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Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The 3 energy systems?

A

ATP-PCR
Short-term Glycolytic
Long-term aerobic

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2
Q

ATP-PCR

A

Increase intensity, short duration(~10secs)
PCR greater than ATP
Full ATP depletion (~20-30secs)

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3
Q

Short term glycolytic

  • Increase _____________,Short duration(~60-180secs)
  • Glycolysis
  • ______________-forming
A

Intensity

Lactate

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4
Q

Decrease intensity, increase duration(~>3mins)
Increase oxygen uptake
Macromolecule catabolism

A

Long term aerobic

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5
Q
  • Lactate is created through an ______________ in free hydrogens
  • Decrease in ____________
  • _______________ NADH shuttling
A

Increase
Oxygen
Decrease

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6
Q

Difference between lactate and lactic acid

A

The addition of hydrogen

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7
Q

Lactate threshold

A

Muscle cells can neither meet energy demands aerobically nor oxidize lactate at its rate of formation(high amount of lactate)

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8
Q

Lactate threshold of the untrained

A

~50% Vo2max

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9
Q

Lactate threshold of trained individuals

A

~75 VO2max

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10
Q

Steady Rate aerobic metabolism(plateau) is the ___________ between energy required by working ___________ and ATP production in aerobic reactions

A

Balance

Muscles

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11
Q

Oxygen deficit

A

Difference between total oxygen consumed during exercise and the total that would have been consumed had steady rate oxygen uptake been achieved at the start of exercise

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12
Q

Maximal O2 consumption(VO2max):
-VO2 max occurs when __________ uptake plateaus or ___________ only slightly with additional increases in exercise _____________

A

Oxygen, increases, intensity

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13
Q

Skeletal muscle fiber types

A 
Slow twitch(Type 1)- endurance cyclist
Fast twitch(type 2)- swim champion
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14
Q

At ____ minutes reach 50% anaerobic and 50% aerobic during energy spectrum of physical activity

A

2

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15
Q

EPOC

A

Exercise Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption= oxygen debt

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16
Q

EPOC is the total __________ VO2 minus total _____ theoretically consumed at ________ during the recovery

A

Recovery
VO2
Rest

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17
Q

EPOC following exhaustive exercise

A

Resynthesize ATP and PCR
Resynthesize lactate to glycogen
Oxidize lactate in energy metabolism
Restore oxygen to myoglobin and blood
Restore thermogenic effects of elevated core temperature
Thermogenic effects of hormones
Restore elevated heart rate, ventilation, and other physiologic functions

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18
Q

Factors that impact EPOC recovery

A
  • Levels of anaerobic metabolism during activity

- Respiratory, circulatory, hormonal, ionic, and thermal adjustments that elevate metabolism during recovery

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19
Q

Lactate buildup

  • No lactate buildup occurs 5-10secs
  • _________ buildup occurs during. ____________ anaerobic exercise so recovery VO2 takes longer to return to _______________
A

Lactate
Prolonged
Baseline

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20
Q

Lactate removal includes _________ and __________ recovery

A

Active, passive

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21
Q

Active recovery

A

Sub maximal exercise may prevent muscle cramps and stiffness and facilitate overall recovery

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22
Q

Passive recovery: individual lies down with __________ energy expenditure; modifications include massage, _______ showers, specific body positions, and consuming cold liquids

A

Minimal

Cold

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23
Q

All the body’s metabolic processes ultimately result in ________ production

A

Heat

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24
Q

Calorimetry

A

Defines the measurement of heat transfer

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25
Q

T/F

Direct calorimetry directly measures energy expenditure via heat production

A

True

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26
Q

All energy releasing reactions in humans ultimately depend on oxygen use, so measuring oxygen consumption during physical activities provides an indirect yet accurate estimate of energy expenditure

A

Indirect calorimetry

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27
Q
  • the father of modern chemistry

- provided the means to directly measure energy expenditure by releasing energy through burning

A

Antoine Lavoisier

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28
Q

Wilber Atawater and Edward Rosa were the first to use a __________ for direct ________________

A

Human

Calorimetry

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29
Q

Atawater

A

Chemist

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30
Q

Rosa

A

Physicist

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31
Q

Direct calorimetry has theoretical implications but _________ practical applications with humans

A

Limited

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32
Q

Closed circuit spirometry

A

Simple method that directly measures O2 uptake but has limited practical applications

33
Q

Open circuit spirometry

A

Simple and practical way to measure O2 uptake and CO2 production to infer energy expenditure

34
Q

3 techniques of open circuit

A

Bag technique
Portable spirometry
Computerized instrumentation

35
Q

The 2 ways of calibrating computerized spirometry

A

Micro-scholander

Haldane

36
Q

Advantages of the doubly labeled water technique

  • Within 3-5% accuracy compared to laboratory _____________
  • Ideal to access total __________ expenditure over prolonged periods including bed rest and extreme physical activity
A

