Exam 3

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

Change in a population overtime

Question 2

Natural Selection

Answer 2

The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survivie and produce more offspring

Question 3

5 agents of evolutionary change

Answer 3

Natural Selection
Genetic Drift
Founder Effect
Bottleneck
Gene Flow
Sexual Selection

Question 4

Genetic Drift

Answer 4

A random change in allele frequencies in a population

Question 5

Fixation

Answer 5

The reduction of genetic variation due to genetic drift

Question 6

Founder Effect

Answer 6

Small number of individuals leave a population and become the founders of a new area - usually having a different allele frequency than the original population

Question 7

Bottleneck

Answer 7

Reduction of a population (usually caused by death) leaving a small fraction of the original population intact, this smaller population will usually have different allele frequencies than those that died

Question 8

Gene Flow

Answer 8

Migration into or out of a population will change allele frequencies

Question 9

Sexual Selection

Answer 9

A form of natural selection that depends on an individuals ability to obtain a mate

Question 10

Fitness

Answer 10

A measure of the relative amount of reproduction of an individual with a particular phenotype compared to the reproductive success of an individual with a different phenotype

Question 11

3 important elements to an organisms fitness

Answer 11

Environment
Fitness measured relative to other genotypes or phenotypes in the population
Depends on an organisms reproductive success compared to the other organisms in the population

Question 12

Stabilizing Selection

Answer 12

Individuals with intermediate phenotypes are most fit

Question 13

Disruptive Selection

Answer 13

Individuals with extreme phenotypes experience the highest fitness, and those with intermediate phenotypes have the lowest

Question 14

Species

Answer 14

Population that is capable of interbreeding to poduce healthy fertile offspring

Question 15

Reproductive Barriers

Answer 15

Prezygotic and Postzygotic barriers

Question 16

Prezygotic Barriers

Answer 16

Prevent mating between different species (this happens before the fusion of sperm and egg)

Question 17

Temporal Isolation

Answer 17

Mating times differ (some like mornings, some like nights, etc)

Question 18

Habitat Isolation

Answer 18

Living in different habitats that dont allow organisms to cross paths easily

Question 19

Behavioral Isolation

Answer 19

No sexual attraction (you looking for a buff guy not a bitch like nik)

Question 20

Mechanical Isolation

Answer 20

Wrong organs to fuck with (my nigga doesnt have a penis that goes into a vagina)

Question 21

Gametic Isolation

Answer 21

Egg and sperm fail to fuse to make zygote

Question 22

Postzygotic Barriers

Answer 22

Barriers that occur after the hybrid zygote is formed

Question 23

Hybrid Sterility

Answer 23

The hybrid cannot reproduce

Question 24

Mechanisms of Speciation

Answer 24

Making a new species

Question 25

Altruistic Behavior

Answer 25

Behaviors that come at a cost to the individual doing the behavior while benefiting the recipient (jumping infront of a bullet to save someones life)

Question 26

Female investment to reproduction

Answer 26

Produces larger gamete (egg) (by making larger gamete, the female has already invested more towards reproduction because this takes more energy to do)

Question 27

Male investment to reproduction

Answer 27

Produces the smaller, usually mobile gamete

Question 28

Tactics for getting a mate

Answer 28

Courtship rituals Gifts Control resources Looks

Question 29

Tactics for keeping a mate

Answer 29

If the offspring benefit from having a father, the male is more likely to provide parental care

Question 30

Mate Gaurding

Answer 30

Copulatory plugs-break off penis into her so no other penis can get in

Question 31

Monogamy

Answer 31

One male one female

Question 32

Polygyny

Answer 32

1 male bunch of females

Question 33

Polyandry

Answer 33

1 female and bunch of males

Question 34

Sexual Dimophism

Answer 34

Differences between male and female (size, aggressiveness)

Question 35

Sexual Monomorphism

Answer 35

Male and females look the same

Question 36

Ecology Levels

Answer 36

``` Individual Population Community Ecosystems Biosphere ```

Question 37

Individual

Answer 37

Organism

Question 38

Population

Answer 38

A group of individuals of the same species living in a defined area

Question 39

Community

Answer 39

Consists of two or more populations of diff species living in the same area

Question 40

Ecosystems

Answer 40

Consists of a community of living things interacting with the physical aspects if their environment

Question 41

Biotic Factors

Answer 41

Living things in an ecosystem

Question 42

Abiotic Factors

Answer 42

Nonliving things in an ecosystem

Question 43

Biosphere

Answer 43

Consists of all the earths ecosystems containing living species

Question 44

Limitations for species to live

Answer 44

Physical factors Interactions with other species Geographical barriers

Question 45

Interactions between species

Answer 45

``` Competition Predation Parasitism Commensalism Mutualism ```

Question 46

Competition

Answer 46

Two species competing for resources

Question 47

Competitive exclusion

Answer 47

When one species wins the competition with another species excluding it

Question 48

Predation

Answer 48

Predators seek prey to survive

Question 49

Parasitism

Answer 49

One species benefits at the expense of another (without killing it for as long as possible)

Question 50

Commensalism

Answer 50

One species benefits but the other is unharmed

Question 51

Mutualism

Answer 51

Both benefit from the interaction

Question 52

Genetic Biodiversity

Answer 52

The collection of genes within a population

Question 53

Causes of biodiversity loss

Answer 53

``` Habitat destruction Invasive species Overharvesting Pollution Climate change ```

Question 54

Population growth

Answer 54

Most species cannot handle expionential growth

Question 55

Density dependent

Answer 55

Events that depend on a population size to occue

Question 56

Density independent

Answer 56

Events that dont depend on the population of a species to occur