Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Biopower
A
A scenario in which a state policy directly affects an individuals ability to make decisions regarding the use of one’s body.
2
Q
Why is methadone “Biopower in Action”
A
methadone is a “humiliating apparatus of govern mentality for regulating heroin addicts” and also displays symbolic violence when an addict fails the methadone treatment and relapses (relapses are expected, but patient blames themselves)
3
Q
Person with longest legal employment
A
Hank
4
Q
Person chastised for his filthiness
A
Hogan
5
Q
Who makes money performing “licks” on wood?
A
Carter and Tina
6
Q
Person who did not use heroin at the beginning of the study but drank and smoked crack. Used heroin by end of study
A
Tina
7
Q
Person who once worked at KFC
A
Tina
8
Q
Hogan’s running partner
A
Max
9
Q
Used to be a hooker
A
Tina
10
Q
This person is overweight, white, and has a cotton habit
A
Hogan
11
Q
This person has HIV
A
Hogan
12
Q
This person is known for being Lazy and broke
A
Hogan
13
Q
This person scavenged for vegetables at the farmers market to make stew at the encampment
A
Hank
14
Q
Once lived in Paul’s garage
A
Hank
15
Q
This person transitioned to being homeless during study
A
Hank
16
Q
This person recieves SSI disability pay
A
Hank
17
Q
These people were Vietnam veterans
A
Hogan and Hank
18
Q
Frank’s running partner
A
Felix
19
Q
This person attracted 3 more black people to join core group
A
Carter
20
Q
How does Tina survive on the street and support her crack habit?
A
- shoplifiting
- aggressive panhandling
- many male “friends”
21
Q
This person worked a legal job selling christmas trees
A
Carter
22
Q
This person paints signs for local businesses
A
Frank
23
Q
These two worked at a construction supply depot and were treated every monday to breakfast and enough cash for heroin
A
Frank and Max
24
Q
This person experienced full blown opiate withdrawl for 3 days in the county jail
A
Max
25
This allowed Carter and Tina to expand their burglaries
The camper
26
What did Carter do in order to get close to Tina
Increase his crack consumption
27
This person overdoses everytime they get upset
Carter
28
Identifies publicly as an alcoholic
Tina
29
Erupts into rage when disrespected
Tina
30
This person made money painting signs
Frank
31
Grew up in San Francisco north beach housing
Frank
32
Got hooked by dealing
Frank
33
This person inherited $7000 when their Father died and used it to buy a motorhome
Frank
34
This person's father worked as a longshoreman
Vernon
35
When this person was caught they were required by court to enter a treatment program
Petey
36
More depressed after SRO shelter and threatened suicide. Eventually overdosed.
Hogan
37
Received methadone treatments for emphysema. Turned to alcohol and crack. Lives in mothers garage and became blind after a paint ball incident
Felix
38
Received methadone treatments because of the cancer in his larynx. Still smokes crack out of the hole in his throat
Frank
39
Stayed away from Edgewater Boulevard after VA services helped him
Petey
40
Stayed away from Edgewater Boulevard and rumored to be "fat"
Tina
41
Lives in hospice, does not use heroin anymore. Completely bent over and has dementia
Max
42
wife is a nurse, house painter, receives disability check
Vernon
43
running partner is Scotty, referred to as the "island boys"
Petey
44
african american (first one in settlement), worked as parking attendant for jaguar dealership (got money from stealing too), contributed generously in economy of sharing... after he got fired he begged everyone, makes cat calls to express sexuality, died from overdose
Carter
45
african american, early 40's, in relationship with carter, publicly an alcoholic, didn't shoot just smokes, shoplifts from stores on edgewater blvd and throughout mission district, demands money aggressively or seductively from friends/peers/strangers, known for her rages
Tina
46
white, first to settle in campunder I-camp, makes money from carrying furniture at moving job
Max
47
white, "no hustle _____" took Rosie's spot in Al's shack when he kicked her out, often chastised for his filthiness, hospitalized for intense absences, eventually dies from overdose of opium and meth
Hogan
48
white, makes most money from checks/wife that is nurse
Vernon
49
white, old time, mid 50's, arrived with stab wound on first night (even though Felix says it was an abscess removed at the hospital and that ____ is a liar), generous with wine and heroine, first one they saw transition to homeless; refused to go to shelters because they aren't safe, exited from edgewater by finally receiving successful treatment and living in Paul's garage with Hogan
Hank
50
According to Righteous Dopefiend what is a lumpen?
- Someone who overdoses frequently
- A person who refuses to hold down a job
- Scum of depraved elements from all classes, not even part of the reserve army of the unemployed.
