Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 1010 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Mycorrhizal Fungi and its significance

A

Relationships with other organisms help a plant to obtain essential nutrients
So plants form mycorrhizae
In exchange the fungus receives some nutrients from the plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is mycorrhizal fungi

A

A network of fungal threads that act to increase the plants absorptive capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two types of mycorrhizal fungi

A

1) endomycorrhizae - found inside of the root (most common)

2) ectomycorrhizae - Fungus is located on the root surface (associated with woody plants)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Explain nitrogen dependency

A

Plants depend on bacteria to supply nitrogen

Atmospheric nitrogen is in the form N2 which plants cannot use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Because of the nitrogen in the air cannot be used how do plants get nitrogen

A

Supplies are in the soil
Soil bacteria convert N2 from the air into forms utilizable by the plant

Ie) nitrate ions and ammonium ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define nitrogen fixation

A

The process of converting nitrogen from the atmosphere into alternate forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Explain plant parasites

A

A plant that is not capable of photosynthesis may tap into another plants vascular system and absorb organic molecules from the plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Carnivorous plants obtain some nutrients from …

A

Animal tissues

Ie) use insects as a source of nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Are Epiphytes parasitic plants? What do they do

A

Not parasitic
Use other plants to anchor themselves for support

Ie) orchids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is an animal

A 
multi-cellular 
heterotrophic 
eukaryotes 
most are diploid and reproduce sexually 
lack cell walls
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how do animals obtain nutrients

A

obtained by ingestion

eats food not like absorption digestion occurs within the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how do animals move

A

muscle cells for movement and nerve cells for conducting impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

animal reproductive cycle

A

1) male and female haploid gametes are produced by meiosis
2) egg and sperm fuse producing a zygote
3) the zygote divides by mitosis
4) enters early embryonic stage called blastula and it folds inward forming a gastrula
5) internal sac formed during gastrulation becomes the digestive tract lined by the endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the blastula

A

a hollow ball of cells that is an early embryonic stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the ectoderm

A

outer cell layer that gives rise to the outer covering of the animal and if present also the central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the mesoderm

A

the third embryonic layer that forms the muscles and most internal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

after the gastrula most animals will develop into what

what do others develop into

A

adults

others develop into one or more larval stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is larva

A

an immature individual that looks different then the mature adult body form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

in order for the larva to become an adult that reproduces sexually it undergoes a major change in body form called

A

metamorphosis

this is controlled by special gene sets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

explain the animal ancestor

A

1) an aggregate of identical cells formed few cells
2) larger colonies likely formed hollow spheres
3) eventually cells in the colony became specialized for certain functions such as reproduction and locomotion
4) a simple multicellular organism likely formed from infolding of one side of the colony
5) a gastrula like proto animal eventually would have formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

when is the common animal ancestor thought to have lived

A

1 billion years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

are there any fossils to document the evolutionary process of the animal ancestor

A

NO Fossils to document

the oldest fossil is 575 million years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

define invertebrates

A

refer to animals lacking a vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

define vertebrates

A

animals that have a vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how many phylums of animals are there how many of them are invertebrates

A

approx. 35 phylums
34 of the phylums are invertebrates
1 of the phylums are vertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how are animals categorized

A

by their body plans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are the two types of body plan symmetry

A

radical symmetry
- body parts radiate from the center the animal has a top and a bottom but not right and left sides
bilateral symmetry
- mirror image right and left sides
a distinct head, tail, a back and a bottom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

animals body structure correlates with lifestyle how?

A

radial animals are usually sedentary meeting their environment equally on all sides
bilaterally structured animals have all of their sense organs located within the head region (eyes brain mouth) this arrangement facilitates mobility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the three types of body cavities

A

true coelom
psuedocoelom
acoelomates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is a true coelom

A

animals that have a body cavity lined entirely by tissue from the mesoderm
ie) segmented worm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is a psuedocoelom

A

a body cavity lined with tissues that were not completely derived from mesoderm tissue
these function just like true coeloms
ie) roundworms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is a acoelomates

A

no body cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

animals that have three tissue layers can be characterized by what

A

the presence or absence of a body cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is a body cavity

A

a fluid filed space between the digestive tract and the outer body wall
cushions the internal organs and enables them to grow and move independently of the body wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what do soft bodied animals have

A

a hydrostatic skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is a hydrostatic skeleton

A

a non compressible fluid in the body cavity of soft bodied animals
provides a rigid structure that muscles contract against

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is protostomes

A

the opening formed during gastrulation becomes the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what are deuterostomes

A

the opening formed during gastrulation becomes the anus and the mouth develops from the second opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what are eumetazoans

A

animals with true tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what are sponges

