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Bio 1010 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define biology

A

The scientific study of life

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2
Q

What are the sub disciplines of biology

A

Zoology - study of animals
Microbiology- study of bacteria and viruses
Botany - study of plants
Mycology - study of fungi
Ecology - study of how organisms interact with environments

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3
Q

What is life’s hierarchy of organization

A 
Biosphere 
Ecosystem 
Community 
Population 
Organism 
Organ system 
Organs 
Tissue 
Cells 
Molecules 
Atoms
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4
Q

Define the biosphere

A

All living things on earth are within the biosphere
The biosphere consists of all environments on earth that support life
Includes land and water

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5
Q

Define the ecosystem

A

Encompass all living organisms and non living matter existing within a particular environment
Includes all components of the environment with which the living organisms interact like air soil sunlight and water

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6
Q

Define the community

A

These are the groups of organisms composed of a number of different species that live within an ecosystem

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7
Q

Define the population

A

These are all individuals of a particular species living within a particular area
Ex) all lady bugs in the park

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8
Q

Define the organism

A

This is the individual unit of the population

Ex) a lady bug from their population or a deer from their population ext

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9
Q

Define the organ systems

A

This is a group of several organs which work together to preform specific functions
Ex) nervous system

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10
Q

Define the organs

A

A structure comprised of tissue which together as a group works to preform specific functions
Ex) the heart

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11
Q

Define tissues

A

These are made of similar cell types and each tissue has a specific function
Each organ is made up of several different tissue types

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12
Q

Define the cells

A

These are membrane bound and the individual units of living matter
Ex) liver tissue is comprised of a liver cell called a hepatocyte

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13
Q

Define molecules

A

Made up of a cluster of atoms

Ex) DNA, protein, sugar molecules

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14
Q

Define atoms

A

These are the smallest unit of matter
Molecules are comprised of atoms
Ex) nitrogen atoms ext

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15
Q

Organisms and their environment

A

Living organisms interact with their environment

Organisms within an ecosystem interact with both the living and the non living components of their environment

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16
Q

What do producers do for their ecosystem

A

Provide food for the other organisms present

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17
Q

Define producers

A

Includes plants and other photosynthetic organisms

Can make their own food

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18
Q

Define consumers

A

They eat plants and other animals to obtain energy

Can not make their own food

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19
Q

Define decomposers

A

Breakdown wastes and dead organisms recycling nutrients so that they can be used for biosynthesis
Ex) fungi bacteria small animals in the soil

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20
Q

What are the two ways in which ecosystems can be characterized

A

1) recycling of chemical nutrients

2) energy flow

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21
Q

What is the recycling of chemical nutrients

A

The basic chemicals needed for life like carbon nitrogen oxygen ext flow from air and soil to plants animals and decomposers and then back to the air and soil

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22
Q

What is energy flow

A

Energy is constantly gained and lost from an ecosystem
Energy enters an ecosystem when light from the sun is absorbed by plants and other photosynthetic organisms
Energy exits the ecosystem as heat

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23
Q

Is the structure and function of a cell correlated

A

Yes they are an emergent property

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24
Q

What are cellular functions

A

Responding to environment changes
The ability to take in and use energy
Regulating their own internal environments
The ability to produce and maintain its complex organization
The ability to give rise to new cells -reproduction growth and repair

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25
Q

What are two main cell types

A

Prokaryote cells

Eukaryote cells

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26
Q

Define a prokaryote

A 
No true nucleus 
Unicellular 
Smaller then eukaryotes 
Less complex with no membrane bound organelles 
Ex) bacteria
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27
Q

Define eukaryote

A

Unicellular or multicellular
Larger
Has nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Ex) animal cell

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28
Q

What features do all organisms share in common

A

Genetic material present as DNA

Cells are the simplistic unit of the organism

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29
Q

How is DNA organized

A

Into functional units called genes and the DNA itself is made of individual chemical units called nucleotides

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30
Q

What are the four nucleotides which make up DNA

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

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31
Q

What are feature that are common among all life forms

A 
Complex organization 
Highly regulated internal environment 
Ability to grow and develop 
Ability to take in and use energy 
Ability to respond to environmental changes and stimuli 
Ability to reproduce 
Evolution adaptations
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32
Q

How many known species are named and how many are estimated to be around all together