- A worker in a candy factory.
c
51
The increase in airline security in the past decade is an example of what?
- A change in the moral economies of the airlines
- Target-Hardening
- Symbolic Violence
- Labeling Theory
b
52
All of the following apply to Becker's analysis of deviance, except for
- Becker defines "outsiders" as deviants who accept the label attached to them and view themselves as different than the mainstream society.
- Accepting an act as deviant means that you are implicitly the values of the majority who make the rules.
- Deviance should be analyzed as a personal act or behavior.
- Deviance tells us about the creators of social rules and norms.
c
53
Which of the following is NOT a proposition of Sutherland's Differential Association Theory?
- Criminal behavior is due to a psychological predisposition towards violation of laws
- The process of learning criminal behavior incorporates all the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning
- Criminal behavior is learned
- Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication
a
54
Which of the following would best illustrate labeling theory?
- Labels are assigned to the behaviors and characteristics of people but less so to the people themselves
- Labels are not only attributed to individuals but influence how their behaviors and characteristics are viewed
- Labels are attributed to situations that may cause people to choose certain behaviors
- Labels are attributed to individuals as a whole and do not necessarily influence the percpetion of individuals' behaviors
b
55
Sarah's older brother Jeff taught her several methods for breaking into locked cars. He also showed her how exciting it can be to steal car radios and how much fun it is to make "easy money." What theory of crime best describes why Sarah steals car radios?
- Rational Choice Theory
- Differential Association Theory
- Structural Violence
- Labeling Theory
b
56
What group of homless people were least likely to pan handle amongst the homeless in Righteous Dopefiend?
Whites
African Americans
None of the Homless in the book pan handled
Men
b
57
Which situation can be explained using labeling theory?
- An individual picks up smoking when his friend picks up smoking
- A women does the majority of the housework after returning home from a full day at work
- A TSA agent racially profiles airline passengers passing through security
- A worker is exploited for his or her labor in a factory
c
58
What reason do the authors give for many of the homeless peoples' unemployment?
- Many of the jobs people like them would have had became obsolete due to technological shifts and/or outsourcing
- Most of them lacked the skills necessary to do any job
- Most of them were too lazy to work
- Most of them had jobs but were fired for doing drugs
a
59
Asylum workers' perceptions of a "patient's" journal-writing as abnormal due to her false schizophrenia diagnosis is an example supporting what theory of deviance?
- Rational choice theory
- Moral panic theory
- Labeling theory
- Differential association theory
c
60
Bourgois and Schonberg describe a scenario in which Felix is angry at Max for not sharing a cotton, even though Felix has been generous with Max in the past. This argument can be best understood with which concept?
- Rational Choice Theory
- Moral Economy
- Intimate Apartheid
- Symbolic Violence
b
61
In what way did Carter and Tina's early relationship mirror a traditional domestic division of labor?
- Tina did all of the cooking for the couple
- Tina only made money doing traditionally feminine jobs, such as babysitting
- They both held a traditional gender ideology and used gender strategies to enact it
- Tina stayed "at home" while Carter "hit licks" to make money
d
62
Which of the following would NOT be considered an example of neoliberal policies?
- The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
- The use of private contractors during the Iraq War
- The dramatic increase in governmental support for workers' unions during the Reagan administration.
- Privatizing Chile's copper markets
c
63
Failure of the health care system to properly care for the addicts and managers pouring bleach on food in the dumpster so the homeless could not eat it are both examples of what?
Moral Economy
Neoliberalism
Lumpen Abuse
Exploitation
c
64
Why was preparing heroin such an anxiety-filled moment for the heroin addicts in Righteous Dopefiend?
- The person who is preparing can unevenly distribute the heroin, which causes tension
- Black tar heroin is easy to divide so there are no problems giving everyone the same amount
- All of the heroin addicts fight over who gets to prepare the heroin
- Nobody can keep track of who prepared the heroin last time
a
65
What is documented as having a strong relationship with sex work later in life?
Getting bad grades in school
Having a single parent
Changing schools too often
Early sexual abuse
d
66
Why does Tina erupt in rages when disrespected?
To show off
To scare away the police
Because she was mean
To gain legitimation despite her gender and small frame
d
67
In sex education, giving teens condoms as opposed to abstinence only sex education is an example of what type of public health programs?
Harm reduction
Social welfare
Harm prevention
Neoliberal
a
68
Which of the following is NOT part of neoliberal ideology?
personal accountability
individual rights
personal freedom
social solidarity
d
69
Which of the following is NOT an aspect of agency?
the capacity to reinterpret and mobilize
to have complete free will
to be empowered to act
to have control over resources
b
70
The term used to describe two or three separate events later coming together in an unforseen way is ____________________.
