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VET 223 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

scientific study of muscles

A

myology

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2
Q

cross-banded appearance of muscle tissue under the microscope

A

striations

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3
Q

bundles of myofibers

A

fascicle

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4
Q

muscle cells-long multinucleated muscle cells arranged in parallel to one another within the muscle

A

myofiber

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5
Q

plasma membrane of a muscle cell.

A

sarcolemma

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6
Q

cytoplasm of muscle cells

A

sarcoplasm

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7
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of muscle cells, SR is well-developed in skeletal muscle myofiber and is wrapped in a highly organized pattern around myofibrils

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

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8
Q

repeated expanded sections of the SR that lie adjacent to T-tubules

A

Terminal Cisternae

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9
Q

narrow membranous tunnels formed from and continuous with the sarcolemma. Function is to transmit action potentials from surface to interior of myofibers

A

Transverse Tubules (T-tubules)

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10
Q

one T-tubule + two adjacent terminal cisterns of SR

A

Triad

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11
Q

elongated strands of protein complexes found inside myofibers

A

Myofibril

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12
Q

what myofibrils are organized into, alternating light and dark zones

A

Sarcomere

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13
Q

light zones containing thin myofilaments

A

I-Band

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14
Q

dark zones containing thick myofilaments

A

A-Band

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15
Q

a dense line composed of a-actinin that attaches the thin myofilaments of adjacent sarcomeres

A

Z-disk

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16
Q

helps hold the thick filaments in proper alignment, elasticity helps return a stretched sarcomere to its original resting length

A

Titin

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17
Q

area within the A-band where only thick filaments exist

A

H-zone

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18
Q

middle portion of H-zone where the tick myofilaments lack myosin heads

A

Bare Zone

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19
Q

a dark line in the middle of the bare zone that contains proteins that are critical for organization and alignment of the thick filaments

A

M-line

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20
Q

contain myosin and titin

A

Thick Myofilaments

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21
Q

contain actin

A

Thin Myofilaments

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22
Q

a structural protein that lies alongside thin filaments and attaches the thin myofilaments to the Z-disks

A

Nebulin

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23
Q

filamentous polymer consisting of G-actin subunits arranges in two F-actin strands the twist together to form a helix

A

F-Actin

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24
Q

contains a myosin-binding site

A

G-Actin

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25
Q

filamentous protein that lies in the groove between the F-actin strands. Each tropomyosin molecule spans seven G-actin subunits

A

Tropomyosin

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26
Q

a Ca binding protein that binds at regular intervals along tropomyosin molecules

A

Troponin

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27
Q

the synapse where the nervous system communicates with skeletal muscles

A

Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)

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28
Q

space between the end of the synaptic bulb and that sarcolemma of the myofiber

A

Synaptic Cleft

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29
Q

a specialized region of the sarcolemma of the myofiber where the synaptic bulb of the a-motor neuron sits. This region of the sarcolemma is made up of a series of membrane folds containing a high density of nicotinic cholinergic receptors

A

Motor Endplate

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30
Q

on the myofibers are ligand-gated Na, K channels that open when Ach binds to them, allowing Na to flow into the myofiber and K flow out

A

Nicotinic Receptor

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31
Q

mechanically linked to Ca release channels

A

Dihydropyridine (DHP) Receptor

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32
Q

Ca release channels

A

Ryanodine Receptor (RyR)

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33
Q

an enzyme found in synaptic cleft, rapidly degrades Ach. Degradation of the Ach closes the nicotinic receptors and stops end plate potential generation along with the subsequent action potential generation in the sarcolemma.

A

Acetylcholinesterase

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34
Q

consists of alpha-motor neuron and all of the myofibers (muscle cells) that it stimulates

A

Motor Unit

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35
Q

muscle movement generated in response to a single action potential moving down an alpha-motor neuron and stimulating the myofibers in its motor unit

A

Twitch Contraction

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36
Q

O2-storage protein to myofibers

Gives red color

A

Myoglobin

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37
Q

pathological condition caused by Clostridium tetani toxin

A

Tetanus “Lock Jaw”

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38
Q

steady state of muscle contraction that occurs when the frequency of stimulation of a muscle increases to point that wave summation results in sustained contraction