A

have no tissues
sedentary animals
most are marine some are freshwater
some are radial but most are asymmetrical
ore complex sponges have branching water canals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

do most animals have radial or bilateral symmetry

A

bilateral symmetry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what are the holes used for in sponges

A

water is drawn through pores into a central cavity which then flows out through a larger opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what are the two cell layers of a sponge separated by

A

a gelatinous region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what are the choanocytes and where are they located

A

inner layer of the flagellated cells of sponges

the choanocytes help to sweep water through the sponges body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what are amoebocytes in sponges

A

wander through the middle body region

produce supportive skeletal fibers composed of flexible protein called spongin and mineralized particles called spicules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what can sharp spicules do

A

may protect the large opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

sponges are __ feeders

A

suspension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what does it mean to be suspension feeders

A

animals that collect food particles from the water

the food is passed through some sort of food trapping equipment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what do the choanocytes and amoebocytes do for the sponges food

A

the choanocytes trap food particles in mucus on membranes that surround the base of their flagella and then engulf the food by phagocytosis
the amoebocytes pick up food packaged in food vacuoles from choanocytes and digest it carrying the nutrients to the other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

adult sponges are ___ what does this mean

A

sessile
anchored in place
they are unable to esc ape from predators
consequently sponges produce defensive compounds such as antibiotics and toxins to deter pathogens parasites and predators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what is the simplest animal what characteristics make it the simplest

A

sponges
no nerves or muscles
individual cells can sense and react to environmental changes
no true tissues
thought to have evolved from a flagellated protest ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what are cnidarians

A

eumatozoan (one of the oldest types)
radial symmetry
only has two tissue layers
have contractile tissues and nerves in their simplest forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what are some examples of cnidarians

A

hydras jellyfish and corals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what are the two tissues of cnidarians

A

outer epidermis and inner cell layer that lines the digestive cavity
jelly filled middle region which may contain scattered amoebid cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

explain cnidarians incomplete gut

A

mouth and no anus single opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

how do cnidarians feed

A

tentacles surround the mouth opening to assist the trapping and intake of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

there are two main body forms of cnidarians what are the two forms can a cnidarian ever be in both forms in their life

A

medusa
polyp
yes they are exist in both forms during their life cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

explain the medusa body form

A

motile by swimming
the mouth faces downward
organism is umbrella shaped with a thick middle layer composed of viscous jelly like material (ie jellyfish)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

explain the polyp body form

A 
stationary 
tubular
tentacles face up 
colonial aggregations are the most common 
(ie sea anemone)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what do cnidarians have to function in defense and capture prey

A

unique stinging cells called cnidocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

where are cnidocytes found

A

throughout the epidermis and tentacles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what and how do cnidarians eat

A

nearly all are carnivorous
feeds predominantly on small crustaceans and other plankton that is captured by the tentacles
prey enters the gastrointestinal cavity via the mouth where digestion takes place using extracellular enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what are Platyhelminthes

A

flatworms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what are the characteristics of Platyhelminthes

A

bilateral symmetry and three embryonic tissue layers
thin and ribbon like
simplest bilatarians
marine freshwater or damp habitats
one opening to the gastrointestinal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

what are the three major groups of Platyhelminthes

A

planarians - free living flatworms
flukes - parasitic
tapeworms - parasitic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

describe planarians

A

free living flatworms
head with a pair of light sensitive eyespots
flap at each side of the head to detect chemicals
dense packs of nerve cells function as the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

where do planarians live

A

undersurfaces of rocks in streams and freshwater ponds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

how do planarians move

A

use cilia on their ventral surface to crawl also have muscles that enable them to twist and turn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

how do planarians get food

A

sucks food in from the mouth at the tip of a muscular tube and has a highly branched GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

how do planarians have nerves that act as a brain

A

a pair of nerve cords connect with small nerves that branch throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

describe flukes

A

parasitic
have a tough protective covering
suckers that attach to their host
reproductive organs occupy almost the entire interior of these worms
complex life cycles
intermediate hosts in which larva develop
larva infect final host where they will lived as adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

what is an example of flukes

A

blood flukes that cause schistosomiasis in humans spend a part of their life cycle in snails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

describe tapeworms

A

inhibit the digestive tract of vertebrates as adults
ribbon like body
this is the most evolutionarily advanced of all the flatworms
lacks a gut
nervous system is reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

how do tapeworms derive nutrients

A

nutrients are taken up form the host across the wall of the worm body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

what are nematodes

A

roundworms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

describe nematodes

A 
cylindrical worms with a blunt head and a tapered tail
pseudocoelomates
free living
soil dwelling
body is composed of a fixed cell number
some are parasitic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

what are nematodes covered by

A

a tough non living cuticle
periodically shed
used as protection and to resist dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

how are some nematodes parasitic

A

big agricultural pests
attack animal and plant roots
some cause animal diseases such as heartworm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

