Exam 1 Flashcards
Five Rules of Social Networks
1) We shape our network
2) Our network shapes us
3) Our friends affect us
4) Our friends’ friends’ friend affects us
5) The network has a life of it’s own
dyad
a pair of people-connection between two people
hyperdyadic spread
The tendency of effects to spread from person to person to person, beyond an individuals direct social ties
Three Degrees of Influence Rule
- Everything we do or say has an impact on our friends (first degree), our friends’ friends (two degrees), and even our friends’ friends’ friends (three degrees)
- Our influence gradually dissipates after three degrees of influence or contact
- we aren’t influenced by people beyond three degrees as well
network community
a group of people who are much more connected to one another than they are to other groups of connected people found in other parts of the network
topology
a network’s shape or structure
contagion
if anything flows across the social ties
homophily
the conscious or unconscious tendency to associate with people who are like or resemble us
transitive
three people (or more) who are all connected
excitable medium
flips from one state to another depending on what others around it are doing
emergent properties
new attributes of a whole that arise from the interaction and interconnection of the parts (the network has a life of it’s own)
intrinsic-decay explanation
when the information or advice is no longer reliable or influential-beyond three degrees
network-instability explanation
the instability of connections-especially the fourth degree- ties don’t last for forever
evolutionary purpose explanation
we have evolved to connect to small groups
Sociology
the science of society or study of people in groups
“Social Capital”
Bourdieu– who ya know
“strength in weak ties”
Granovetter
Suprandividual
beyond one individual
core discussion group
group that you share the most with, family, close friends, close coworkers-Granovetter
hyperdyadic
information flowing though a group
widowhood effect
increased likelihood of death after death of spouse
-mostly in men(don’t have woman to watch out for them)
roommate effect
affect you emotionally and your decisions- contagious-
ex: depression, working out
dyadic spread
the tendency of effects to spread from one person to their direct social ties
hyperdyadic spread
the tendency of effects to spread beyond a person’s direct social ties
Three Degrees of Influence-Percent of influence of happiness through a social network
- 1st degree: 15%
- 2nd degree: 10%
- 3rd degree: 6%
reference groups
our pond or competition for mates in our social group
What did Farr discover?
people who are married live longer then those who are single or widowed
homogamy
the tendency to marry someone like you
confounding
An extraneous third factor that confounds (inhibits) the ability of scientists to discern what is really going on
being married adds…
- 7 years to a man’s life
- 2 years to a woman’s life
Agency
- the condition of being in action; operation
- One that acts or has power or authority to act empowered
- desire, intention, creativity
- inherent in all humans
suprainstinctual
level of thought & action where humans assert their creativity and high-order thinking
Structure
A configuration of durable social processes that produce rules, norms
-A system that has certain authority over people
Agency vs. Structure
structure- acted upon by the world (constraining or enabling)
agency- you acting on the world
causal effect
social contagion
norm
a shared expectation of what is appropriate
centrality
connected to the most people- central to the network- affects most of the network
collective conscience
a widespread compulsion to live in accordance with established rules, norms, and morals; the glue of society
collective effervescence
perceived social energy that emerges from crowd solidarity; produced by group rituals & actions
mechanical solidarity
- Durkheim
- “simple” societies
- the sense of togetherness in a society that arises when people, performing similar work, share similar experiences, customs, values, and beliefs.
Organic solidarity
Occurs in large, advanced industrial countries; complex division of labor.
- Individual more prominent than the collective conscience
- Solidarity arises from mutual interdependence and the fact that we each have our own role to perform in society
Durkheim is a…
functionalist
anomie
individual or group-wide feelings of aimlessness or purposelessness provoked by certain social conditions
which solidarity is anomie more common in?
organic
where in the network is there a strong collective conscience?
towards the center of the network
where is anomie located in the network?
either disconnected or on the edge-periphery
culture
local customs-confined to groups of interconnected people in one region, niche, or social network
concentrated group
more connections within a group
integrated group
more connections between groups
culture-bound syndrome
a disease recognized in one society but not others
Arenas of Conflict (6)
- class
- ethnicity & race
- gender & sexuality
- region
- religion
- Age
Durkheim’s speciality
solidarity
Marx’s speciality
conflict & inequality
Karl Marx Theories (3)
- Theory of History
- Theory of Capital
- Theory of Culture
- Labor Theory of Value
Theory of History
stages of society primitive accumulation(master/slave)>feudalism(lords/serfs)>capitalism(bourgeoisie/proletariat)>socialism(everyone equal)
Theory of Capital
class stratification A form of social stratification based on income and access to resources
social classes
- can be achieved, not always decided by birth
- classes are fluid; can move up & down
Labor Theory of Value
the value of a commodity can be objectively measured by the average number of labor hours required to produce that commodity
exploitation
using another person’s labor without offering them an adequate compensation
alienation
not seeing total fruits of labor
- differentiated division of labor can cause alienation
- the process whereby the worker is made to feel foreign to the products of his/her own labor
Theory of Culture
Superstructure and Base
what is crucial for the emergence and endurance of social networks?
