Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
scientific study of muscles
A
myology
2
Q
cross-banded appearance of muscle tissue under the microscope
A
striations
3
Q
bundles of myofibers
A
fascicle
4
Q
muscle cells-long multinucleated muscle cells arranged in parallel to one another within the muscle
A
myofiber
5
Q
plasma membrane of a muscle cell.
A
sarcolemma
6
Q
cytoplasm of muscle cells
A
sarcoplasm
7
Q
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of muscle cells, SR is well-developed in skeletal muscle myofiber and is wrapped in a highly organized pattern around myofibrils
A
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)
8
Q
repeated expanded sections of the SR that lie adjacent to T-tubules
A
Terminal Cisternae
9
Q
narrow membranous tunnels formed from and continuous with the sarcolemma. Function is to transmit action potentials from surface to interior of myofibers
A
Transverse Tubules (T-tubules)
10
Q
one T-tubule + two adjacent terminal cisterns of SR
A
Triad
11
Q
elongated strands of protein complexes found inside myofibers
A
Myofibril
12
Q
what myofibrils are organized into, alternating light and dark zones
A
Sarcomere
13
Q
light zones containing thin myofilaments
A
I-Band
14
Q
dark zones containing thick myofilaments
A
A-Band
15
Q
a dense line composed of a-actinin that attaches the thin myofilaments of adjacent sarcomeres
A
Z-disk
16
Q
helps hold the thick filaments in proper alignment, elasticity helps return a stretched sarcomere to its original resting length
A
Titin
17
Q
area within the A-band where only thick filaments exist
A
H-zone
18
Q
middle portion of H-zone where the tick myofilaments lack myosin heads
A
Bare Zone
19
Q
a dark line in the middle of the bare zone that contains proteins that are critical for organization and alignment of the thick filaments
A
M-line
20
Q
contain myosin and titin
A
Thick Myofilaments
21
Q
contain actin
A
Thin Myofilaments
22
Q
a structural protein that lies alongside thin filaments and attaches the thin myofilaments to the Z-disks
A
Nebulin
23
Q
filamentous polymer consisting of G-actin subunits arranges in two F-actin strands the twist together to form a helix
A
F-Actin
24
Q
contains a myosin-binding site
A
G-Actin
25
filamentous protein that lies in the groove between the F-actin strands. Each tropomyosin molecule spans seven G-actin subunits
Tropomyosin
26
a Ca binding protein that binds at regular intervals along tropomyosin molecules
Troponin
27
the synapse where the nervous system communicates with skeletal muscles
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)
28
space between the end of the synaptic bulb and that sarcolemma of the myofiber
Synaptic Cleft
29
a specialized region of the sarcolemma of the myofiber where the synaptic bulb of the a-motor neuron sits. This region of the sarcolemma is made up of a series of membrane folds containing a high density of nicotinic cholinergic receptors
Motor Endplate
30
on the myofibers are ligand-gated Na, K channels that open when Ach binds to them, allowing Na to flow into the myofiber and K flow out
Nicotinic Receptor
31
mechanically linked to Ca release channels
Dihydropyridine (DHP) Receptor
32
Ca release channels
Ryanodine Receptor (RyR)
33
an enzyme found in synaptic cleft, rapidly degrades Ach. Degradation of the Ach closes the nicotinic receptors and stops end plate potential generation along with the subsequent action potential generation in the sarcolemma.
Acetylcholinesterase
34
consists of alpha-motor neuron and all of the myofibers (muscle cells) that it stimulates
Motor Unit
35
muscle movement generated in response to a single action potential moving down an alpha-motor neuron and stimulating the myofibers in its motor unit
Twitch Contraction
36
O2-storage protein to myofibers
| Gives red color
Myoglobin
37
pathological condition caused by Clostridium tetani toxin
Tetanus "Lock Jaw"
38
steady state of muscle contraction that occurs when the frequency of stimulation of a muscle increases to point that wave summation results in sustained contraction
Tetanus / Tetany
39
given skeletal muscle served by a group of alpha-motor neurons, whose cell bodies are grouped together in the spinal cord (or brainstem) to form
Motor Nucleus
40
Decrease in work capacity of a muscle caused by work itself
Fatigue
41
extreme fatigue that occurs when ATP is completely depleted in a myofiber
Rigor
42
stiffening of a dead body that occurs a few hours after death of the animal
Rigor Mortis
43
serve a function similar to Z-disks in skeletal muscles
Dense Bodies
44
dense bodies associated with inner surface of membranes of smooth muscle cells
Attachment Plaques / Membrane-dense areas
45
found in iris and ciliary body of eye, vas, deferens, and arrector pilorum muscles of hair on skin
Multi-Unit Smooth Muscles
46
allow rapid and precise nervous system control of these smooth muscles
Contact Junctions
47
"visceral type"- found in walls of viscera (internal organs) 99% of all smooth muscle is this type
Single Unit (Unitary) Smooth Muscle
48
slow to activate; with this type of smooth muscle. ANS stimulation affects rate and strength of contraction, but is not the primary stimulator of contraction
Diffuse Junctions
49
a Ca binding protein similar to troponin
Calmodulin
50