A Coincidence
Perpendicular History
Historical Contingency
Cross Cultural intersection
c
71
Where are the edgewater homeless located?
New York, NY
Philadelphia, PA
Los Angeles, CA
San Francisco, CA
d
72
This phrase is used to describe mistreatment of the poorest of the poor.
Hegemony
Iatrogenic Pathology
Lumpen Abuse
Biopower
c
73
What is the moral economy in the hole based on?
Providing medical care
Keeping each others' identities hidden
Sharing heroin
Rent
c
74
What is cultural relativism?
- Changing one's culture
- Moving to another culture to study them
- Telling stories of different cultures
- Suspending moral judgement in order to understand diverse cultural practices
d
75
What is the main goal of Bourgois and Schonberg's photo-ethnography of the Edgewater homeless?
- To prove doing drugs is bad
- To study drugs
- To pry into their lives
- To clarify the relationships between large-scale power forces and intimate ways of being
d
76
How are ethnographers and photographers conduits of power?
- They portray their subjects in a negative light
- Their work is easier to conduct which means that they can do more in less time
- They earn more money than other researchers
- They are able to carry messages across class and cultural divides
d
77
What is Bourdieu's term for "the mechanisms that lead those who are subordinated to 'misrecognize' inequality as the natural order of things and to blame themselves for their location in their society's hierarchies"?
Cultural Capital
Intimate Apartheid
Moral Economy
Symbolic Violence
d
78
What do the authors mean by the phrase initmate apartheid?
- The way the rich are divided from the poor
- The way the herion users are divided from the cocaine users
- The way people on the streeet are divided by race or ethnicity
- The way people are divided based on gender
c
79
What is a moral economy?
- A socialist economy based on trust.
- A free-market economy based on trust.
- A religious belief in the goodwill of man applied to economic activity.
- The reciprocal exchange of scarce goods and services.
d
80
Who theorized differential association?
Edwin Sutherland
81
Differential Association
A social learning theory of crime; people become criminals because they learn a technique and they learned to take pleasure in the crimes they are committing.
82
Main Assumption of Differential Association
Individuals learn to become criminals, but not concerned with why, only how.
83
What is the main criticism of differential association?
the theory bases too much on whom they are surrounded with/environment and less with personality traits; overemphasizing the environment
84
Rational Choice theory
criminals are rational; they weigh the costs and benefits before they act or decide to commit crimes.
85
Soft vs. hard targets
soft target is a target with less risk and easier access, hard targets are the opposite.
crime is decreased when you harden targets.
86
Main assumption of labeling theory
individuals labeled as deviant often internalize this label; deviance is the result of how others interpret a behavior.
87
What does Howard Becker say about rules?
rules are socially constructed
88
Why are labels sticky, according to Rosenhan?
people internalize labels and start to judge themselves and other people judge you once you are labeled as a deviant.
89
Steps in Differential Association
1. crime is a learned behavior
2. criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication.
3. the principle part of learning criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups.
4. the specific direction of motives and drive is learned from definitions of legal code as favorable and unfavorable.
5. a person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law.
90
Biopower
when the state has some control over your bodily destiny.
91
Who developed biopower?
Foucault
92
How did Foucault view power?
Foucault had a more decentralized notion of power. Power for Foucault includes forms of social control and knowledge in certain institutions of discipline.
93
Where are heroin prescription programs?
Switzerland
94
Purpose of Righteous Dopefiend
to have a good enough photo-ethnography to expose the distress of the socially vulnerable who remain invisible to the larger society
95
structural violence
the way that the political/economic organization of society wreaks havoc on vulnerable categories of people.
96
intimate apartheid
the enforcement of a racialized micro geography of homeless encampments
97
symbolic violence
the misrecognition of inequality as the natural order of things; leads people to blame themselves for their location in their society's hierarchy.
98
running partner
a person with whom an individual shares work, space, money and drugs; the relationship relies on mutual reciprocity.
99
iatrogenic pathology
when the doctors make your condition worse.
100
habitus
the process whereby distinctions and distinction-making processes seem natural and taken for granted. (Your actions are being shaped by your culture).
Ex. white heroin users get more abscesses than blacks because blacks are more likely to take time to find a vein than the whites
101
moral economy
the fact that heroin users share because they want their generosity to be reciprocated, not because heroin is expensive.
102
What Edgewater group actively shunned panhandling?
African Americans
103
What is methadone?
The drug given to addicts to help them detox.
104
All but the youngest of the Edgewater homeless had been injecting heroin on a daily basis since...