describe molluscs

A 
most diverse group of invertebrates
terrestrial marine and fresh water organisms 
have separate sexes
bilateral symmetry 
3 tissue layers  
have a true coelom
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

what is a molluscs body composed of

A

a small but well defined head large dorsal visceral mass and a broad flat ventral foot
visceral mass covered by the mantle which secretes the shell
the shell is the unique characteristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

what is the molluscs shell composed of

A

calcium carbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

what do molluscs use for respiration

A

gills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

do molluscs have a circulatory system

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

how do molluscs feed

A

with a structure called a radula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

what do a molluscs life cycle include

A

a ciliated larval stage called a trochophore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

what are the three major classes of molluscs

A

gastropods
bivalves
cephalopods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

describe gastropods

A 
largest most diverse class
marine fresh water and terrestrial 
only molluscs that live on land 
the terrestrial molluscs lack gills 
distinct head with eyes at tentacle tips
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

what are some examples of gastropods

A

snails and slugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

explain a gastropods shell what is it used for

A

has a single spiralled shell used for the animal to be able to retreat when threatened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

in gastropods the lining of the mantle cavity functions as

A

a lung performing gas exchange with the air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

describe bivalves

A

the shells are divided into two halves and hinged together
most are suspension feeders
sedentary living in sand or mud
muscular foot is used for digging and anchoring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

what are some examples of bivalves

A

clams oysters and muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

how do bivalves feed

A

gills in the mantle cavity used for feeding and gas exchange
mucus coated gills trap small food particles from the water
cilia sweeps particles to the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

describe cephalopods

A

adapted to lifestyle of fast agile predators
marine and most free swimming
carnivorous
highly developed nervous and locomotion systems
change color in response to threat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

who is considered the most agile invertebrate

A

the octopus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

give some examples of cephalopods

A

squids and octopus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

how do cephalopods eat

A

use beak like jaws to radula to crush/rip prey apart
mouth is the base of the foot
drawn into several long tentacles to catch and hold prey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

how do cephalopods swim

A

via a water jet propulsion from the mantle cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

describe annelids

A

segmented body composed of a number of sections

marine freshwater and terrestrial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

how do annelids move

A

their segmentation allows added mobility for swimming and burrowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

how do annelids eat and what

A

suspension feeders scavenging

herbivores and carnivores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

what can medicinal leeches do

A

promote healing of tissue grafts and reattached appendages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

what are the three major groups of annelids

A

polychaeta
earthworms
leeches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

describe plychaeta

A

largest group
very diverse lifestyle function and form
secrete and occupy tubes
marine, burrow, bottom dwellers, live in rocks and shells and can swim when necessary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

how do polychaeta move

A

paddle like parapodia function as gills and assist in locomotion
one appendage on each

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

how do polychaeta feed

A

search for prey on the seafloor or live within tubes and filter food particles
extend appendages coated in mucus to trap suspended food particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

describe earthworms

A

many body structures are repeated in each segment
the digestive tract is continuous but the nervous system has nerve clusters in each segment
each segment has bristles that offer traction
closed circulatory system
hermaphrodites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

what muscles do the earthworms have

A

the segments have longitudinal and circular muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

describe leeches

A 
dorso-ventrally flattened 
ventral and posterior suckers 
parasitic that thrives off of host blood
free living carnivorous species 
fresh water marine and terrestrial
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

what do leeches eat and how do they act as parasites

A

eat small invertebrates such as snails
have razor like jaws that split the animals skin and they secrete anticoagulant and anesthetic into the wound to prevent pain and blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

describe arthropoda

A

the largest group of animals
segmented
exoskeletons made out of chitin
jointed appendages that are modified for many functions
open circulatory system
variety of specialized organs for gas exchange

112
Q

what is the arthropoda’s ecdysis

A

a process in which the arthropoda grows and molts its exoskeleton

113
Q

arthropoda’s have fluid filled with what

A

hemolymph that circulates into spaces surrounding tissues and organs

114
Q

what is a subgroup of anthropods

A

chelicerates

115
Q

describe chelicerates

A

named for claw like feeding appendages called chelicerates

most marine forms are EXTINCT however the horseshoe crab still exists

116
Q

what is the most common form of chelicerates

A

arachnids

a group that includes spiders ticks mites and scorpions

117
Q

what do anthropods include

A

millipedes
centipedes
crustaceans
arachnids

118
Q

describe millipedes

A

have a large number of legs

each trunk segment has two pair of legs

119
Q

describe centipedes

A

carnivores
contain jaw like mandibles
one pair of legs per trunk segment

120
Q

describe crustaceans

A

usually have branched appendages that are specialized for feeding and moving
nearly all aquatic
jointed appendages project from the shell to strain food from water