A

Tetanus / Tetany

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39
Q

given skeletal muscle served by a group of alpha-motor neurons, whose cell bodies are grouped together in the spinal cord (or brainstem) to form

A

Motor Nucleus

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40
Q

Decrease in work capacity of a muscle caused by work itself

A

Fatigue

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41
Q

extreme fatigue that occurs when ATP is completely depleted in a myofiber

A

Rigor

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42
Q

stiffening of a dead body that occurs a few hours after death of the animal

A

Rigor Mortis

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43
Q

serve a function similar to Z-disks in skeletal muscles

A

Dense Bodies

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44
Q

dense bodies associated with inner surface of membranes of smooth muscle cells

A

Attachment Plaques / Membrane-dense areas

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45
Q

found in iris and ciliary body of eye, vas, deferens, and arrector pilorum muscles of hair on skin

A

Multi-Unit Smooth Muscles

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46
Q

allow rapid and precise nervous system control of these smooth muscles

A

Contact Junctions

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47
Q

“visceral type”- found in walls of viscera (internal organs) 99% of all smooth muscle is this type

A

Single Unit (Unitary) Smooth Muscle

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48
Q

slow to activate; with this type of smooth muscle. ANS stimulation affects rate and strength of contraction, but is not the primary stimulator of contraction

A

Diffuse Junctions

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49
Q

a Ca binding protein similar to troponin

A

Calmodulin

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50
Q

activated by calmodulin. Phosphorylates the myosin light chain called the regulatory chain which is found associated with the myosin head

A

Myosin Light Chain Kinase (MLCK)

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51
Q

process of adding together individual twitch contractions to increase the overall strength of muscle contraction

A

Muscle Summation

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52
Q

“steady state of contraction” occurs when frequency of stimulation of a muscle produces almost peak tension during a rapid cycle of contraction and relaxation

A

Incomplete Tetanus

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53
Q

“steady state of muscle contractions” occurs when frequency of stimulation of a muscle becomes so rapid that no further increase in frequency will increase the tension of contraction

A

Complete Tetanus

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54
Q

sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place within an organism

A

Metabolism

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55
Q

all processes in which simpler substances are assembled into more complex substances (requires input)

A

Anabolism

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56
Q

all processes in which complex substances are broken down into simpler substances (release of energy)

A

Catabolism

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57
Q

organic compound that can be broken down in the body to produce usable energy

A

Macronutrient

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58
Q

work that synthesis of new molecules (anabolism)

A

Chemical Work

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59
Q

work movements of the animal that involve muscle contraction and organelle movement inside cells

A

Mechanical Work

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60
Q

work by transporting substances across membranes by active transport

A

Transport Work

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61
Q

passage of digested components of food from lumen of GI tract into the blood for distribution to all the cells of the body

A

Absorption

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62
Q

elimination of indigestible substances from the GI tract as feces

A

Defecation

63
Q

process of chewing

A

Mastication

64
Q

digestion breakdown of food based on movements of the GI tract

A

Mechanical Digestion

65
Q

digestion breakdown of food based on enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis reactions occurring in the lumen of the GI tract

A

Chemical Digestion

66
Q

to take into the body through the mouth

A

Ingestion

67
Q

breakdown of food into smaller physical and chemical units that can be eventually be absorbed from the lumen of the GI tract into the bloodstream

A

Digestion

68
Q

soft, flexible food mass that can be easily swallowed

A

Bolus

69
Q

begins chemical digestion of starches into maltose and dextrins inside the mouth. found in omnivores

A

Salivary Amylase (Ptyalin)

70
Q

process that moves the bolus of food from the mouth to the stomach

A

Deglutition (swallowing)

71
Q

thin acidic liquid formed by bolus food and gastric juice that later enters the small intestine

A

Chyme

72
Q

inactive precursor of an enzyme

A

Zymogen

73
Q

essential for Vitamin B12 absorption

A

Intrinsic Factor

74
Q

stimulates increased gastric motility and secretion of gastric juice rich in HCl

A

Gastrin

75
Q

process involving the alternating contraction and relaxation within a single segment of the GI tract

A

Segmentation

76
Q

produce the secretions that form pancreatic juice and make up 95% of pancreatic cells