1960s & 70s
105
Harrison Narcotics Act
criminalized heroin and cocaine -- the 1st. step in making drugs illegal
106
What model of capitalism characterized by free markets, privatization, and individualism, and which was widely implemented starting in the 1970s, do Bourgois and Shonberg argue exacerbated homelessness.
Neoliberalism
107
Ethnography
the scientific description of the customs of individual peoples and cultures.
108
Felix and Frank's relationship
Running partners
109
Where is "the hole," what does it look like, and why are Frank, Felix and Philippe there?
- near juncture, and below, of two major San Francisco highway
- hidden spot littered with feces, garbage, clothes, etc.
- it's a shooting gallery
110
How are Felix and Frank earning money to survive and buy heroine?
Felix: gets heroin from his supplier in exchange for selling bags to others (illegal)
Frank: painting signs for local businesses (legal)
111
What are the required tools and process of administering heroin?
syringe, cooker (e.g. crushed Coke can), water, fire, cotton (cigarette filter)
dissolving heroin in water, stir sludge, fill syringe through cotton, inject
112
Where do they inject?
Frank: vein in back of hand
Felix: fatty tissue of muscle in biceps ("muscles")
113
Why do they let Max share, i.e. have the heroin residue in the cotton (let him have "a taste"; a "wet cotton shot" pg.4)?
he's got a moving job but won't get paid until tomorrow; this will stave off full-blown withdrawal symptoms until tomorrow
they figured he was likely to reciprocate (pg. 4) --- moral economy
114
How do they characterize the places where homeless heroin addicts found shelter in San Francisco
semi-derelict warehouse and shipyard district
a classic inner-city no-man's land of invisible public space, out of the eye of law enforcement
115
Why did Frank and Felix choose to inject in the filthy hole rather than Max's nearby camp?
avoiding sharing their bag of heroin with "dopesick" Hogan
116
How do Bourgois and Schonberg characterize the core social network at the center of their study?
about 20 individuals, including less than 6 women, all but two over 40 years old
started injecting heroin on a daily basis in the 1960s and 1970s
polydrug and alcohol use: heroin, crack, alcohol (1, 12 oz Cisco Berry fortified wine=5 shots)
homeless
divided up into, and shifted around through, 4 or 5 encampments
age/gender profile roughly representative of the majority of street-based heroin injectors in the U.S. during the 1990s and 2000s
117
Relationship between hip-hop youth culture and injecting drug injection or crack use
actively discouraged practice even when celebrating drug-selling
African-American and Latino youth who used drugs primarily smoked marijuana and drank alcohol, even when they sold heroin and crack on the street
118
How do Bourgois and Schoenberg (B&S) characterize heroin addiction?
a strong physiological dependence operating at the level of basic cellular processes that takes hold after a couple of weeks of daily use
119
What do the Edgewater homeless call themselves with ambivalent pride?
righteous dopefiends
120
What kinds of experiences could possibly be related to righteousness?
they have the capacity to endure chronic pain and anxiety, violent assault, lack of family/home/sustenance
they find ecstasy in the agony of survival
121
Definition of REIFY
to think of or treat something abstract as if it existed as a real and tangible object.
122
What action/service is being performed?
| What does Hank receive in exchange?
Hank injects Sonny in his jugular vein
| the cotton filter, from which he draws our heroin solution, then squeezes for more
123
Who is Tina
Tina drank and did crack and still slept on a couch in a cousin's apartment
124
What happened when, during year 2 of fieldwork, Carter, an African American heroin injector became a regular in their homeless scene?
- contrary to everything they had said about never mingling, the whites welcomes him
- when he joined the group, Carter was living with his sister, working a job and being a high status giver in the moral economy
- within a week, he lost his job and did not have an effective street hustle, at which he was dismissed
- he was injecting speedballs
- he went to full-time homelessness in 6 weeks
125
What characteristics manifested Hogan's low status as a white dopefiend?
- wannabe with a cotton habit
- unhygienic injection practices caused fouls smelling abscesses
- hid in low-lying spot that flooded
- smell so repulsive and spot so wet, police didn't want to come near enough to issue a ticket for possession of injection paraphernalia
126
What persona does Tina project (despite her physical frailty)?
defiant lumpen femininity
- flashy dresser and alcoholic
127
How does Tina survive on the street and support her crack habit?