A

1.8 million named

10-400 million could be the true amount of species

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33
Q

What is taxonomy

A

The branch of biology that names and classifies these species into groups based on similarity

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34
Q

What are the three domains of life

A 
Domain bacteria (prokaryotes)
Domain archaea (prokaryotes)
Domain eukarya (eukaryotes)
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35
Q

What are the four kingdoms of Eukarya

A 
Kingdom Protista 
- single called and Algae 
Kingdom Plantae 
- photosynthetic plants 
Kingdom Fungi 
- molds yeasts and mushrooms 
Kingdom Animalia 
- animals vertebrates and invertebrates
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36
Q

Who came up of the idea of evolution

A

Charles Darwin

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37
Q

What was Charles darwins idea of evolution

A

Species present today arose from ancestral species
He explained the unity of life (decent from a common ancestor) and the diversity of life (modifications specified became)

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38
Q

What did Darwin propose that the mechanism of evolution was

A

Natural selection

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39
Q

What is natural selection

A

Based on the observation of unequal reproduction success
The environment selects for certain traits
This results in the accumulation of favourable traits in a population over time

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40
Q

Explain the process of natural selection

A

Individuals within a population have varied traits which are inheritable
Not all offspring will survive and only those that do will be given the chance to reproduce
The individuals with the most desirable traits will be able to survive and reproduce an the resulting population will therefore be enriched with organisms that have these traits

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41
Q

What is evolutionary adaptation

A

All organisms have specific adaptations that have evolved as a direct result of natural selection

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42
Q

What is antimicrobial resistance

A

Developed as a result of natural selection
A resistant species develops in a short time period
Ex) bacteria that makes you sick learns to fight the medicine you take

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43
Q

Define adaptations

A

Inherited traits that function to enhance an organisms ability to survive in a specific environment

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44
Q

What are some pre-Darwinian evolutionary theories

A

Greek philosophers believed that life changed gradually over time
Aristotle view was that species were perfect and permeant
The mid 1700s fossils proved that previous life forms differed from those today
Jean Lamarck said that life forms evolve but believed it had to do with the use and not use

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45
Q

How did Charles Darwin discover his theories

A

Was a captain of a ship and collected plants animals and fossils from the shores of South America and he noted the adaptations and differences from those of the Brazilian grasslands and those on islands and noticed Island and land species where similar but different

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46
Q

Define artificial selection

A

The modification of species by selecting and breeding those individuals that posses desired traits

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47
Q

Define natural selection

A

Similar to artificial selection but occurs in nature

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48
Q

What are two key observations of natural selection

A

1) members of a population vary in their traits and most traits are inherited from parents to offspring
2) all species are capable of producing more offspring then the environment can support

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49
Q

What did the two observations of natural selection reveal

A

1) individuals whose traits provide them higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring behind then other individuals
2) this unequal production of offspring will cause favourable traits to accumulate in an environment

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50
Q

Define fossils

A

Provide comparisons between past organisms and present organisms- provided strong evidence for evolution
Fossils are usually only replicas of an organism
- forms a mold

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51
Q

What are the 6 different types of fossils

A

1) fossilized skull
2) cast fossils
3) trace fossils
4) fossilized organic matter
5) an insect buried in a tree
6) ice preserving

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52
Q

What is a fossilized skull

A

Hard parts of the organism containing minerals such as bone that remains as fossils

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53
Q

What are cast fossils

A

Replicas of the organism formed when the organism decays and water and dissolved minerals fill its place

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54
Q

What are trace fossils

A

Footprints burrows or other behavioural remnants

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55
Q

What is fossilized organic matter

A

When a something like a leaf becomes imprinted

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56
Q

How does a tree act as a fossil

A

The resin hardened and preserved things protecting it from decomposition

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57
Q

How does ice preserves

A

Because of its extreme temperature decomposers are either unable or extremely slow at decomposing

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58
Q

What is the fossil record

A

The sequence in which fossils appear in the layers of sedimentary rock
Oldest sediments becomes buried below into rock
Strata (layers formed in the rock) the youngest layers on top
Relative age can be determined by the layer it was found
Oldest known fossils are prokaryotes

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59
Q

What is other evidence for evolution

A

1) biogeography
2) comparative anatomy
3) cooperative embryology
4) molecular biology