121
Q

what are some examples of crustaceans

A

lobster crayfish and barnacles

122
Q

what do barnacles contain

A

a hardened shell containing calcium carbonate

123
Q

crustaceans anchor themselves to what and how

A

to objects such as boats using adhesive that they produce that is stronger then any glue ever invented

124
Q

describe insects

A

the most numerous and most successful

125
Q

what are three parts of insects body

A

1) head- sensory antenna and eyes various mouth parts
2) thorax - three sets of legs and wings (but not all have wings)
3) abdomen

126
Q

what are some examples of insects (with three body parts)

A

grasshoppers
beetles
moths

127
Q

what is incomplete metamorphosis and what animal follows this

A

many insects have developmental processes that follow the transition from larva to adult and goes through many molts without forming a pupa

128
Q

what is complete metamorphosis

A

larvae specialized for eating and growing
larvae look very different from adults
adults specialized for dispersal and reproduction

129
Q

describe echinodermata

A 
all marine 
deuterostomes 
radially symmetrical as adults
but bilateral larvae
have an endoskeleton 
slow moving or sessile 
mouth located on underside
130
Q

what are some examples of echinodermata

A

sea stars sand dollars and sea urchins

131
Q

what is a endoskeleton what do Echinodermata have on their endoskeleton

A

spines and plates found internally

a thin bumpy or spiny skin covers the endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates

132
Q

what are used for respiration locomotion and feeding in Echinodermata

A

tube feet

133
Q

chordate clades were constructed by analysis of __

A

molecular evidence
anatomical evidence
fossil evidence

134
Q

who were thought to be the first group of chordates

what is different about these

A

tunicates

only chordate that does not have a brain

135
Q

describe chordates

A

contain a head referred to as craniates
head consists of a brain at the anterior end of the dorsal nerve cord
contains a skull eyes ears nose
has a well defined backbone

136
Q

what does the backbone and vertebral column function as

A

to protect the contents of the nervous system

137
Q

what was some of the major evolutionary developments of the chordates

A

the jaws
the lungs
muscular lobed fins with skeletal support

138
Q

what are tedtrapods and what group do they belong to

A

jawed vertebrates with two pairs of limbs
the first vertebrates on land
chordates

139
Q

who were the first vertebrates on land

A

the tetrapods

140
Q

what are amniotes

A

tetrapods with a terrestrially adapted egg

141
Q

what was the last major adaptation to life on land for the chordates

A

the amniotes that adapted with an egg

142
Q

who are the most primitive chordates

A

hagfishes and lampreys

143
Q

are hagfishes and lampreys craniates

A

yes

they are both jawless

144
Q

hagfish have a notochord, what is this

A

a strong flexible rod running the length of the fish body

145
Q

do lampreys have a notochord

A

yes

146
Q

are lampreys vertebrates

A

yes they have a vertebral column; a rudimentary vertebral column

147
Q

describe hagfish

A

scavenge dead or nearly dead vertebrates
along the bottom of the ocean
almost blind
excellent senses of smell and touch

148
Q

how do hagfish prey and eat

A

enter prey through existing holes
or creates holes using sharp structures on the tongue that resembles teeth
they grasp and tear flesh

149
Q

how do hagfish act against threats

A

exudes slime from glands on the sides of its body
occurs when threatened
after the threat is removed the hagfish ties its tail in a knot and slides the knot forward to remove the layer of slime

150
Q

how many species of hagfish

A

approximately 40

151
Q

describe lampreys

A 
oldest living vertebrates
suspension feeders
lived in freshwater streams and most of the time spent buried in sediment 
migration to the ocean or the sea
occurs when they mature into adults
most are parasitic 
attaches to the skin of prey using rasping tongue to penetrate 
feeds on blood and tissues
152
Q

describe jawed vertebrates

A

have paired fins and a tail which allows them to swim to their prey
jaws enable them to catch and eat a diverse group of prey
contrast with suspension feeders
jawed vertebrates with paired fins and gill are commonly referred to as fish

153
Q

when are jawed vertebrates said to have appeared

A

appeared on the fossil record 470 million years ago

154
Q

what are the three lineages of jawed vertebrates

A

chondrichthyans
ray finned fish
lobe finned fish

155
Q

describe the jawed vertebrates gills

A

initially skeletal rods supported the gill slits functioned to trap food particles
two pairs of skeletal rods near the mouth have become the jaws and their supports
gill slits were no longer needed for feeding remained for gas exchange

156
Q

what are some examples of chondrichthyans

A

sharks and rays

157
Q

describe chondrichthyans

A 
flexible skeleton made of cartilage
most are predators (some suspension feeders)
quick swimmers with strong jaws 
sharp vision
great sense of smell
158
Q

electrosensors on the head of chondrichthyans do what

A

detect electromagnetic fields produced by muscle contractions of near by animals

159
Q

describe sharks lateral line systems

A

have lateral line systems
a row of sensory organs that run along each side of the animal
sensitive to changes in water pressure
can detect very small vibrations caused by animals moving nearby