- shoplifting
- aggressive panhandling
- cultivate a diverse set of male "friends" willing to give her money, drugs, food and other resources in exchange for sex
128
Tina's trajectory into homelessness
- at first, was staying, then resting and bathing at her cousin's apartment
- she enjoyed all-night crack binges with Carter, Sonny, and Stretch, eventually going back to her cousin's less and less
- courted by Carter; Reggie was jealous
- Reggie and Tina had a fist fight (insulting her by saying she might have given him HIV with her scratches)
- she asserted commitment to Carter
- she and Carter began collecting furniture for the encampment on their nighttime scavenging trip
129
What triggered Tina's childhood story about entry into prostitution?
Jeff mistaken for a trick by a hostile cashier
130
What distinctions did Tina make, i.e. what lines would she not cross?
- didn't work the street
| - rejected the sex worker identity
131
Why does Max's arrest seem particularly useless and even cruel from a criminal justice and personal p.o.v.?
- he had been selling heroin on the street on a regular basis but when caught, he was only in possession of a ten-dollar bag, which was insufficient evidence to prove intent to sell
- however, 3 days in the county jail's holding pen condemned him to full-blown opiate withdrawal symptoms
- when he got out he started selling again immediately even though he as scared of being rearrested because he was too dopesick not to take the risk
132
Who was the first to move out of the encampment to "escape from the n*****s"?
Hogan
133
Example of Iatrogenic Pathology
negative outcome from a medical procedure
134
```
A recent article from The New York Times reported that the Boston Marathon bombers "picked the finish line of the marathon after driving around the Boston area looking for alternative sites." Which theory best explains their actions?
A. terror management theory
B. differential association theory
C. labeling theory
D. rational choice theory
```
d
135
```
When Billy was a teenager his older brother Mark taught him how to shoplift. At first Billy didn’t want to do it, but his brother explained to him that they aren’t hurting anyone because the big corporations they are stealing from have lots of money. Billy’s brother also showed him how exciting it was to steal, and that it was fun to get something for free. Which theory of crime best explains why Billy shoplifts now?
A. Differential Association Theory
B. Rational Choice Theory
C. Labeling Theory
D. Dramaturgy
```
a
136
Which of the following was one of the main factors that helped the Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914 get passed into law?
A. Stories of African American men getting high on cocaine and going on shooting sprees.
B. There was a widespread outbreak of patients dying after using cocaine and heroin based medicines
C. Alcohol and tobacco corporations lobbied to get certain drugs banned in order to limit competition.
D. Public support for the act increased after a well- known musician died tragically from an overdose.
a
137
Which of the following statements BEST demonstrates neoliberal thought and/or ideology?
A. “The government shouldn't spend money on social service programs because a capitalist market, free from regulation, is the best way to address social problems.”
B. “The government should provide a robust safety net for poor and disadvantaged individuals because capitalist economic systems create inequality.”
C. “Young Democrats need to succeed in politics because liberal policy ideas are our only hope for social progress.”
D. “In the 21st century, states need strong laws and regulations to prevent human rights abuses.”
a
138
Interviews with Tina in Righteous Dopefiend reveal a past filled with sexual abuse, violence, and sex
work. Which of the following statements about Tina's experience of sex on the streets (pgs. 53-60) is FALSE?
A. Sex, income, and affection were intertwined in the gray zone of poverty and abandonment.
B. Tina made strong distinctions between rape, sex work, and consensual sex.
C. There was a strong link between her childhood sexual abuse and her later sex work.
D. Tina rejected a sex worker identity and distinguished herself from “ho’s”
b
139
The authors of Righteous Dopefiend use the term "intimate apartheid" to describe?
A) The disproportional arrests of African American men to African American women
B) The emotions, attitudes of homeless men compared to homeless women
C)The involuntary segregation based on socioeconomic status of homeless drug addicts
D) The concentration of homeless blacks and whites in the inner city away from suburban residential areas
d
140
What is Righteous Dopefiend about?
A) It details religious outreach programs to reduce the homeless drug addicts
B) It explains the lives of long-time drug users shaped by economic and structural forces
C) It focuses on a group of crack dealers who are trying to survive in the inner city
D) It offers an overview of drug-taking habits in different parts of the country
b
141
The main goal of Bourgois and Schonberg's study was to?
A) Point to police brutality of African American men
B) Explain the overall pattern of homelessness and drug addiction in Northern California
C) Delineate the gender differences among members of Edgewater homeless community
D) Explain the relationships between large-scale power forces and intimate ways of being and surviving among the Edgewater homeless
d
142
In Righteous Dopefiend who are the Lumpen?
A)The Homeless
B)The Bosses
C)The Ethnographers
D)The Police
a
143
According to Righteous Dopefiend what is a lumpen?
A)A person who refuses to hold down a job
B)Someone who overdoses frequently
C)A worker in a candy factory.
