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VET 223 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

atoms or molecules that have gained or lost electrons

A

Ion

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2
Q

any chemical that can carry electrical charge when dissolved in H2O

A

Electrolyte

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3
Q

material through which ions can move freely toward each other

A

Conductor

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4
Q

material that separate oppositely charged ions unable to move

A

Insulator

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5
Q

potential energy created by difference between amounts of electrical charge present at two points like the inner surface and outer surface of a membrane

A

Electrochemical Potential

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6
Q

membrane potential when the membrane is ‘resting’ (not conducting electrical impulses)

A

Resting Potential (Vrest)

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7
Q

change in membrane potential whose magnitude is proportional to stimulus strength

A

Graded Potential

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8
Q

rapidly moving wave of electrical charge that move along membrane of an active excitable cell

A

Action Potentials (AP)

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9
Q

channels whose molecular conformation responds to the changes in electrical potential across the cell membrane

A

Voltage-Gated Channel

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10
Q

stimulus strong enough to initiate an action potential by triggering opening of the activation gate of the voltage-gated Na+ channels

A

Threshold Stimulus

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11
Q

stimulus NOT strong enough to open the activation gate of the voltage gated Na+ channels and initiate AP

A

Sub-threshold Stimulus

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12
Q

process of making membrane potential less negative

A

Depolarization

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13
Q

process of regaining Vrest after depolarization

A

Repolarization

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14
Q

undershooting Vrest on repolarization due to excess K+ ions, moves membrane further from threshold

A

Hyperpolarization

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15
Q

brief space of time in which excitable membrane resistant to further stimulation

A

Refractory Period

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16
Q

short period during and immediately after depolarization where a neuron or myofiber will not respond again to any stimulus, no matter how strong

A

Absolute Refractory Period

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17
Q

follow absolute refractory period where a neuron/myofiber will only respond to strong stimulus

A

Relative Refractory Period

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18
Q

spread of actin potential along membrane of excitable cell

A

Propagation

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19
Q

used in unmyelinated axons and muscle cells

A

Continuous Propagation

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20
Q

used in myelinated axons

A

Saltatory Propagation

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21
Q

high lipid content of sheath (excellent electrical insulator)

A

Myelin

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22
Q

unmyelinated areas of myelinated axon found between myelin sheaths

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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23
Q

groups of neurons that influence each other’s activity by communicating at neuronal synapses

A

Neuronal Pathways

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24
Q

site/junction where electrical signals are transmitted from one cell to another

A

Synapse

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25
Q

found between successive neurons in neuronal pathway

A

Neuronal Synapse

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26
Q

found between somatic x-motor neurons and myofibers of skeletal muscles

A

Neuromuscular Junctions

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27
Q

found between autonomic motor neurons and autonomic effectors (smooth muscle & glandular cells)

A

Neuroeffector Junctions

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28
Q

neuron that carries impulses into synapse

A

Presynaptic Neuron

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29
Q

neuron that carries impulses away from synapse

A

Postsynaptic Neuron

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30
Q

two cells forming synapses separated by physical space (synaptic cleft)

A

Chemical Synapse

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31
Q

narrow space separating presynaptic neuron from postsynaptic neuron

A

Synaptic Cleft

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32
Q

extracellular signal molecules released by neurons that diffuse across synaptic cleft to stimulate activity in a postsynaptic neuron or effector

A

Neurotransmitters (NT)

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33
Q

membrane proteins found on postsynaptic neurons that bind a specific NT & generate response in the postsynaptic cell

A

Neurotransmitter Receptor

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34
Q

depolarizing graded potential brings postsynaptic neuron closer to threshold

A

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

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35
Q

hyper-polarizing graded potential that moves a postsynaptic neuron further from threshold for creating APs

A

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

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36
Q

process of integrating the input from multiple synapses

A

Summation

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37
Q

release of NT from more than one synaptic knobs on single postsynaptic neuron

A

Spatial Summation

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38
Q

stimulation of NT release from same presynaptic knobs in rapid succession on postsynaptic neuron

A

Temporal Summation

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39
Q

membrane potential of postsynaptic neuron held nearer to threshold then normal but not yet above threshold

A

Facilitation

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40
Q

signal entering in section of neuronal pathway excites great number signals leaving

A

Divergent Pathways

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41
Q

signals from multiple input fibers come together to excite single output fiber

A

Convergent Pathways

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42
Q

carry impulses away from CNS out to motor effectors

A

Efferent (motor) Neurons

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43
Q

control skeletal muscle contraction

A

Somatic Motor Neurons

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44
Q

control involuntary effectors

A

Autonomic Motor Neurons

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45
Q

pupil diameter changes due to contraction of smooth muscle within iris

A

Pupillary Light Reflex

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46
Q

dilation of pupil response to pain, excitement, & dim light

A

Mydriasis

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47
Q

fight or flight

A

Sympathetic Division

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48
Q

rest and repair

A

Parasympathetic Division

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49
Q

constriction of pupil response to increased light entering the pupil

A

Miosis

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50
Q

cell bodies found in CNS & axons termination autonomic ganglia where they form synapses (long)