activated by calmodulin. Phosphorylates the myosin light chain called the regulatory chain which is found associated with the myosin head
Myosin Light Chain Kinase (MLCK)
51
process of adding together individual twitch contractions to increase the overall strength of muscle contraction
Muscle Summation
52
"steady state of contraction" occurs when frequency of stimulation of a muscle produces almost peak tension during a rapid cycle of contraction and relaxation
Incomplete Tetanus
53
"steady state of muscle contractions" occurs when frequency of stimulation of a muscle becomes so rapid that no further increase in frequency will increase the tension of contraction
Complete Tetanus
54
sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place within an organism
Metabolism
55
all processes in which simpler substances are assembled into more complex substances (requires input)
Anabolism
56
all processes in which complex substances are broken down into simpler substances (release of energy)
Catabolism
57
organic compound that can be broken down in the body to produce usable energy
Macronutrient
58
work that synthesis of new molecules (anabolism)
Chemical Work
59
work movements of the animal that involve muscle contraction and organelle movement inside cells
Mechanical Work
60
work by transporting substances across membranes by active transport
Transport Work
61
passage of digested components of food from lumen of GI tract into the blood for distribution to all the cells of the body
Absorption
62
elimination of indigestible substances from the GI tract as feces
Defecation
63
process of chewing
Mastication
64
digestion breakdown of food based on movements of the GI tract
Mechanical Digestion
65
digestion breakdown of food based on enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis reactions occurring in the lumen of the GI tract
Chemical Digestion
66
to take into the body through the mouth
Ingestion
67
breakdown of food into smaller physical and chemical units that can be eventually be absorbed from the lumen of the GI tract into the bloodstream
Digestion
68
soft, flexible food mass that can be easily swallowed
Bolus
69
begins chemical digestion of starches into maltose and dextrins inside the mouth. found in omnivores
Salivary Amylase (Ptyalin)
70
process that moves the bolus of food from the mouth to the stomach
Deglutition (swallowing)
71
thin acidic liquid formed by bolus food and gastric juice that later enters the small intestine
Chyme
72
inactive precursor of an enzyme
Zymogen
73
essential for Vitamin B12 absorption
Intrinsic Factor
74
stimulates increased gastric motility and secretion of gastric juice rich in HCl
Gastrin
75
process involving the alternating contraction and relaxation within a single segment of the GI tract
Segmentation
76
produce the secretions that form pancreatic juice and make up 95% of pancreatic cells
Acinar Cells
77
smooth muscle valve around the hepatopancreatic ampulla that controls the flow of pancreatic juice and bile into the duodenum
Sphincter of Oddi
78
enzyme produced by the duodenal mucosa
Enterokinase (Enteropeptidase)
79
hydrolyzes starches into maltose, maltotriose, and dextrins
Pancreatic Amylase
80
principal triglyceride-digesting enzyme in an animal
Pancreatic Lipase
81
enhances production and flow of bile rich in bicarbonate from liver
Secretin
82
causes contraction of the gall bladder and opening of the sphincter of Oddi
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
83
proteases that hydrolyze internal peptide bonds within proteins thus breaking proteins into smaller peptides
Endopeptidase
84
proteases that hydrolyze the peptide bonds that attach to the C- or N-terminal amino acids to a protein or peptide thus releasing individual amino acids
Exopeptidase
85
pancreatic endopeptidases that hydrolyze proteins into peptides (pancreatic enzyme)
Trypsin
86
pancreatic endopeptidases that hydrolyze proteins into peptides (pancreatic enzyme)
Chymotrypsin
87
pancreatic exopeptidase that hydrolyzes peptide bond that attaches the carboxyl-terminal amino acid to the peptide (pancreatic enzyme)
Carboxypeptidase
88
exopeptidase that hydrolyzes peptide bonds that attach amino acids to peptides (brush border)
Aminopeptidase
89
splits dipeptides into amino acids (brush border)
Dipeptidase
90
brush border enzyme that clips of one glucose unit at a time from smaller fragments of starch and alpha-dextrins
Alpha-dextrinase
91
brush border enzyme that splits maltose and maltotriose into two or three molecules of glucose
Maltase
92
brush border enzyme that splits sucrose into glucose and fructose
Sucrase
93
brush border enzyme that hydrolyzes lactose into glucose and galactose
Lactase
94
formed by bile salts through the absorption of lipids in the small intestine
Micelle
95
protein-coated spherical masses; lipoprotein particle
Chylomicrons
96
enzyme found on the endothelial cells lining these tissues
Lipoprotein Lipase
97
water, inorganic salts, sloughed-off epithelial cells, bacteria, products of bacterial decomposition, and undigested components of food
Feces
98
involves a haustrum relaxing and filling up until it becomes distended which then the walls contract and squeeze the contents into the next haustrum
Haustal Churning
99
used to move the bolus through the esophagus by muscle contactions OR slowly propels chyme forward through intestine at a rate of appropriate for completing digestion and absorption of nutrients