A

Acinar Cells

77
Q

smooth muscle valve around the hepatopancreatic ampulla that controls the flow of pancreatic juice and bile into the duodenum

A

Sphincter of Oddi

78
Q

enzyme produced by the duodenal mucosa

A

Enterokinase (Enteropeptidase)

79
Q

hydrolyzes starches into maltose, maltotriose, and dextrins

A

Pancreatic Amylase

80
Q

principal triglyceride-digesting enzyme in an animal

A

Pancreatic Lipase

81
Q

enhances production and flow of bile rich in bicarbonate from liver

A

Secretin

82
Q

causes contraction of the gall bladder and opening of the sphincter of Oddi

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

83
Q

proteases that hydrolyze internal peptide bonds within proteins thus breaking proteins into smaller peptides

A

Endopeptidase

84
Q

proteases that hydrolyze the peptide bonds that attach to the C- or N-terminal amino acids to a protein or peptide thus releasing individual amino acids

A

Exopeptidase

85
Q

pancreatic endopeptidases that hydrolyze proteins into peptides (pancreatic enzyme)

A

Trypsin

86
Q

pancreatic endopeptidases that hydrolyze proteins into peptides (pancreatic enzyme)

A

Chymotrypsin

87
Q

pancreatic exopeptidase that hydrolyzes peptide bond that attaches the carboxyl-terminal amino acid to the peptide (pancreatic enzyme)

A

Carboxypeptidase

88
Q

exopeptidase that hydrolyzes peptide bonds that attach amino acids to peptides (brush border)

A

Aminopeptidase

89
Q

splits dipeptides into amino acids (brush border)

A

Dipeptidase

90
Q

brush border enzyme that clips of one glucose unit at a time from smaller fragments of starch and alpha-dextrins

A

Alpha-dextrinase

91
Q

brush border enzyme that splits maltose and maltotriose into two or three molecules of glucose

A

Maltase

92
Q

brush border enzyme that splits sucrose into glucose and fructose

A

Sucrase

93
Q

brush border enzyme that hydrolyzes lactose into glucose and galactose

A

Lactase

94
Q

formed by bile salts through the absorption of lipids in the small intestine

A

Micelle

95
Q

protein-coated spherical masses; lipoprotein particle

A

Chylomicrons

96
Q

enzyme found on the endothelial cells lining these tissues

A

Lipoprotein Lipase

97
Q

water, inorganic salts, sloughed-off epithelial cells, bacteria, products of bacterial decomposition, and undigested components of food

A

Feces

98
Q

involves a haustrum relaxing and filling up until it becomes distended which then the walls contract and squeeze the contents into the next haustrum

A

Haustal Churning

99
Q

used to move the bolus through the esophagus by muscle contactions OR slowly propels chyme forward through intestine at a rate of appropriate for completing digestion and absorption of nutrients

A

Peristalsis

100
Q

fluid produced by the gastric glands in the mucosa of the stomach

A

Gastric Juice

101
Q

passage of the end products of digestion from the lumen of the GI tract into the blood and/or lumen

A

Absorption

102
Q

enzyme from pancreatic juice that breaks down starches into maltose, maltotriose, and alpha-dextrins

A

Pancreatic Amylase

103
Q

animals that regurgitate and remasticate their food

A

Ruminant

104
Q

process of bringing food material from the forestomach back to the mouth for further mastication

A

Rumination

105
Q

bolus of food is brought back to the mouth from the reticulum and rumen

A

Regurgitation

106
Q

bolus (cud) is re-chewed 100 times or more

A

Remastication

107
Q

saliva is added to regurgitated bolus

A

Reinsalvation

108
Q

bolus is swallowed after remastication

A

Redulglutition

109
Q

anaerobic breakdown of organic substances in foods by bacteria and other microorganisms

A

Fermentation

110
Q

represent more than 50% of all chemical energy in plants

A

Cellulose

111
Q

short chain fatty acids that are products of bacterial fermentation in the forestomach; used to help meet the nutritional requirements of the animal

A

Volatile Fatty Acids

112
Q

process of moving gas through the esophagus from the forestomach to the pharynx (belch without noise)

A

Eructation

113
Q

contains complex ecosystem of microorgansims used for digesting plant material using fermentation