A

Preganglionic Neuron

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51
Q

cell bodies of neuron found in autonomic ganglia & terminate involuntary effectors (short)

A

Postganglionic Neuron

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52
Q

activated by acetylcholine

A

Cholinergic Receptors

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53
Q

ligand-gated Na+ (cation) channel

A

Nicotinic Receptors

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54
Q

Gprotein coupled receptors that activate production intracellular messengers

A

Muscarinic Receptors

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55
Q

activated by binding of two catecholamines

A

Adrenergic Receptors

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56
Q

responds most strongly to NE

A

x-Adrenergic Receptors

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57
Q

effort to prepare animal for maximal skeletal muscle activity

A

Fight-or-Flight Response

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58
Q

chemical signals that regulate metabolic activites

A

Hormones

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59
Q

hormones that regulate release of other hormones

A

Trophic Hormones

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60
Q

any cell that contains receptors that bind & react to specific hormones

A

Target Cells

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61
Q

proteins on surface or within target cells that specifically bind & respond to hormones

A

Receptor

62
Q

hormones released by endocrine glands that are carried in the plasma

A

Endocrines or Circulating Hormones

63
Q

hormones released by neurons carried in the plasma

A

Neuroendocrine (Neurohormones)

64
Q

local hormones that act on neighboring cells

A

Paracrine

65
Q

local hormones that at on the same cell that secreted them

A

Autocrine

66
Q

hormone synthesized from chloresterol

A

Steroid

67
Q

intracellular small molecules & ions that act as signals to activate various components of intracellular signaling pathway

A

2nd Messengers

68
Q

proteins that can be switched from inactive to active in response to a signal

A

Molecular Switches

69
Q

enzyme that catalyze addition of phosphate to protein effectors to turn ON

A

Protein Kinases

70
Q

enzymes that catalyze removal of phosphate from protein effectors to turn OFF

A

Protein Phosphatases

71
Q

molecular switches that link plasma membrane receptors with intracellular signaling pathways

A

G-proteins

72
Q

effects of small amounts of hormone binding to target cells are greatly amplified in intracellular signaling pathways allowing a very small amount of a hormone binding to a receptor to activate a powerful response throughout its target cell

A

Amplification

73
Q

collecting center for sensory information about the internal environment of the animal

A

Hypothalamus

74
Q

gland that secrete hormones

A

Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)

75
Q

stalk-like structure that connects pituitary gland to hypothalamus

A

Hypophyseal Stalk or Infundibulum

76
Q

glandular portion of pituitary gland consisting of secretory epithelial cells

A

Adenohypohysis (anterior pituitary gland)

77
Q

nervous portion of pituitary gland that consists of axons and axon terminals of neurons that have cell bodies in hypothalamus

A

Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary gland)

78
Q

secrete growth hormone (GH/somatotropin)

A

Somatotrophs

79
Q

secretes prolactin (PRL)

A

Lactotrophs

80
Q

secrete primarily adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH)

A

Coricotroph

81
Q

secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Thyrotrophs

82
Q

secrete 2 gonadotropins

A

Gonadotrophs

83
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Gonadotropins

84
Q

releasing hormones (RH) and inhibiting hormones (IH); most are peptides

A

Trophic Hormones

85
Q

carry trophic hormones released from neurons to the adenohypophysis

A

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal Portal System

86
Q

system of blood vessels in which blood after passing through capillary bed, conveyed through veins to a capillary bed of a second organ

A

Portal System

87
Q

secreted by somatrotopes of anterior pituitary gland

A

Growth Hormone (GH) / Somatotropin

88
Q

hormone produced at higher than normal levels (exaggerated)

A

Hypersecretion

89
Q

high level of GH during adolescent growth period

A

Gigantism (Giantism)

90
Q

hormone produced at lower than normal level (diminished)

A

Hyposecretion

91
Q

lack of production of GH or IGF which causes decreased lengthening of bones during adolescent growth

A

Dwarfism

92
Q

secreted by lactotropes of anterior pituitary gland

A

Prolactin (PRL)/Lactogenic Hormone

93
Q

proteinaceous secretory substances surrounded by follicular cells that synthesize and secrete two thyroid hormones

A

Thyroid Follicles

94
Q

consists of 2 lobes of glandular tissue located along trachea just below the larynx

A

Thyroid Gland

95
Q

proteinaceous secretory substance

A

Colloid

96
Q

found between numerous thyroid follicles

A

Parafollicular Cells (C-cells/Clear Cells)

97
Q

cells found between numerous thyroid follicles

A

Parafollicular Cells (C-cells/Clear Cells)

98
Q

thyroxine (T4) & triiodothyronine (T3)