D)Scum of depraved elements from all classes, not even part of the reserve army of the unemployed
d
144
```
Which of the following Congressional Acts made heroin and cocaine drugs illegal?
A)Patent Drug Law of 1864
B)The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
C)Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914
D)Omnibus Drug Abuse Act of 1932
```
c
145
Which of the following best describes lumpen abuse?
A) A shoplifter does not see a security guard and miscalculates the risk involved in stealing?
B)A sane person pretending to be insane is labeled as schizophrenic and not allowed to leave a mental hospital
C)Homeless heroin addicts are continuously viewed as losers and habitually suffer because of their poverty.
D)Jazz musicians teach their friends how to enjoy the high from smoking marijuana
c
146
```
What group of homless people were least likely to pan handle amongst the homeless in Righteous Dopefiend?
A)Latinos
B) White Anglo Saxons
C) Asians
D) African American
```
d
147
Al and Sonny are cross-ethnic “running partners.” Which of the following BEST describes their relationship (pg. 44-45)?
A. Al always takes care of Sonny, often putting Sonny’s needs above his own.
B. Al and Sonny never fail to share every gram of heroin with each other.
C. Al and Sonny are never seen together in front of the other Edgewater homeless.
D. Al and Sonny frequently argued with one another, yet they still have a strong friendship.
d
148
```
Asylum workers' perceptions of a "patient's" journal-writing as abnormal due to her false schizophrenia diagnosis is an example supporting what theory of deviance?
A)Rational choice theory
B)Differential association theory
C)Moral panic theory
D)Labeling theory
```
d
149
According to Bourgois and Schonberg, which of the following best characterizes the Foucauldian concept of subjectivity?
A. Subjectivity emphasizes the knowledge/power nexus as an important social-structural condition.
B. Subjectivity and identity are basically the same thing.
C. Subjectivity is the capillary-like circulation of social capital.
D. Subjectivity is a person's contingent identity performance within a certain set of social-institutional norms (e.g. family, university, sorority)
a?
150
How do subjectivities emerge in Foucaldian theory?
Subjectification emerges through the knowledge/power nexus and is part of the disciplinary and security processes of governmentality
151
```
Sarah's older brother Jeff taught her several methods for breaking into locked cars. He also showed her how exciting it can be to steal car radios and how much fun it is to make "easy money." What theory of crime best describes why Sarah steals car radios?
A)Rational Choice Theory
B)Labeling Theory
C)Differential Association Theory
D)Structural Violence
```
c
152
Which of the following statements BEST demonstrates neoliberal thought and/or ideology?
A. “The government shouldn't spend money on social service programs because a capitalist market, free from regulation, is the best way to address social problems.”
B. “The government should provide a robust safety net for poor and disadvantaged individuals because capitalist economic systems create inequality.”
C. “Young Democrats need to succeed in politics because liberal policy ideas are our only hope for social progress.”
D. “In the 21st century, states need strong laws and regulations to prevent human rights abuses.”
a
153
Which situation can be explained using labeling theory?
A)A TSA agent racially profiles airline passengers passing through security
B)An individual picks up smoking when his friend picks up smoking
C)A women does the majority of the housework after returning home from a full day at work
D)A worker is exploited for his or her labor in a factory
a
154
Which of the following constitutes a good example of “biopower”?
A. The state requiring vaccinations for children attending public school
B. The physical power of super athletes over their wives.
C. Recurrent shootings in public spaces like schools, theaters, and gas stations.
D. The growing number of inter-racial, multi-ethnic, and same-sex marriages in urban areas
a
155
Which of the following is NOT one of the major problems Bourgois and Schonberg identify with the current approach to homelessness in the U.S.?
A. The U.S. legal system is too lenient on criminal drug activity
B. Closing of psychiatric facilities in the 60s and 70s
C. Deindustrialization
D. Gutting of the Welfare State
a
156
Which of the following would best illustrate labeling theory?
A)Labels are attributed to individuals as a whole and do not necessarily influence the percpetion of individuals' behaviors
B)Labels are assigned to the behaviors and characteristics of people but less so to the people themselves
C)Labels are attributed to situations that may cause people to choose certain behaviors
D)Labels are not only attributed to individuals but influence how their behaviors and characteristics are viewed
d
157
Avon, a young man from Baltimore, decides to sell heroin because it pays more than any other form of legal employment he could find, and the chance of getting caught is relatively low. What sociological theory of crime and delinquency BEST explains his participation in crime?
A. Differential association theory
B. Rational choice theory
C. Labeling theory
D. Moral panic theory
b
158
The increase in airline security in the past decade is an example of what?