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60
Q

What is biogeography

A

The geographical distribution of species can suggest that organisms evolve from a common ancestor

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61
Q

What is comparative anatomy

A

Comparing body structures in different species reveals homology suggesting a common ancestor

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62
Q

Define homology

A

The similarity in characteristics that result from a common ancestor

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63
Q

Define homologous structure

A

Structures that are functionally different but have similar structures because of a common ancestor

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64
Q

What is comparative embryology

A

Organisms go through similar embryonic stages

Comparison of the structures that appear during the development of different organisms suggest common ancestry

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65
Q

What is molecular biology

A

Individuals that arose from a common ancestor have greater similarity in their DNA and protein then do unrelated individuals
Species that are closely related have a much higher percentage of identical amino acid sequences
Comparing amino acid sequences can help prove evolution

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66
Q

What are evolutionary trees

A

Each branch point represents the common ancestor of the lineages beginning there or to the right of it
A hatch mark represents a homologous characteristic shared by all groups to the right of the mark
Homologous structures both anatomical and molecular can be used to determine the. Ranching sequence of the tree

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67
Q

What is the smallest unit that can evolve

A

Populations

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68
Q

Define population genetics

A

The study of how populations change genetically over time

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69
Q

What do scientists that study population evolution focus on

A

The gene pool

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70
Q

Define the gene pool

A

The total collection of genes in a population at any given time
For most genes there are at least two alleles in the pool

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71
Q

Define micro evolution

A

The gradual change in the gene pool of a population over time
When allele frequencies are changing in a population over a number of generations evolution occurs in its smallest scale

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72
Q

What is generation of genetic variation

A

New alleles can be created by mutation
Or
Variation by sexual recombination

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73
Q

Define mutation

A

A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

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74
Q

Define sexual recombination

A

This generates variation by shuffling alleles during meiosis

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75
Q

What are three factors that contribute to evolution

A

1) natural selection
- leads to differential reproductive success and can alter allele frequencies
2) genetic drift
- a change in the gene pool of a population due to chance can alter allele frequencies and cause the bottleneck effect
3) gene flow
- the movement of individuals between populations leads to gain or loss of alleles

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76
Q

What is the bottleneck effect

A

Floods fires and earthquakes can kill large numbers of people leaving behind small amount of survivors that is unlikely to have the same genetic makeup as the original population
Drastic reduction in population size and change in allele frequency

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77
Q

What is the founder effect

A

results when a few individuals colonize a new environment such as an isolated island
The smaller the new group the less likely the genetic makeup of the new population will resemble the original population
Refers to the differences between the gene pool of the new population and the gene pool of the original population

78
Q

What are endangered species

A 
Have reduced variation by 
- the bottle neck effect 
- loss of genetic variability due to over hunting and habitat loss
- a high level of inbreeding occurs
- humans alter the environment 
Ex) cheetah population
79
Q

How does natural selection alter variation

A

1) stabilizing selection
- favours the intermediate phenotypes
2) directional selection
- acts against individuals at one of the phenotype extremes
3) disruptive selection
- this favours individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range

80
Q

What is sexual selection

A

Occurs when individuals with certain characteristics are more likely to obtain mates
A form of natural selection
Leads to the evolution of secondary sex characteristics
These characteristics may provide individuals with a mating advantage

81
Q

What are four reasons that natural selection produces less then perfect organisms

A

1) selection can only act on existing variations
2) evolution is limited by historical constraints
3) adaptations are often compromises
4) chance, natural selection and the environment all interact

82
Q

Explain why selection can only act on existing variations

A

Natural selection favours only the fittest variations from those which are available
These may not be ideal traits
New and advantageous alleles can not be created on demand

83
Q

Explain why evolution is limited by historical constraints

A

Evolution operates on the traits that an organism already has
It does not produce new structures
It modifies existing structures to adapt them to new situations
Ex movement of land animals to water

84
Q

Explain why adaptions are often compromises

A

Each organism must be able to do many different things

Ex ducks must be able to swim and fly

85
Q

Explain why chance natural selection and the environment all interact

A

Chance effects the genetic structure of a population to a large extent
Not all alleles fixed by genetic drift in a gene pool of a small population are better suited to the environment then the alleles which are lost

86
Q

Define a species

A

A group of organisms that are able to breed with one another and produce fertile offspring
A species will not be able to produce fertile offspring with members of other groups

87
Q

Define speciation

A

The emergence of new species

88
Q

Define macro evolution

A

Broad patterns of evolutionary change over long time periods
Large scale changes that include the introduction of new groups
Major changes recorded in the history of life over large periods of time

89
Q

How does speciation act to increase the diversity of life

A

Usually a new species closely resembles its parent species (miroevolution) by occasionally a new species will have enough change to define a new branch on the tree of life (macro evolution)

90
Q

Charles Linnaeus developed the taxonomic system of naming and classifying how does it work

A

A binomial system assigning a genus and a species name to each organism
Organisms were grouped as species based on physical similarities

91
Q

What is the biological species concept

A

Defines a species as a group of populations whose members are able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Members of different species do not usually mate with one another but if they do their offspring are usually infertile

92
Q

Define reproductive isolation

A

Occurs when the inability to produce fertile offspring assists in maintaining the gap in between different species
Prevents gene flow between populations of different species

93
Q

What are some problems with the biological species concept

A

Prokaryotes do not reproduce sexually

We are unable to determine whether fossils were capable of interbreeding

94
Q

What are other ways to define a species

A

1) morphological species concept
2) ecological species concept
3) phylogenetic species concept

95
Q

Explain the morphological species concept

A

Classification of a species based on measurable and observable physical traits
Ie) size shape and other features
Doesn’t require information on interbreeding
Disadvantages is relies on subjective criteria

96
Q

Explain the ecological species concept

A

Identifies species on the basis of ecological niches
How they have adapted to a particular environment
Ie) two fish may be similar but distinguishable based on diet or depth of where they live

97
Q

Explain the phylogenetic species concept

A

Defined as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor and form one branch on the tree of life
Determined based on comparisons of morphology and DNA sequences
Problem- agreeing on the amount of difference necessary to constitute a separate species

98
Q

Define reproductive barriers

A

Features of a particular organism that makes it incapable of breeding with closely related species which live in the same geographical area

99
Q

What are the two groups of reproductive barriers

A

1) pre-zygotic reproductive barriers
- prevent mating or fertilization between species
2) post-zygotic reproductive barriers
- operate after hybrid zones are formed

100
Q

What are the five main types of pre-zygotic barriers

A

1) Temporal isolation
2) habitat isolation
3) behavioural isolation
4) mechanical isolation
5) gametic isolation

101
Q

Explain temporal isolation

A

Occurs because two species mate at different times
Can be different seasons different years or different times of the day
Ex) some flowering plant have flowers which open at different times of day

102
Q

Explain habitat isolation

A

Two species living in the same general location
Affects parasites that are animal host species
Ex) two snakes living in western North America but one lives on land and the other in water

103
Q

Explain behavioural isolation

A

Little or no sexual attraction in between males and females of different species
Special signals that work to attract mates of the same species do not work with other species
Ex) courtship rituals are elaborate displays that must be performed before mating can occur

104
Q

Explain mechanical isolation

A

Female and male sex organs are not compatible

Ex) spiralling of snail shells in different directions prevents mating

105
Q

Explain gametic isolation

A

The sexual act of mating may occur but the male and female gametes will not unite to form a zygote
Ex) sea urchins release eggs and sperm into the sea but fertilization will occur only if species specific receptors are present on the egg and the sperm allowing them to attach to one another

106
Q

What do hybrids result from

A

The union of gametes from two different species

107
Q

What are the three main types of post zygotic barriers

A

1) reduced hybrid viability
2) reduced hybrid fertility
3) hybrid breakdown

108
Q

Explain reduced hybrid viability

A

Most hybrid offspring do not survive

Ex) salamanders may hybridized but most hybrids do not complete development and those that do are very frail

109
Q

Explain reduced hybrid fertility

A

Hybrid offspring of two different species reach maturity and are healthy but sterile
They are unable to facilitate gene flow between the two parent species
Ex) a horse and a donkey can mate and produce a mule, but the mule is sterile
The gene loop of the Hourie and the donkey remain separate

110
Q

Explain the hybrid breakdown

A

First generation hybrid offspring are viable and fertile
When these hybrid mate with one another or with a member of one of the parent species the offspring are feeble or sterile

111
Q

What are two mechanisms of speciation

A

1) allopatric speciation

2) sympatric speciation

112
Q

Explain allopatric speciation

A

Speciation that occurs as the result of introducing a geographical barrier
Leads to the separation of a population with its gene pool from other populations of the same species

113
Q

Allopatric speciation can occur as the result of

A

The introduction of a mountain range which gradually splits two populations of organisms
The formation of a land bridge diving marine populations in two

114
Q

The size of the barrier required to create allopatric speciation depends on what

A

The species
Birds are not affected by the introduction of mountains or rivers
This likelihood of this occurring is higher when the population is small and isolated

115
Q

Explain sympatric speciation

A

A new species arises within the same geographical area as the parent species

116
Q

How can sympatric speciation lead to reproductive isolation if the populations are not separated from one another

A

Three main ways

1) polyploidy
2) habitat differentiation
3) sexual selection

117
Q

Explain polyploidy

A

Accidents during cell division result in extra sets of chromosomes
A cell that has greater then two complete chromosome sets
Ex) a tetraploid plant arises from a diploid plant and can not produce fertile offspring
Most polyploidy species result from mating of two different species

118
Q

Explain habitat differentiation

A

More likely to be the mechanism of speciation in animals
Adaptations to different habitats in the same geographical area can lead to speciation because mating in between the two groups would become rare

119
Q

Explain sexual selection

A

Choosing mates based on some physical characteristics such as a colour
Leads to reproductive isolation via separated gene pools

120
Q

Define hybrid zones

A

Regions in which members of different species meet and mate producing some hybrid offspring
These zones are studied by scientists to answer questions

121
Q

When two separated but closely related populations come back into contact with one another do reproductive barriers remain or will the two species be able to interbreed and become one

A

This is answered by hybrid zones and there are three outcomes for the hybrid zones

1) reinforcements
2) fusion
3) stability

122
Q

Explain reinforcement

A

When hybrids are less fit then both parent species
Expect that natural selection would strengthen/reinforce reproductive barriers
Prevents the formation of unfit hybrids

123
Q

Explain fusion

A

Reproductive barriers between two species are not strong
Gene flow may occur in the hybrid zone reversing speciation
Two hybridizing species fuse into one

124
Q

Explain stability

A

Hybrid zones are stable
Hybrids continue to be reproduced
Some gene flow may occur between populations
Each species maintains its own integrity

125
Q

Define adaptive radiation

A

Is the evolution of many diverse species from one common ancestor
The adaptations of these species allow them to fill new habitats or roles in their community

126
Q

When does adaptive radiation occur

A

When a few organisms colonize new unexploited areas or when environmental changes cause a number of extinctions opening up a number of habitats for new species

127
Q

Define punctuated equilibrium

A

Long periods occurring with little or no change, equilibrium punctuated by abrupt episodes of speciation

128
Q

Define the gradualism model

A

Species that have diverged gradually over long periods of time
Differences gradually evolve in a population as they become better adapted to their new environment
New species evolve gradually from the ancestral population

129
Q

How old is the earth and how was the universe present

A

4.6 billion years old

All matter was one big mass

130
Q

What were the conditions on early earth

A

Earth probably began as a molten mass
The atmosphere was likely thick with water vapour and contained compounds from volcanic eruptions
As the earth cooler then the water vapour condensed into oceans
Very intense ultraviolet light lightning and volcanic activity
Lacked oxygen

131
Q

What is the earliest evidence of life on earth

A

From fossils such as stromatolites which are 3.5 billion years old
And thought life may have arose 3.9 billion years ago

132
Q

How did life arise

A

Scientists have collected evidence and did experiments that led to the hypothesis that the conditions of early earth could have allowed the production of simple cells

133
Q

What are the four stages that simple cells could have formed

A

1) abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules such as amino acids and nucleotides
2) joining of these small molecules into macromolecules
3) packaging of these macromolecules into protobionts which are droplets surrounded by membranes that maintain an internal chemistry
4) the origin of self-replicating molecules which eventually made inheritance possible

134
Q

Explain Stanley millers experiment findings

A

Miller was the first to show that amino acids and other organic molecules could be formed under the conditions of early Earth
Organic molecules cannot be synthesized spontaneously because of the presence of atmospheric oxygen
The energy comes through lighting and intense UV rays

135
Q

Explain how Stanley miller experimented

A

A flask of warm water= early sea
Was heated so some would evaporate and move to the next flask
The second flask represented the atmosphere
Atmosphere consisted of hydrogen water vapour methane
Used electrodes to simulate lightening
Eventually he found organic compounds in the solution including amino acids

136
Q

What is the geological record

A

Based on the sequence of fossils found within rock strata and the ages of rocks and fossils

137
Q

The three eons of earth is what

A

Archean
Proterozoic
Phanerozoic

138
Q

Which is the most recent eon and what are the three eras of that eon

A 
Phanerozoic
1) Paleozoic 
2) Mesozoic 
3) Cenozoic 
These are further divided into periods
139
Q

What was the world like in the Paleozoic era

A

All life was aquatic

140
Q

What was the world like in the Mesozoic era

A

The age of the reptile
Or dinosaur era
Beginning of mammals and flowers
Everything but birds went extinct

141
Q

What was the world like in the Cenozoic era

A

Explosive evolution of mammals birds and angiosperm plants

Most recent era further subdivided into epochs

142
Q

What was the continental drift

A

German meteorologist wegener proposed that the earth began as one great mass which broke up into continents that then drifted into their current positions
Slow and continuous movement of earths crystal plates
Important geological processes occur at plate boundaries such as earthquakes

143
Q

Define Pangea

A

Means all land and is the term assigned to the supercontinent
Brought species back to compete with each other
Lowered sea level killing marine organisms
Reshape biological diversity

144
Q

How did the Pangea break up

A

Led to modern Arrangements of continents
Eurasia and India collision created the himalaya’s
Lungfish got a unique pattern from this Pangea

145
Q

Reasons for extinction may occur

A 
Destruction of habitat
Unfavourable climate changes
Changes in the biological community 
---introduction of predators
---introduction of competitors
146
Q

How many mass extinctions have there been over the past 500 million years

A

5

147
Q

Define phylogeny

A

The history of a species or a group of species

148
Q

Define homologous structures

A

May look and function differently in different species but they exhibit fundamental similarities because they evolved from the same structure in a common ancestor

149
Q

Define convergent evolution

A

Species from different evolutionary branches may come to resemble one another if they live in similar environments and natural selection acts to favour the same adaptions

150
Q

Define analogy

A

The similarity due to convergent evolution
Ex) two organisms that have small paws small eyes protection on there nose
Are not homologous but rather analogous

151
Q

Define systematics

A

A biological discipline focuses on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships

152
Q

What are the major groups of classification

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum 
Class
Order
Family
Genus 
Species
153
Q

Define a clade

A

A group of species that includes its ancestral species and all of its descendants

154
Q

Define a monophyletic

A

An inclusive group of ancestors and decadents

155
Q

Define shared derived characters

A

These are new traits which develop in an organism and is passed on to its descendants

156
Q

Define shared ancestral characters

A

These are the original traits present in the ancestral groups

157
Q

Define cladograms

A

Compare an in group and an out group

158
Q

Define in group

A

This is the group of taxa that is actually being analyzed

159
Q

Define out group

A

This is a species or a group of species that is known to have diverged before the lineage that contains the groups to be studied

160
Q

Define molecular systematics

A

Molecular systematics is the comparing of nucleic acids or other molecules to look for relatedness

161
Q

What does DNA do

A

Encodes rRNA that is useful to investigate relationships that diverged hundreds of millions of years ago (slowly)
DNA of the mitochondria reveals more recent evolutionary events (rapidly)

162
Q

What are the 5 kingdom system from the 1960’s

What was changed and used today as the three kingdom system

A 
Monera 
Protista 
Plantae 
Fungi
Animalia 
Changed 
Bacteria 
Archaea 
Eukarya
163
Q

Describe prokaryotes

A 
Very small 
Very numerous 
Tolerate extreme environments such as acidic basic salty hot and cold
Bacteria can cause human diseases 
Many bacterias are beneficial for humans
164
Q

What is the current hypothesis of archaea and eukaryotes

A

Evolved from a common ancestor

165
Q

What are differences between bacteria and archaea

A

Bacteria has peptidoglycan and archaea does not

166
Q

What are the shapes of prokaryotes

A 
Cocci = spherical shape
• staphylococci grape clusters
• streptococci chains of circles
Bacilli = rod shape usually single
• diplobacilli two rods
• streptobacilli rods in a chain
Spiral = helical shape
• spirilla short
• spirochete long
167
Q

Bacterial cell wall

A

Composed of sugar (peptidoglycan)

Maintains shape and provides protection and prevents cell from bursting in hypotonic environments

168
Q

What are the two main types of bacterial cell walls

A

Gram positive = thick layer of peptidoglycan

Gram negative = thin layer of peptidoglycan with an outer membrane

169
Q

Describe the gram stain

A 
Purple = gram positive 
Pink = gram negative
170
Q

Explain the capsule of the bacterial structure

A

A sticky layer of polysaccharide or protein covering the cell wall
Not found in all prokaryotes
Allows bacteria to adhere
Acts as a shield to the microorganism from host defences

171
Q

Bacterial Pili

A

Hair like appendage
Allows bacterium to adhere to one another or their substrate
Allows adherence to rocks in streams or the lining of human intestine
Specialized pili called sex pili allow bacteria to stick to one another and transfer DNA

172
Q

Bacterial flagella

A

This structure enables bacterial motility
Not present in all bacteria
Flagellated bacteria may have one flagella two flagella or many
Allows the bacteria to move towards chemical and light stimuli called attractants and away from repellent stimuli

173
Q

Bacterial reproduction

A

Replication occurs very quickly by a process called binary fission
Sometimes species can reproduce in as little as 20 mins others take 1-3 hours
Growth is limited because nutrients become exhausted competition and antibiotics

174
Q

Bacterial endoscopes

A

Structure formed by some gram positive organisms only
Used to withstand harsh conditions
Outer cell will disintegrate and the inner cell with remain
Endospores has a thick outer coat
Will dehydrate and become dormant
Can withstand extreme heat and cold

175
Q

Bacterial internal membranes and internal structures

A

Prokaryotes have a much simpler internal structure and genome then eukaryotes
Have specialized membranes to preform metabolic functions
Have plasmids = smaller pieces of DNA

176
Q

What are the two main metabolic resources of prokaryotes

A

A source of energy

A source of carbon

177
Q

Explain the source of energy of prokaryotes

A

Can either use light or chemicals

1) light = phototroph
2) chemicals = chemotroph

178
Q

Explain the source of carbon of prokaryotes

A

Make their own carbon compounds or others require pre formed carbon

1) autotrophs = use an inorganic carbon dioxide such as glucose called photosynthesis
2) heterotrophs = obtain their carbon from organic compounds such as glucose

179
Q

If they use light as their energy source and CO2 as their carbon source what are they

A

Photoautotrophs

180
Q

If they use chemicals for energy and CO2 for a carbon source what are they called

A

Chemoautotrophs

181
Q

If they use light as their energy source and organic compounds as a carbon source what are they called

A

Photo heterotrophs

182
Q

If they use chemicals as their energy source and organic compounds as their carbon source what are they called

A

Chemo heterotrophs

183
Q

Define biofilms

A

Surface-coating colonies
Consist of a single species of bacteria or many different species
When the colonies are big enough they begin to produce proteins that cause them to stick to a particular surface and to each other

184
Q

What do humans use biofilms

A

Allow bacteria to adhere to teeth causing dental carries
Form on catheters and other medical devices
Beneficial when used in water sewage treatment facilities

185
Q

Why can archaea live in such extreme conditions

A

Have unusual proteins and other molecular adaptions that allow them to survive and reproduce

186
Q

What are the three main groups of archaea

A

1) extreme Halophiles (salt)
2) extreme Thermophiles (temp)
3) methanogens (intestinal tract of swaps)

187
Q

What are some of the groups of bacteria

A

1) proteobacteria
2) chlamydias (live in cells)
3) spirochetes (pathogens)
4) gram positive (strep)
5) Cyanobacteria (oxygen)

188
Q

What are the 3 subgroups of Proteobacteria

A 
Alpha = Rhizobium 
Gamma = salmonella etc
Delta = attack other bacteria
189
Q

What are the two classes of bacterial toxins

A 
Exotoxins 
- secreted by bacterial cell into environment ie toxic shock
Endotoxins
- gram negative outer membrane 
Ie fevers aches
190
Q

Define bioremediation

A

This is the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the soil water or air

Bio 1010 (4 decks)

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