160
Q

describe rays

A

are adapted for life at the bottom of the ocean
bodies are dorsoventrally flattened
eyes on top of the head
tail has sharp spines with venom glands at the base
suspension feeders that swim through the ocean filtering plankton

161
Q

what are some examples of ray-finned fish

A

tuna trout and goldfish

162
Q

describe ray-finned fish

A

skeleton made of bone reinforced with cartilage hard matrix of calcium carbonate usually flattened scales over the skin and secrete a mucus to reduce drag while swimming

163
Q

what is operculum what animal has it

A

protective flap on each side of the head
covers the chamber housing the gills
movement of the operculum allows the fish to breathe without swimming
contrast; sharks need to swim to pass water over their gills
ray-finned fish

164
Q

what are swim bladders what do they do and what animal has them

A

gas filled sac
a lung derivative
helps to keep the fish buoyant and evolved from balloon like lungs
ray finned fish have them

165
Q

who are said to be the largest group of vertebrates with how many species

A

ray finned fish

27 000 species

166
Q

describe lobe finned fish

A

rod shaped bones

found in muscular pectoral and pelvic fins

167
Q

what are the three lineages of lobe finned fish

A

coelacanth - deep sea dweller
lungfish - inhibit stagnant waters, gulp air into lungs connected to the pharynx
tetrapods - adapted to life on land and give rise to terrestrial vertebrates

168
Q

what are some examples of amphibians

A

salamanders and frogs

169
Q

describe amphibians

A

tetrapods (vertebrates with two pairs of limbs)
most are found in damp habitats
moist skin supplements lungs for gas exchange
skin usually has poison glands used in defense

170
Q

who are said to be the first vertebrates to have colonize the land

A

amphibians
distribution of most amphibians is limited because they require moisture because they are susceptible to dehydration
some amphibians live only on land such as toads

171
Q

what are some examples of reptiles

A

lizards snakes turtles and birds

dinosaurs

172
Q

what is a major characteristic that was derived by reptiles

A

The amniotic egg

173
Q

describe the amniotic egg

A

embryo develops inside enclosed by a protective fluid filled sac called an amnion
allows reptiles to complete their life on land
similar to the role of the seed in plant evolution
snakes likely become limbless because their ancestors developed a burrowing lifestyle

174
Q

what are some other adaptations to terrestrial life of reptiles

A

reptilian skin - covered with scales heavily keratinized to protect drying out,
therefore they breathe through lungs with an assisted ribcage

175
Q

what are non bird reptiles referred to why?

A

cold blooded
do not use metabolism to generate body heat
to stay warm they stay in the sun or maintain contact with warm surfaces
previous reptiles such as dinosaurs are thought to have been endotherms

176
Q

define ectothermic

A

absorbing heat rather then generating heart

177
Q

what type of reptile is said to be a descendent of the dinosaurs

A

the bird group

178
Q

what did birds evolve from

A

theropods
a small two legged group of dinosaurs suggested by fossil evidence
feathers are present on these dinosaurs but not used for flight but for insolation and courtship displays

179
Q

what are the most primitive birds

A

the archaeopteryx
feathered wings
otherwise dinosaur like
teeth wing claws and tail with lots of vertebrae

180
Q

what features of the bird reflect adaptations that enhance flight

A

reduce weight
no teeth
bones within the tail have only a few hollow vertebrae
feathers have hollow shaft
bones are honeycomb structure providing strength within a light weight structure
large breasts muscles provide power for flight

181
Q

describe birds

A

have a high metabolism because flying requires a great deal of energy
endothermic - feathers to prevent heat loss
very efficient circulatory system and lungs (more efficient at gas exchange then mammalian lungs)
strong senses - amazing vision
have an amniotic eggs covered with hard shell

182
Q

describe mammals

A

amniotes with hair and the ability to produce milk
hair functions to insulate
mammals are endothermic
mammary glands produce milk to nourish young
differentiation of teeth allows consumption of many different foods
larger brains then vertebrates of comparable size
long period of parental care
highly efficient circulatory and respiratory system
four chambered heart diaphragm assists in ventilation
probably nocturnal and eats small and insects

183
Q

when did mammals approximately arose

A

200 million years ago

184
Q

what are the three main groups of mammals

A

monotremes
marsupials
eutherians

185
Q

describe monotremes

A 
duck billed platypus 
only mammals that lay eggs
female platypus usually lays two eggs
incubates eggs in a nest 
once born the babies lick milk from the mothers fur
186
Q

explain mammals birth

A

most are born not hatched
embryos are nourished inside of the mothers body
the lining of the uterus together with embryonic layers form a sac called a placenta which allows exchange of nutrients and wastes to and from the mothers body

