and airway diameter, a smaller diffusion surface, and lower static and dynamic lung function measures
True
Minute ventilation
the volume of air breathed each minute
V_e=breathing rate* Tidal volume
Portion of inspired air reaching the alveoli and participating in gas exchange
Alveolar ventilation
anatomic dead space: air in each ________ that does not enter _________ and participate in gaseous exchange with blood
Breath
Alveoli
Physiological dead space: the portion of the alveolar __________ with a ventilation-perfusion ratio that approaches zero
Volume
Ventilation perfusion ratio: the ratio of alveolar ventilation to ______________ blood flow
- 4.2L of air ventilates alveoli each min at rest, while 5L of blood flows through capillary
- 4.2/5=0.84
Pulmonary
In _______ exercise, V-P ratio remains ~0.8
Light
In intense exercise V-P ratio=____L
5.0
Variations of normal breathing patterns
Hyperventilating
Dyspnea
Vasalva Maneuver
Closing glottis following a full inspiration while maximally activating expiratory muscles, creating compressive forces that increase intrathoracic pressure above atmospheric pressure
Valsalva maneuver
Concentrations of gases in ambient air
_______ N2
20.93%___
0.03% CO2
79.04%
O2
Partial pressure: molecules of each specific gas in a ___________ of gases exert their own _________ pressure contributing to total atmospheric pressure
Mixture
Partial
Partial pressure formula percentage concentration of a specific _____ / total pressure of gas mixture
Gas
Henrys law: mass of a gas that __________ is a fluid at a given temperature varies in direct proportion to __________ of the gas over the liquid
Dissolves
Pressure
Solubility
The dissolving power of a gas
O2 leaves the blood and _________ toward the cells, while ____ flows from cells into blood
- Blood then passes into the _________ circuit for return to the heart and delivery into the ________
Diffuses
CO2
Venous
Lungs
Oxygen transport in the blood:
- In __________ solution dissolved in the fluid portion of _______
- In loose combination with _______________, the iron-protein molecule within the ______ blood cell
Physical, Blood
Hemoglobin, red
Each of the 4 iron atoms in _______________ molecule can loosely bind one __________ molecule:
Hb_4+4O_2 — Hb_4O_8
Hemoglobin
Oxygen
Carbamino compounds are formed when _____ reacts directly with the _______ ______ molecules of blood proteins
CO2
Amino acid
As plasma bicarbonate in tissue
CO2+H2O— H2CO3.
Carbon dioxide transport in the blood
- In physical solution in plasma: ____
- Combines with ___________ within red blood cells:20%
- As plasma ________________: 75%(can range from 60-80%)
5%
Hemoglobin
Bicarbonate
During ______ and moderate exercise, myoglobin maintains high _____ saturation
Rest
O2
Myoglobin facilitates O2 transfer to mitochondria when exercise begins and during _________ exercise when intramuscular PO2 _________ dramatically
Intense
Declines
O2 release from Hb can occur without any increase in local tissue blood flow
Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference
Arteriovenous oxygen difference: the a-VO difference describes the __________ between oxygen content of arterial blood and mixed _________ blood
Difference
Venous
The Bohr Effect: any increase in plasma acidity and ___________ causes the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to shift ____________ and to the right
Temperature
Downward
Advantages of the oxyhemoglobin S-shaped dissociation curve
Higher temp greater dissociation of oxygen
Partial pressure
Higher acidity(lower #) wants dissociation w/ oxygen