A

Forestomach

114
Q

primary fermentation chamber and thus contains a complex ecosystem of microorganisms including bacteria, protozoa, and fungi; primary functions: mixing, soaking, fermentation of ingested foods, and absorption of VFA

A

Rumen

115
Q

honeycomb fermentation and liquid flow

A

Reticulum

116
Q

ingested sharp object pushed through the wall of the reticulum, diaphragm and potentially the pericardium surrounding the heart

A

Hardware Disease

117
Q

site of continued fermentation and absorption of VFAs and bicarbonate before digesta enters abomasum

A

Omasum

118
Q

true glandular stomach performs glandular stomach functions

A

Abomasum

119
Q

neighboring muscle cells that contain gab junctions and desmosomes

A

Intercalated Discs

120
Q

weakly contractile cardiac muscle cells

A

Autorhythmic Cells

121
Q

cardiac pacemaker located between top of right atrium and cranial vena cava. contains pacemaker cells

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

122
Q

spontaneously initiate slow response action potentials at a rate of 100 times/min.

A

Pacemaker Cells

123
Q

does not require excitation by the nervous system

A

Myogenic Pacemaker

124
Q

“funny current” triggered by repolarization

A

If-channels

125
Q

transient; allow Ca flow inside cell

A

T-type Voltage-gated Ca+2 Channels

126
Q

long-lasting; leads to rapid depolarization of cells as Ca flows in quickly

A

L-type Voltage-gated Ca+2 Channels

127
Q

contraction

A

Systole

128
Q

relaxation

A

Diastole

129
Q

to excite ventricular muscle cells, AP from SA node travels through

A

Internodal Pathway

130
Q

the only electrical connection between atria and ventricles

A

Atrioventricular (AV) node

131
Q

from the AV node, slow response Aps move here

A

Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)

132
Q

run through interventricular septum, to apex of the heart and up both sides of the heart

A

Bundle Branches

133
Q

branch off of the bundle branches and conduct fast response AP into the contractile muscle cells of the ventricular myocardium and papillary muscles

A

Purkinje Fibers

134
Q

(ECG; EKG)- the record of electrical changes that occur during each cardiac cycle obtained by electrocardiography

A

Electrocardiogram

135
Q

atrial depolarization-spread of AP over atria

A

P wave

136
Q

ventricle depolarization- the spread of AP over the ventricles

A

QRS Complex

137
Q

ventricular repolarization- occurs just before ventricles starts to relax

A

T wave

138
Q

principles that describe the movement of blood in the circulatory system

A

Hemodynamics

139
Q

tendency of the cardiovascular system to oppose blood flow

A

Resistance

140
Q

when blood flows through a long smooth-lined vessel it streamlines into layers

A

Laminar Flow

141
Q

distance that a fixed volume of blood travels in a given period of time (cm/sec or cm/min)

A

Velocity of Flow

142
Q

blood pressure in the large arteries averaged over time

= DBP + (SBP - DBP) / 3

A

Mean Arterial Pressure

143
Q

blood pressure in arteries when ventricles are relaxing

A

Diastolic Blood Pressure

144
Q

blood pressure contraction of heart (top number)

A

Systolic Blood Pressure

145
Q

measures arterial blood pressure in brachial artery (bottom number)

A

Sphygmomanometer

146
Q

resistance to blood flow imposed by friction between the flowing blood and the walls of all of the vessels within the systemic circulatory route

A

Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)

147
Q

amount of blood ejected by the left/right ventricle into the aorta (pulmonary trunk) per minute

A

Cardiac Output (CO)

148
Q

volume per beat

A

Stroke Volume (SV)

149
Q

beats per minute

A

Heart Rate (HR)

150
Q

volume of blood ejected by the ventricle depends on the volume present in the ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole

A

Frank-Starling Law

151
Q

volume present in the ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole

A

End Diastolic Volume (EDV)

152
Q

contraction of skeletal muscles pumps blood in the veins back to the heart

A

Skeletal Muscle Pump (milking)

153
Q

caused by movements of the diaphragm during breathing

A

Respiratory Pump

154
Q

pressure receptors in the aorta and carotid arteries

A

Baroreceptors

VET 223 (3 decks)

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