187
Q

describe marsupials

A

brief gestation
mother gives birth to tiny offspring that complete embryonic development attached to the mothers nipples
nourishing young are usually contained in an external pouch called a marsupium

188
Q

where do most marsupials live

A

nearly all live in Australia new Zealand and south America

189
Q

describe eutherians

A

called placental mammals
more complex then those of marsupials
entire embryonic development is completed with the placenta
they bear fully developed live young

190
Q

what are some examples of eutherians

A

humans zebras elephants rodents and rabbits

191
Q

what are the 3 dietary categories

A

herbivores- eat autotrophs such as plants
carnivores- eat other animals
omnivores- eat both plants and animals

192
Q

what are the four mechanisms animals use to obtain and ingest food

A

suspension feeders
substrate feeders
fluid feeders
bulk feeders

193
Q

define suspension feeders

A

extract food particles suspended in the surrounding water

194
Q

define substrate feeders

A

there organisms live within or atop their food source
they eat their way through the food source
ie) earthworms

195
Q

define fluid feeders

A

suck nutrient rich fluids from their host
host can be plant or animals
ie) mosquitoes

196
Q

define bulk feeders

A

ingest large pieces of food
utilizes utensils claws jaws or teeth
kill prey and tear off pieces

197
Q

what are the four stages of food processing

A

ingestion
digestion
absorption
elimination

198
Q

define ingestion

A

this is the actual act of eating

199
Q

define digestion

A

this is the breakdown of food molecules small enough to be absorbed by the body

200
Q

what are the two types of digestion

A

mechanical breakdown- occurs in the mouth of humans and many other animals, teeth break food into smaller pieces increasing surface area
enzymatic breakdown - enzymes breakdown the chemical structure of the molecules occurs via the addition of water

201
Q

define absorption

A

the products of enzymatic digestion are absorbed into the cells lining the digestive tract
these products then enter the blood stream and are delivered to the cells of the body

202
Q

define elimination

A

under digested material passes through the digestive tract

203
Q

where does digestion occur

A

mostly in specialized compartments in order to avoids digestion of self tissues
most animals contain a internal compartment that permits extracellular digestion

204
Q

what is the smallest digestive compartment

A

fuses with lysosome which contains digestive enzymes

205
Q

what is an example of an internal digestive compartment in an animal

A

gastrovascular cavity

- digestive cubit with only one opening (the mouth)

206
Q

describe the process of compartmentalized digestion

A

1) gland cells lining the cavity secrete digestive enzymes
2) enzymes break down soft prey tissues
3) other cells present engulf small food particles
4) food particles are broken down in food vacuoles
5) under digested material is expelled through the mouth

207
Q

what is the alimentary canal

A

a compartment of digestion
has two openings a mouth and an anus
most mammals have this

208
Q

what structures are apart of the alimentary canal

A

pharynx
esophagus - may lead to a crop, a gizzard or a stomach
small intestine
anus

209
Q

what does the stomach or gizzard do

A

temporarily stores food
muscular
churns and grinds food

210
Q

what does the small intestine do

A

bulk of enzymatic digestion and all nutrient absorption occurs here

211
Q

what does the anus do

A

under digested materials are expelled through the anus

212
Q

what are three examples of animals with alimentary canals

A

earthworm
grasshopper
birds

213
Q

describe the earthworms alimentary canal

A

food enters pharynx from the mouth
passes through esophagus and is stored in the crop
the gizzard contains sand and gravel and digests the food
digestion and subsequent absorption occurs in the intestine
dorsal fold increase the surface area for absorption

214
Q

describe the grasshoppers alimentary canal

A

uses a crop to store food also
digestion occurs in the mid gut region
gastric pouches here increase the surface area for absorption
hindgut is to absorb water and compact wastes

215
Q

describe the birds alimentary canal

A

three separate chambers
a crop
a stomach
a gizzard - filled with gravel to pulverize food
chemical digestion and absorption occurs in the small intestine

216
Q

human digestion - peristalsis

A

propels food through the GI tract by alternating waves of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation

217
Q

human digestion - sphincters

A

regulate the passage of food into and out of the stomach
cardiac sphincter
pyloric sphincter

218
Q

how does the human stomach increase surface area

A

has accordion like folds to increase absorptive surface area

219
Q

the human stomach secretes what? what is it and what does it do?