A)Target-Hardening
B)Labeling Theory
C)Symbolic Violence
D)A change in the moral economies of the airlines
a
159
All of the following apply to Becker's analysis of deviance, except for
A)Deviance should be analyzed as a personal act or behavior.
B)Accepting an act as deviant means that you are implicitly the values of the majority who make the rules.
C)Deviance tells us about the creators of social rules and norms.
D) Becker defines "outsiders" as deviants who accept the label attached to them and view themselves as different than the mainstream society.
a
160
Which of the following BEST describes the drug taking habits and drug abuse history of the Edgewater homeless?
A. Almost all of the Edgewater homeless were in their 20’s, and most had met in a program for delinquent boys a decade earlier
B. Generally, the Edgewater homeless were addicted to crack and crystal meth, with a few of them involved with heroin
C. Almost all of the Edgewater homeless were over the age of 40, and all but the youngest had begun injecting heroin on a daily basis during the late 1960s or early 1970s
D. Generally, the Edgewater homeless were victims of the economic downturn in the 1990’s, and most of them had high-paying jobs before they became involved with drugs
c
161
LSD was invented in 1938 by Albert Hofman, a Swiss chemist. It was also widely used by those who participated in the Counterculture of the 1960s. The relationship between LSD and the Counterculture is an example of what concept?
A. Historical Contingency
B. Differential Association Theory
C. Agency
D. Neoliberalism
a
162
Interviews with Tina in Righteous Dopefiend reveal a past filled with sexual abuse, violence, and sex work. Which of the following statements about Tina's experience of sex on the streets (pgs. 53-60) is FALSE?
A. Sex, income, and affection were intertwined in the gray zone of poverty and abandonment.
B. Tina made strong distinctions between rape, sex work, and consensual sex.
C. There was a strong link between her childhood sexual abuse and her later sex work.
D. Tina rejected a sex worker identity and distinguished herself from “ho’s”
b
163
How did these nooks and crannies result from federal government policies on transportation and financial since the 1950s?
- Freeways connect areas of residential real estate
- Mortgage tax breaks
- Monetarist polices to stem inflation and lower interest rates
- The above subsidized wealthy, segregated suburban communities, draining people with money from inner cities
164
How do Bourgois and Schoenberg (B&S) characterize heroin addiction?
a strong physiological dependence operating at the level of basic cellular processes that takes hold after a couple of weeks of daily use
165
What do the Edgewater homeless call themselves with ambivalent pride?
righteous dopefiends
166
What kinds of experiences could possibly be related to righteousness?
they have the capacity to endure chronic pain and anxiety, violent assault, lack of family/home/sustenance
they find ecstasy in the agony of survival
167
What is cultural relativism?
an anthropological tenet
strategic suspension of moral judgment
168
How do police affect scene?
Sonny didn't bring injection equipment for fear of being arrested while out bugling or recycling at night (thus exacerbating risk, pg. 9)
siren makes everyone temporarily nervous
169
What is the point of using Primo Levi's Holocaust-based concept of the "Gray Zone" in California?
- important to recognize the less extreme gray zones that operate in daily life
- refers to a morally ambiguous space that blurs lines between victims and perpetrators
170
Honorary white
Felix
171
How does Jeff avoid reifying—(making real, investing common sense in)—racist stereotypes in his photos?
combines with text and take advantage of opportunities to point out misrecognition in action, and the violating of segregation, inconsistencies in racial dichotomies (e.g. see pg. 43), highlighting cross-ethnic relationships like Al and Sonny
172
How does Sonny reverse the moral valence of theft?
He prides himself on taking a chance on a nighttime burglary in order to make sure he and Al have dope in the morning.
173
How did Tina maintain her autonomy even when she was with Carter?
- kept her other "friends" (although she did not tell him this)
- did not depend on him, knowing he was nothing but a righteous dopefiend
174
What did Tina's life histories reveal about the everyday violence, joys and survival imperatives that laid the foundation of her habitus?
- she grew up surrounded by sex workers and pimps
- sex, affection and income were logically intertwined in the gray zone of poverty and abandonment
- seeking materials compensation from men for sex emerges as the commonsense adaptation
- what she learned about the practical value of sex let her to analyze the worth of all males, whether sexual of not, through the gifts they generated
175
What triggered Tina's childhood story about entry into prostitution?
Jeff mistaken for a trick by a hostile cashier
176
What was the first major turning point in Tina's narrative and in her life?
- dating an army man and had sex
- mother realized it when she got home and conveyed the transaction rules in no uncertain terms (which Tina interpreted as the "OK" to prostitute)
177
What happened when Tina started shooting heroin?