Peristalsis
100
fluid produced by the gastric glands in the mucosa of the stomach
Gastric Juice
101
passage of the end products of digestion from the lumen of the GI tract into the blood and/or lumen
Absorption
102
enzyme from pancreatic juice that breaks down starches into maltose, maltotriose, and alpha-dextrins
Pancreatic Amylase
103
animals that regurgitate and remasticate their food
Ruminant
104
process of bringing food material from the forestomach back to the mouth for further mastication
Rumination
105
bolus of food is brought back to the mouth from the reticulum and rumen
Regurgitation
106
bolus (cud) is re-chewed 100 times or more
Remastication
107
saliva is added to regurgitated bolus
Reinsalvation
108
bolus is swallowed after remastication
Redulglutition
109
anaerobic breakdown of organic substances in foods by bacteria and other microorganisms
Fermentation
110
represent more than 50% of all chemical energy in plants
Cellulose
111
short chain fatty acids that are products of bacterial fermentation in the forestomach; used to help meet the nutritional requirements of the animal
Volatile Fatty Acids
112
process of moving gas through the esophagus from the forestomach to the pharynx (belch without noise)
Eructation
113
contains complex ecosystem of microorgansims used for digesting plant material using fermentation
Forestomach
114
primary fermentation chamber and thus contains a complex ecosystem of microorganisms including bacteria, protozoa, and fungi; primary functions: mixing, soaking, fermentation of ingested foods, and absorption of VFA
Rumen
115
honeycomb fermentation and liquid flow
Reticulum
116
ingested sharp object pushed through the wall of the reticulum, diaphragm and potentially the pericardium surrounding the heart
Hardware Disease
117
site of continued fermentation and absorption of VFAs and bicarbonate before digesta enters abomasum
Omasum
118
true glandular stomach performs glandular stomach functions
Abomasum
119
neighboring muscle cells that contain gab junctions and desmosomes
Intercalated Discs
120
weakly contractile cardiac muscle cells
Autorhythmic Cells
121
cardiac pacemaker located between top of right atrium and cranial vena cava. contains pacemaker cells
Sinoatrial (SA) node
122
spontaneously initiate slow response action potentials at a rate of 100 times/min.
Pacemaker Cells
123
does not require excitation by the nervous system
Myogenic Pacemaker
124
"funny current" triggered by repolarization
If-channels
125
transient; allow Ca flow inside cell
T-type Voltage-gated Ca+2 Channels
126
long-lasting; leads to rapid depolarization of cells as Ca flows in quickly
L-type Voltage-gated Ca+2 Channels
127
contraction
Systole
128
relaxation
Diastole
129
to excite ventricular muscle cells, AP from SA node travels through
Internodal Pathway
130
the only electrical connection between atria and ventricles
Atrioventricular (AV) node
131
from the AV node, slow response Aps move here
Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
132
run through interventricular septum, to apex of the heart and up both sides of the heart
Bundle Branches
133
branch off of the bundle branches and conduct fast response AP into the contractile muscle cells of the ventricular myocardium and papillary muscles
Purkinje Fibers
134
(ECG; EKG)- the record of electrical changes that occur during each cardiac cycle obtained by electrocardiography
Electrocardiogram
135
atrial depolarization-spread of AP over atria
P wave
136
ventricle depolarization- the spread of AP over the ventricles
QRS Complex
137
ventricular repolarization- occurs just before ventricles starts to relax
T wave
138
principles that describe the movement of blood in the circulatory system
Hemodynamics
139
tendency of the cardiovascular system to oppose blood flow
Resistance
140
when blood flows through a long smooth-lined vessel it streamlines into layers
Laminar Flow
141
distance that a fixed volume of blood travels in a given period of time (cm/sec or cm/min)
Velocity of Flow
142
blood pressure in the large arteries averaged over time
| = DBP + (SBP - DBP) / 3
Mean Arterial Pressure
143
blood pressure in arteries when ventricles are relaxing
Diastolic Blood Pressure
144
blood pressure contraction of heart (top number)
Systolic Blood Pressure
145
measures arterial blood pressure in brachial artery (bottom number)
Sphygmomanometer
146
resistance to blood flow imposed by friction between the flowing blood and the walls of all of the vessels within the systemic circulatory route
Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)
147
amount of blood ejected by the left/right ventricle into the aorta (pulmonary trunk) per minute
Cardiac Output (CO)
148
volume per beat
Stroke Volume (SV)
149
beats per minute
Heart Rate (HR)
150
volume of blood ejected by the ventricle depends on the volume present in the ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole
Frank-Starling Law
151
volume present in the ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole
End Diastolic Volume (EDV)
152
contraction of skeletal muscles pumps blood in the veins back to the heart
Skeletal Muscle Pump (milking)
153
caused by movements of the diaphragm during breathing
Respiratory Pump
154
pressure receptors in the aorta and carotid arteries
Baroreceptors