A

gastric juice
composed of mucus strong acid and enzymes
hydrochloric acid begins the breakdown of chemical bonds in food
kills most bacteria that have enter with food
the ph= 2
mucus protects stomach lining from harsh acidity
HCI also converts certain enzymes into their active form

220
Q

explain the humans stomachs hormonal control of digestion

A

gastrin is released from the stomach cells into the blood in response to food
circulates in the blood returning to the stomach to stimulate secretion of more gastric juice

221
Q

where does the remainder of digestion occur after in the stomach, what else occurs here

A

the small intestine

absorption of nutrients

222
Q

digestive enzymes used during digestion are synthesized by

A

the pancreas - pancreatic juice which is a mixture of digestive enzymes and bicarbonate

the liver- produces bile which contains salts that emulsify fats

the small intestine also produces digestive enzymes which aid in digestion

223
Q

where is bile stored

A

stored by the gall bladder until it is required in the small intestine

224
Q

what allows for the small intestine to increase absorptive surface area

A

the villi which are finger like projections lined with microvilli
extend into the lumen of the small intestine greatly increasing surface area
absorptive surface of the small intestine is approximately 300msquared (the size of a tennis court)

225
Q

where is the liver located in humans

A

between the intestines and the heart

226
Q

where does the hepatic portal vein receive blood from and what does it do

A

receives blood from capillaries of small and large intestine
transports nutrients absorbed by the intestines directly to the liver

227
Q

what is the main function of the human liver

A

to remove excess glucose from the blood
coverts excess glucose into glycogen
glycogen is stored in the liver
liver also produces lipoproteins that transport fats and cholesterol to the cells of the body
liver is involved in detoxifying and modification of substance absorbed by the GI tract ie) alcohol

228
Q

describe the human large intestine

A

1.5m long

outpocketings include a blind pouch called the caecum and the appendix

229
Q

what is the main function of the large intestine in humans

A

to absorb any remaining water
waste products are referred to as feces
mainly undigestible plant fibers and normal flora from the colon
especially E. coli
feces are stored in the anus until elimination

230
Q

how has natural selection effected evolutionary adaptations on different animals digestive systems

A

natural selection has favoured adaptations that fit an animals digestive system to be structured to digesting the kind of food that the animal eats

231
Q

what is an evolutionary adaptation of carnivores digestive system

A

large expandable stomachs

232
Q

what is an evolutionary adaptation of herbivores and omnivores digestive system

A

length of digestive tract
vegetation is more difficult to digest
longer canal provides more time for digestion
herbivores also usually have special chambers to house bacteria which helps the animal by digesting cellulose into simple sugars

233
Q

how can an animal get nutrients

A

essential nutrients must be supplied by animal diet

animals cannot make essential nutrients from raw material

234
Q

what are the four classes of essential nutrients

A

essential fatty acids - linoleic acid used to synthesize the plasma membrane
essential amino acids- 8/20 cannot be synthesized
vitamins
minerals

235
Q

define undernourishment

A

diet chronically deficient in calories

236
Q

define malnourishment

A

long term absence of one or more essential nutrients

237
Q

what are the three main phases of gas exchange

A

breathing
transport of gases
bodily cells take up oxygen from the blood and release co2

238
Q

define breathing in gas exchange

A

exposes a large moist internal surface to air
oxygen diffuses across the cells lining the lung into surrounding blood vessels
carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood and into the lung

239
Q

define the transport of gases

A

oxygen that diffused into the blood binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells
carbon dioxide is also transported in the blood from the tissues to the lungs

240
Q

explain how bodily cells take up oxygen from the blood and release co2

A

oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor during cellular respiration in the mitochondria

241
Q

where does gas exchange occur within the animal

A

the respiratory surface

composed of living cells that must be kept moist to maintain function

242
Q

how does gas exchange occur

A

by diffusion

must have a large surface area

243
Q

describe earthworms and their gas exchange

A

entire outer skin surface is used for gas exchange
no specialized organs
a capillary layer immediately below the surface receives oxygen
must live in damp places as the entire organism must be wet
organisms that ventilate this way are usually small and many are long and thin

244
Q

what are some other mechanisms for gas exchange

A

gills
tracheal system
lungs

245
Q

describe gills

A

extensions /outfoldings of the body surface
specialized for gas exchange
oxygen diffuses across the gill surface into a capillary bed
carbon dioxide diffuses out of the fish from the capillary bed out of the gill
maintaining a moist surface is not problematic

246
Q

describe tracheal system

A

respiratory system is contained within the animal
extensive system of branching internal tubes
respiratory system is at the tips of the tubes
gases are exchanged directly with body cells
circulatory system is not required

247
Q

describe lungs

A

found in most terrestrial vertebrates
internal sacs lined with moist epithelium
large amount of branching internally
the branching forms a large respiratory surface
gases are moved between the lungs and the body cells via the circulatory system

248
Q

oxygen and gills

A

oxygen is present in water as dissolved gas

less oxygen in water then in air so gills must be very efficient

249
Q

describe the gill structure

A

four gill arches on each side of the body
two rows of gill filaments project from each gill arch
each filament has many plate like structures called lamellae