- it disrupted the microbalance in the local moral economy of sharing that had favored Sonny and Carter
- Sonny said it was inappropriate behavior "for a lady", disguising his self-interest using subtle mechanisms of symbolic violence
178
What commonality transcends the personal enmities and ethnic divisions at the study site?
The pain of heroin withdrawal
179
How did the undocumented Latino immigrants fit into the study site?
- they were the most visible competitors for day labor jobs
- competition generated ethnic animosity
- As a U.S. born Latino, Felix aggressively differentiated himself from the undocumented
- they were often preyed upon by the homeless
180
How is Tina's evolving drug addiction intertwined with her love of Carter?
- started shooting heroin to "get closer to her man" (in addition to maintaining crack addiction)
- relied on him to inject at first, becoming totally dependent
- when Carter wasn't around, relied on other men in the network
- eventually learned how to inject herself
181
How come Tina and Carter buy (or otherwise trade) heroin from Larry, an old white dealer recently out of prison with Nazi tattoos?
in prison, Larry is Aryan brotherhood; on the street, he seems to have no problems with African-Americans
182
Why do treatment programs purposefully exclude risk patients?
they are subject to punitive "audit culture" (Strathern), i.e., they must justify funding by success rates
183
What happens in between treatment periods when addicts get off drugs?
- without substantial institutional resources, it is difficult for them to know how to pass the time of day
- they need to construct a new personal sense of meaning and dignity
- more often, they fall back into more familiar and persuasive righteous dopefiend ways of being and friends
184
What is the rationale for "directly observed therapy?"
to prevent diversion for sale on the street
185
How do B&S analyze methadone treatment using the logic of biopower? {Refer back to notes on Intro pg. 18 for definition of biopower}
- methadone is a technology designed to block euphoria produced by opiates at the molecular level
- withdrawal symptoms are more severe and prolonged
- Adding that: nevertheless, it has been a life-saving substance of hundreds of thousands of former heroin addicts
186
How did the study group relate to methadone treatment?
- believed, to some degree, that it could change their lives
- used it manage addiction when they had legal jobs
- resented rules of direct observed therapy
- feared the drug's addictive properties
187
Why did none of the Edgewater homeless last longer than two weeks in the short-term detox programs?
rapid tapering of dose caused severe withdrawal symptoms
188
Ironically, mandating daily attendance at methadone treatment clinics for directly observed therapy, as required by law enforcement advocates, actually promotes poly-drug use. Why?
- the only way to up your methadone dose to help minimize the painful withdrawal is to pay money that the indigent don't have
- so they self-medicate with illegal drugs, trading with everyone who comes to the same place
189
In 2001, California implemented a voter-approved ballot initiative mandating the option of treatment instead of incarceration for non-violent, drug-using criminals. This sounds like a good thing. Why did Carter end up dead?
- he was released from jail early on the condition that he went into treatment and stayed clean and sober for 10 months. He was not allowed to see Tina.
- as a military vet, he got free job training for the dot-com industry
- the computer job never materialized but the VA helped him overcome his record and he got a job bulldozing fruit and nut orchards for a developer
- two months later, the job ended and he was using again
- two weeks after that he overdosed and died under the freeway in the hole (where the book starts out)
190
What are the basic features defining a "good-enough critically applied public anthropology" [or criminology]?
- social theory that translate
- politics of representation
- create practical interventions that reduce structurally imposed suffering
- emphasize need for humility and self-reflection on the part of the ethnographer
191
The Swiss pioneered opiate prescription programs for long-term heroin addicts in the 1990s. What were the results?
- patients left their outlaw addict lives of crime, violence, vagrancy and ill health (which were very costly to society) and began to lead comparatively stable, pacific and healthier lives
- over time patients treated with heroin transitioned to complete abstinence more frequently than those on methadone maintenance
192
The authors argue that a wide range of treatment and social support models need to be made available to drug users. These include:
- one-strike-you're-out abstinence
- harm reduction
- methadone maintenance
- buprenorphine detox
- heroin prescription
- subsidized employment initiatives
193
Why is treatment a failure even when the addict manages to detox?
lack of coordination with post-detox stages of treatment services
194
What was the ideological context of addiction service in the 2000s in the U.S.?
- War on Drugs, War on Terror, political harassment or public health initiatives for addicts
- researchers using phrase "harm-reduction" (or condom, needle exchange, sex workers, homosexual) could not get funding so they had to be creative with what they chose to call the program
195
Why were the programs modeled on harm reduction listed on pp. 303-304, cost effective?
they decreased use of hospital emergency room and county jail
196
How much does it cost to fund one person for one year in a jail-based medical and psychiatric facility in S.F.?
~ over $100,000