Measure

Energy

37
Q

Disadvantages of the doubly labeled water technique

A
  • cost of labeled water

- expense incurred in spectrometric analysis of both isotopes

38
Q

Definition of respiratory quotient(RQ)

A

Carbs, fats, and proteins require different amounts of O2 for complete oxidation of each molecules carbon and hydrogen atoms to CO2 and H2O end products

39
Q

RQ=____________ / O2 consumed

A

CO2 produced

40
Q

RQ for carbs

41
Q

RQ for fats

42
Q

RQ for proteins

43
Q

Nonprotein RQ

A

Computes from composition of expired air and reflects catabolism of a blend of carbohydrates, fats, proteins

44
Q

Respiratory exchange ratio(RER)

A

Reflects the ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed when factors other than food combustion contribute to gas exchange

45
Q

RER is ___________ the same as RQ

46
Q

All chemical reactions of biomolecules within the body

A

Metabolism

47
Q

Anabolism

48
Q

Breakdown

A

Catabolism

49
Q

The 3 components of total daily energy expenditure

A

Thermic effect of feeding(10%)
Thermic effect of physical activity (15-30%)
Resting metabolic rate(60-75%)

50
Q

The normal metabolic rate is between 160 and 290___; or 0.8-_____kcal/min

51
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A
  • Minimum level of energy to sustain vital functions in the walking state
  • Reflects the body’s total heat production
52
Q

Resting metabolic rate

A
  • Always slightly higher than BMR

- Influences: body size, health/fitness, muscle mass, age, hormones, body temp

53
Q

O2 consumption
Brain=1.6kg=____ percent of body mass
Skeletal __________= 50% body mass

A

2.3

Muscles

54
Q

T/F

At rest the brain consumes more oxygen

55
Q

Factors affecting Total daily energy expenditure

A
  • physical activity
  • diet induced thermogenesis (food intake)
  • calorigenic effect of food on exercise metabolism
  • climate
  • pregnancy
56
Q

Classifications of PA by energy expenditure:
Classifying ____________ of physical tasks
-_________(how hard you perform, can be based on VO2max)
-Duration(how ______ you perform activity)

A

Strenousness
Intensity
Long

57
Q

Classifications of PA by energy expenditure
Physical activity ratio
-classifies work as the ratio of energy required for a task to the resting energy requirement
-Light work: up to ___ times the resting requirement
-Heavy work: __ -8 times resting metabolism
-________ work: 9 times or more above rest

58
Q

The average daily energy expenditure for man 19-50yrs

A

Expends 2900kcal

59
Q

The average daily expenditure of a woman 19-50yrs

A

Expends 2200 kcal

60
Q

Increase in body mass _______ energy expended in many activities, especially in weight bearing exercise

61
Q

For each individual, heart rate and VO2 relate ________ over the range of exercise intensities to about 80% of maximum

62
Q

The variables used to estimate RDEE

A

Kcal/h

Kcal/d

63
Q

Net energy expenditure

A

Is the true energy expenditure of activity

64
Q

Gross energy expenditure

A

Includes resting energy expenditure

65
Q

How to calculate NÉE

A

GEE=600kcal
REE=75kcal/hr
NEE=600-75= 525kcal

66
Q

Strenuous exercise with anaerobic involvement ___________ accuracy in estimating energy expenditure

67
Q

Movement economy: energy required to maintain a ____________ velocity of movement

68
Q

Improvements in economy _________ VO2 uptake and usually results in ________________ performance

A

Reduces

Improved

69
Q

Relates amount of energy required to perform a task to actual energy requirement of work done

A

Mechanical efficiency

70
Q

T/F

ME during walking is linearly between speeds of 1.9-3.1

71
Q

Factors that affect mechanical efficiency expenditure during walking

A

Body mass
Terrain and walking surface
Walking grade
Footwear and other distal loads

72
Q

Why Olympic style running reduces efficiency and economy

A

Because they walk faster than 8km/h about same as economy for running at same speeds

73
Q

How to increase running speed

A

Increase number of steps/min(stride frequency)
Increase distance between steps(stride length)
Increase both length and frequency of strides

74
Q

T/F

Children have a reduced running economy

75
Q

Running economy in children vs adults

A

Children are less economical runners than adults; they require 20-30% more oxygen per unit body mass to run at a given speed

76
Q

Why do children have reduced economy in running

A
  • Larger surface are
  • Shorter stride lengths
  • Differences in body mechanics
77
Q

Effects of air resistance on energy expenditure of running depends on

A

Air density
Runners projected surface area
Square of running velocity

78
Q

T/F
Depending on speed, overcoming air resistance requires 3-9% of the total energy expenditure
Of running in calm air

79
Q

Swimming requires added __________ expenditure to maintain buoyancy while simultaneously generating horizontal arm and leg movements

Exercise Physiology (3 decks)

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