A

Thyroid Hormones

99
Q

resting rate of calorie expenditure by the body

A

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

100
Q

congenital hypothyroidism results in severely stunted physical & mental growth

A

Cretinism

101
Q

enlarged thyroid gland either hypothyroid conditions

A

Goiter

102
Q

ingesting with food (fat-soluble) or exposure to skin

A

Vitamin D

103
Q

vitamin D deficiency due to lack of sun exposure and diet

A

Rickets

104
Q

stimulate increased absorption of dietary Ca2+ by intestine; active form of Vitamin D

A

Calcitriol

105
Q

four small lobes of glandular tissue embedded in the dorsal side of the thyroid gland

A

Parathyroid Gland

106
Q

peptide hormone produced by parathyroid gland

- essential for survival -

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) / Parathormone

107
Q

32 amino acid peptide hormone released by parafollicular cells of Thyroid gland in response to increased Ca2+ in plasma

A

Calcitonin (CT)

108
Q

modified sympathetic ganglion that secretes a neuronhormone during flight or fight response to acute stressful conditions

A

Adrenal Medulla

109
Q

secrete corticosteroids

A

Adrenal Cortex

110
Q

steroid hormones secreted by adrenal cortex

A

Corticosteroid

111
Q

outer region of the cortex

secretes mineralocorticoids - aldosterone

A

Zona Glomerulosa

112
Q

middle region of the cortex

secretes glucocorticoids - cortisol

A

Zona Fasciculata

113
Q

essential for animal survival

A

Cortisol

114
Q

regulation of cortisol is under exclusive control of hypothalamus and pituitary gland axis using

A

Corticotropin-releasing Hormone (CRH)

115
Q

inner region of the cortex

secretes gonadocorticoids

A

Zona Reticularis

116
Q

regulation of cortisol is under exclusive control of hypothalamus and pituitary gland axis using

A

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH)

117
Q

relatively large organ found near the stomach and the duodenum that is both an endocrine gland and exocrine gland

A

Pancreas

118
Q

contains two major types of hormone-secreting cells

  • Alpha Cells
  • Beta Cells
A

Islets of Langerhans (Pancreatic Islets)

119
Q

secrete glucagon stimulated by low blood glucose levels

A

Alpha Cells

120
Q

stimulates increases in blood glucose levels

A

Glucagon

121
Q

secretes insulin stimulated by high blood glucose levels

A

Beta Cells

122
Q

stimulates decreases in blood glucose levels

A

Insulin

123
Q

breakdown of glycogen into glucose

A

Glycogenolysis

124
Q

production of ketone bodies

A

Ketogenesis

125
Q

converted glucose in liver cells

A

Glycogen

126
Q

glucose converted to glycogen in liver cells

A

Glycogenesis

127
Q

glucose converted into triglycerides in fat cells

A

Lipogenesis

128
Q

used as a circulating energy substrate for other tissues including caridac muscle and eventually the brain

A

Ketone Bodies

129
Q

clusters of neuron cell bodies found outside of the CNS

A

Ganglia

130
Q

found on both sides of the vertebral column

A

Sympathetic Chain Ganglia

131
Q

activated by acetylcholine (ACh)

A

Cholinergic Receptors

132
Q

activated by binding of the two catecholamines norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (Epi)

A

Adrenergic Receptors

133
Q

secrete acetylcholine (ACh)

A

Cholinergic

134
Q

release norepinephrine (NE)

A

Adrenergic

135
Q

ligand-gated Na+ channels found at the synapses between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons

A

Nicotinic Receptors

136
Q

G-protein coupled receptors that activate production of intracellular messengers that control ion channel permeability or metabolic activity of the cell

A

Muscarinic Receptor

137
Q

inner area of the adrenal gland

A

Adrenal Medulla

138
Q

modified neurons with no axons

A

Chromaffin Cells

139
Q

neurohormones 80% Epi & 20% NE

A

Adrenaline

140
Q

GH releasing hormone

A

Somatocrinin (GHRH)

141
Q

GH inhibiting hormone

A

Somatostatin (GHIH)

142
Q

growth hormones stimulates the release of insulin-like growth factors (IFG)

A

Somatomedins

143
Q

high levels of GH after adolescence growth period

A

Acromegaly

144
Q

amine hormone called dopamine

A

Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone (PIH)

145
Q

regulates the adrenal cortex

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

146
Q

regulates the thyroid gland

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

147
Q

regulate the gonads (ovaries and testes)

A

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

148
Q

connection between the hypothalamus and the neurohypophysis

A

Hypothalomo-hypophyseal Tract

149
Q

stimulates uterine contractions during parturition and milk letdown

A

Oxytocin (OT)

150
Q

continuously released from hypothalamus to maintain a constant thyroid hormone level

A

Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone (TRH)

151
Q

stimulates the follicular cells in the thyroid gland to release T3 and T4

A

Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH)

VET 223 (3 decks)

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