250
Q

what are lamellae

A

are the actual respiratory surfaces

they are full of tiny capillaries so small that the RBC’s must pass through single file

251
Q

describe the process of gas exchange with gills

A

water goes into the mouth of the fish and out the side
the fish may simply open their mouth allowing water to flow
fish may also actively pump water across the gills by the opening and closing of the mouth and opeculum

252
Q

define countercurrent exchange

A

blood flows opposite the movement of water past the gills

the transfer of material from a fluid moving in one direction to a fluid moving in the opposite direction

253
Q

why is breathing air advantageous

A

much higher oxygen concentration

air is very light weight and requires less energy

254
Q

what are the trachea

A

largest tubes
open to the outside of the animals
reinforced with chitin
enlarged portions form air sacs near organs that require high oxygen supply

255
Q

what are tracheoles

A

the smallest branches extending to every cell in the animals body
tiny tips are closed and contain fluid
gas exchange with body cells directly across this surface
no circulatory system necessary
some insects alternately contract and relax flight muscles to pump rapidly through the tracheal system

256
Q

where are the lungs located in mammals

A

In the thoracic cavity

separated from abdominal cavity by a thick mucus

257
Q

what is the passage of air in mammals to the lungs

A

air enters through nostrils
filtered by cilia and warmed and humidified as it travels
moves through the pharynx to the larynx to the trachea
to the bronchi to the bronchioles to the alveoli sac

258
Q

describe the epiglottis

A

covers the trachea when we swallow food in order to prevent choking

259
Q

what houses the vocal cords

A

the larynx

260
Q

describe the trachea

A

lined with cilia and a thin mucus layer
moist epithelial cells
cartilaginous rings keep trachea open

261
Q

how many bronchi are there

A

two bronchi branch from the trachea and enter each lung

262
Q

where is the site of gas exchange in the lungs

A

the alveoli

263
Q

describe the alveoli

A

surrounded by a dense network of capillaries
oxygen diffuses across the alveolus and into the capillary network
alveolus covered with a thin layer of surfactant which decreases surface tension

264
Q

how does blood transport respiratory gas

A

oxygen enters the blood at the lung and carbon dioxide is subsequently unloaded
this occurs by diffusion of gasses down their concentration gradient

265
Q

what are the two basic types of circulatory systems

A

open circulatory system

closed circulatory system

266
Q

define the open circulatory system

A

found in most invertebrates
fluid pumped through open ended vessels
flows out among cells
there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid
bodily movements help to circulate fluid throughout
fluid returns to the heart through several pores
each pore has a valve to protect against backflow

267
Q

describe the closed circulatory system

A

vertebrate circulatory system
called cardiovascular system
blood is confined to vessels which keeps it distinct from interstitial fluid

268
Q

what are the three types of vessels in the closed circulatory system

A

arteries - carry blood away from the heart to body tissues
veins- return blood to the heart
capillaries - convey blood between arteries and veins at the tissue level

269
Q

give an example of a closed circulatory system

A

fish
2 chambered heart
atrium receives blood from veins
ventricle pumps blood to gills
after passing through gills large arteries carry oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
arteries become arterioles which become capillaries which exchange material between blood and interstitial fluid
c capillaries become venules which become veins

270
Q

when is the double circulation used

A

after loosing pressure in the capillaries of the lung blood is pumped a second time

271
Q

what are the two circuits of double circulation

A

pulmonary circuit- carries blood between heart and lung tissues
systemic circuit - carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body

272
Q

what type of animals have three chambered hearts what does this mean

A

amphibians such as frogs
mixing of blood (oxygenated and deoxygenated) occurs in the ventricle
some animals such as turtles and snakes have the ventricle partially divided to minimize mixing

273
Q

what types of animals have a four chambered heart and what does this mean

A

birds and mammals
two aria and two ventricles
right side of the heart handles deoxygenated blood
left side of the heart handles oxygenated blood
supports the high metabolic rate of endothermic mammals

274
Q

describe the human circulatory system

A

right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into lungs via pulmonary arteries
blood flowing through the lung capillaries unloads co2 and picks up oxygen
oxygen rich blood returns to the heart via pulmonary veins into the left atrium which then flows into left ventricle
from the left ventricle this blood exits into systemic circulation via the aorta

275
Q

describe the aorta

A

has branched called coronary arteries which supply the heart with blood
also has branches to supply the head neck and arms and into the abdomen

276
Q

explain the path of the circulatory system in tissues

A

arteries lead into arterioles and then capillaries
capillaries become venules and then veins
veins coverage into the inferior and superior vena cava which return deoxygenated blood to the right atria of the heart
blood then flows into the right ventricle and back into pulmonary circulation

Bio 1010 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions