exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
4 types of trauma
A
blunt
sharp
projectile
misc
2
Q
individual characteristic
A
feature unique to a specific item (or person)
3
Q
class characteristic
A
feature unique to a group of items (or people)
4
Q
blunt force trauma
A
results when force impacts bone over a wide area
discontinuities and fracture lines
5
Q
blunt force trauma
A
results when force impacts bone over a wide area
discontinuities and fracture lines
6
Q
Three traits of BFT objects
A
size
shape
weight
7
Q
how accurate is size estimation
A
very difficult
unless clearly imprinted
8
Q
description terms of BFT objects size
A
narrow vs wide
focused vs diffused
9
Q
need less force to cause fractures
A
small widths
10
Q
shape description words
A
round vs angular
11
Q
what kind of mark do straight long axis generally leave on the bone
A
straight defect
12
Q
patterned factures
A
occurs when the imprint is clearly visible
13
Q
is weight applicable to BFT collisions or falls
A
no
14
Q
incomplete fractures
A
bow fracture (plastic deformation) bone bruise (occult intraosseous) torus/buckling greenstick toddlers vertical depressed
15
Q
complete fractures
A
transverse oblique spiral comminuted epiphyseal
16
Q
first stage of skeletal effects
A
inbending at area of impact with outbending around site
17
Q
second stage of skeletal effects
A
fracture lines form on outbent surface and radiate outwards
18
Q
when is bone stronger
A
under compression
19
Q
where do fracture lines start and travle
A
start on the inner surface and travel outward
20
Q
Lefort 1
A
alveolar part of the maxilla separates from the rest of the face
21
Q
Lefort 2
A
mid face separates from the rest of the cranium
22
Q
Lefort 3
A
entire face is separated from the braincase
23
Q
ring fracture
A
caused by skull being forced down onto vertebral column or pulled away, encircles the base of the skull
24
Q
ring fracture
A
caused by skull being forced down onto vertebral column or pulled away, encircles the base of the skull
25
wound analysis with BFT
description
| estimation of size, shape, direction, energy, number, and sequence
26
sharp force trauma
result of narrowly focused, dynamic compression forced applied to bone
27
sharp force evaluation on soft tissue
much easier
28
types of sharp force trauma
puncture
29
puncture
from a vertical direction and cone shaped force
30
incision
longer than they are wide; result form force applied across the bone surface from slashing or stabbing
31
what do incisions cause
horizontal striation
32
cleft
vertical force from long sharp edge
33
what do cleft impacts cause
vertical striations
| extensive fracture lines
34
characteristics of sharp forc e trauma
```
cross sectional shape
depth
length
direction of striations
fracture lines
hinge fracture
wastage
```
35
wound analysis of sharp force trauma
```
description of wound
instrument characteristics
direction of force
number of traumatic events
sequence of events
```
36
strangulation
occurs due to hanging ligature
| and manual strangulation
37
hanging
body suspended
| hyoid breaks 8% of the time
38
ligature
cord
applied force
hyoid breaks 11% of the time
39
manual
squeezed by hands
| hyoid breaks 34% of the time
40
slow velocity trauma
blunt force
41
high velocity trauma
ballistic trauma
42
categories of weapons
Gunshot
43
GSW power corresponds to
the KE dissipated during deceleration through target
44
quicker loss of velocity
greater damage
45
bullet from a 9 mm pistol travels
1100 ft/s
46
bullet from an assault rifle travels
3000 ft/s
47
severity of wound depends (GSW)
on amt of KE lost in tissue
48
Temporary cavity
tunneling of bullet in tissue with tissue expansion on each side leading to massive tearing of immediate and remote tissues
49
permanent cavity
wound track which remains in tissues after temporary cavity has disappeared
50
Mechanism of wounding (GSW)
temporary and permanent cavities inside tissues due to energy transferred from the decelerating bullet
51
penetrating GSW
enters but does not exit
52
perforating GSW
enters and exits
53
Factors affecting loss of KE
```
amt of KE the bullet possesses at time of impact
caliber and construction of bullet
angle of yaw at time of impact
tumble
tissue
```
54
yaw
deviation along the long axis of the bullet
55
bullet wound analysis
```
description of wounds
direction of fire
estimation of caliber
number
sequence of wounds
```
56
entrance wounds GSW
cone shaped defect
| radiating fractures
57
exit wounds GSW
reverse coe from entrance
| radiating fractures might beat bullet to the opposite side
58
how is the direction of fire determined
spatial relationship of entrance and exit wounds
59
keyhole defects associated with
entrance wounds
60
why is caliber estimation from observation highly unreliable
bone defect is elastic
bullets deform on impact
thickness of bone can affect deformation
pre-existing fracture lies and sutures can cause entrance wounds to be smaller
61
Categories of misc trauma
chemical
| Thermal
62
how can chemical trauma be seen in bones
death by slow poisoning may leave traces in bone
63
How can heat change the bone
fracturing
coloration
changes to chemical composition
deterioration
64
what indicates direction of burn
curving fractures
65
explosion
rapid change of a small amt of solid or liquid material into a large volume of gas resulting in a blast wave
66
primary blast injuries
from barometric changes
| affect hollow organs
67
secondary blast injuries
from shrapnel fragments
68
tertiary blast injuries
objects falling
| blunt penetrating and crushing
69
quaternary blast injuries
burns and smoke
70
(blast)severity of trauma..
increases with increased charge size and descreased distance from blast
71
(blast)fracture patterns associated with mixed force
more random appearance
72
importance of skeletal anomalies
can be mistaken for perimortem or postmmortem damage but can help identify the decedent in that they are a combo of genetic and environmental factors
73
Three types of skeletal deviations
pathological conditions
skeletal anomalies
markers of occupational stress
74
Describe the pathological condition of lesians
solitary or multiple
75
descriptors for lesions
lytic
blastic
sclerotic
deformative
76
examples of lytic lesions
porotic hyperostosis
necrosis
schmorl's nodes
77
examples of blastic lesions
osteophytes
general bone disease
button osteoma
78
proliferative lesions are found
around healing or healed antemortem breaks
79
deformative lesions are
environmental
| and congenital
80
examples of deformative lesions
wedging
rickets
kyphosis
scoliosis
81
four main types of skeletal anomalies
accessory bones
nonfusion anomalies
accessory foramen
misc anomalies
82
accessory bones
extra ossicles that occur in various parts of the body
83
where do accessory bones in the skull occur
along suture lines
84
how can accessory bones be distinguished from trauma
outline of ossicles are too irregular
suture lines do not continue through accessor bones
no fracture lines
if ossicle is missing cortical bone is visible in the inside edges of the opening
have rounded edges
85
examples of accessory bones
wormian bones
epipteric bone
os japonium
86
nonfusion anomalies
non fusion of ossification centers that normally unite with age
87
where do nonfusion anomalies occur
at various centers of ossification
88
examples of nonfusion skeletal anomalies
bipartite patella
spina bifida
metopism
ostriangulare
89
accessory foramen
foramina in bones where they dont belong
90
confusion associated with accessory foramen
could be mistaken for punctures or pitting
91
how are accessory foramen distinguished from trauma
rounded edges and lack of fracture lies
92
common accessory foramina
foramen of huschke
| septal aperture
93
septal aperture
hole in the olecranon fossa of the humerous
| looks like a bullet hole
94
misc anomalies
trephination
trauma-induced pseudarthosis
scapula foramen
95
what are occupation stress markers caused by
repetitive motion and generally associated with hard labor
96
signs of concentrated use/stress on bone
enlarged areas of muscle attachment
regions of erosion
ossification of soft tissue
97
types of occupational stress markers
lesions at areas of insertion and osteophytosis
discrete markers
stress fractures
98
forms of discrete markers
```
facets
grooves
deformation
tori
accessory bones
```
99
what can postmortem changes in the bone be confused with
perimortem trauma or disease
100
postmortem changes are generally caused by one of three processes
dismemberment
taphonomy
fire
101
reasons for dismemberment
impede ID
lack of respect
easier to transport and hide
102
two types of dismemberment
localized
| generalized
103
saws divided based on function
crosscut
| rip
104
three types of marks caused by saws on bone
superficial false start
false start kerfs
sectioned bone cuts
105
looks of kerfs
```
fine striations
deep striations
regular striations
irregular striations
rough kerf floor
smooth kerf floor
```
106
breakway spur
breakage of bone during finals stroke
107
TPI
teeth per inch
108
PPI
points per inch
109
Taphonomy
animal scavenging and weather damage
110
animals can
scatter skeletons
break bones
remove bones
111
responsible for the most postmortem changes by animals
carnivores
112
marks left by carnivores
punctures
pits
scoring
furrows
113
how to differentiate between scavenging and dismemberment
pattern of gnawing and separation
114
signs of weathering on bone
cracks on outside
peeling and flaking
bone warping
bone bleaching
115
bural damage
cracking and warping
erosion of cortical bone
damage during recovery
116
water damage phased
body is moved from its initial point
putrefaction
individual bones are intermixed and moved
117
other methods used to ID
facial reproduction
assessing handedness
estimating body weight
118
most Individualization techniques are
not widely used bc of their reliability
119
facial reproduction methods
clay sculpting
artist drawings
computer graphics
120
how can the face be measured
tissues are thick and thin and can be estimated from cadavers
121
errors in facial reproduction
skin thickness differences
inward deformation of tissue at point of insertion
difficulty with finding the exact locations for measurement
sex and ancestral differences
122
new techniques to measure facial thickness
MRI and CT scanning
123
how to determine handedness from skeleton
observe which side has the largest and most modified bones
124
why is handedness estimation not supported
different definitions
| more right handed people
125
estimating body mass is a cross of
pathology and biomechanics
126
beginning to estimate body weight
sex and stature
| use height weight charts
127
goals of analyzing cremains
confirm human
confirm one person
ID
128
steps of cremain investigation
total weight
analysis of osseous
analysis of nonosseous
129
osseous characteristics
degree of color change
amt of fragment vs asg
lead anc alcium
130
nonosseous
coffin hardware
| medical and dental artifacts
131
types of identification
positive and probable
132
most common methods for obtaining a positive ID
odontology
| radiography
133
structures used in radiography method
sinuses
vertebrae
claicles
134
ways to compare through radiography
point by point visual comparison
| measurement
135
what part of the sinus is individual unique
upper border
136
comparison in vertebral patterms
compare outlines of inferior, superior, lateral, and anterior margins
137
uses a picture of the skull with an antemortem photo
photographic superimposition
138
three ethics
respect
confidentiality
honesty
139
honesty's two components
recognizing the different between evidence and opinion
| accurate assessment of levels of certainty
140
three types of opinions
speculation
possible
probable
141
when can opinion be offered
as expert witnesses
142
dont
attach levels of probability to opinion
| use statistics
143
do
use word qualifiers instead of probability levels
| talk in terms of consistency
144
who is the final report provided to
examiners
coroners
law officers
145
importance of final report
key element in prosecution
146
2 part of final report
summary and methods
147
personal ethics
rights of victims' families
| justice
148
sections of biological profile
estimae
methods
citations
149
steps for courtroom testimony
```
pretrial meeting
appearance:
est qualifications
direct exam
cross exam
possible redirect
```
150
direct exam
by prosecuting
| FA presents evidence and opinions
151
cross exam
by opposing
| attempts to find inconsistencies with direct