positive emotions, altruism, and reciprocity
capitalism requires…
profit
Durkheim list
collective conscience/effervesence
Organic/Mechanical Solidarity
Functionalism
Anomie
Marx list
Theory of Culture, Capital, Histoy
Labor theory of value
exploitation and alienation
Elements of Social structure
- Social networks
- Social Solidarity
- Social Conflict
- Social Culture
Cultural Hegemony
A sneaky kind of power that works by getting people to “buy into” the criteria of their own oppression- by Antonio Gramsci(New-Marxist)
Antonio Gramsci describes class struggle as…
“trench warfare”
where the “trenches” are the cultural sphere
cultural capital
having knowledge of the dominant cultural code
-causes social distinctions
Bourdieu considers himself an…
antisnob
- doesn’t see cultural high and low qualities
- cultural distinctions create stratification
- some change routinely (art & fashion)
- other have inertia (golf & cars
Bourdiesian Model of Social Inequality
cultural capital, social capital, economic capital
durable social processes that constrain & enable individuals
structure
what drives historical hierarchy change in Marx’s Theory of History?
class/social conflict
what is a rare combination of capital?
low cultural capital and high economic capital
high cultural capital and low economic capital
distinctions of high and low status…
change over time
symbolic power
ones power to designate things and practices high or low cultural capital
-derived from capital configuration
subcultural capital
capital valued in specific subculture or narrowly defined groups
Idealogy
set of ideas that cloud the truth
personal taste
largely driven by cultural, economic, & social capital (place in cube)
Karl Marx broad orientation
conflict
Karl Marx Central Conflict
class conflict
Emile Durkheim broad orientation
consensus
Karl Marx location of power
wealth & property
Karl Marx vocab
proletariat & bourgeoisie
alienation
Emile Durkheim central concept
social solidarity
Emile Durkheim location of power
collective conscience
Emile Durkheim vocab
collective conscience
organic solidarity
mechanical solidarity
anomie
Pierre Bourdieu broad orientation
conflict
Pierre Bourdieu central concept
distinction
Pierre Bourdieu location of power
forms of capital
Pierre Bourdieu vocab
economic capital social capital cultural capital capital conversion symbolic power
Bourdieu: Broad Orientation
Conflict
Bourdieu: Central Concept
Distinction
Bourdieu: Location of Power
Forms of Capital
Marx: Broad Orientation
Conflict
Marx: Central Concept
Conflict Theory
Marx: Location of Power
Wealth and property
Durkheim: Broad Orientation
Consensus
Durkheim: Central Concept
Social Solidarity
Durkheim: Location of Power
Collective Conscience
As a college freshman, Kayla met her best friend Samantha. In high school, Kayla was not the greatest student, but her friend Samantha was. As a result, Kayla’s study habits got much better.
Our Friends Affect us
Tessa is a friend of both Ellen and Jessica, but Ellen and Jessica don’t know each other. Ellen begins gaining weight. As a result, Tess becomes more accepting of weight gain. As such, Tessa does not pressure Jessica to exercise regularly as she once might have and Jessica gains weight too.
Hyperdyadic Spread. Our friends’ friends’ friends affect us.
Alex knows Danny, Danny knows Kyle, Kyle knows Alex.
Transitivity
When a school of fish moves through the water, no individual fish is directing them, but as a group they know where to go.
Emergent properties. The network has a life of it’s own.
James has very strong political views and join the campus organization representing those views. He meets many of his close friends there.
Homophily
A wife passes away and her husband passes away a year after his death. (AKA the widow effect)
Dyadic effect
Michelle throws a party so that her two different groups of friends can get to know each other.
We shape our network
This rule states that we can be connected to almost anybody in the world by a certain number of links
Six degrees of separation
Mitch is looking for a job but he doesn’t have a lot of friends or connections, making it very difficult for hi to find one in comparison to his better connected counterparts.
Our networks shape us/positional inequality
Andrea has a great recipe for peach cobbler that she shares with Melissa. Melissa share the recipe with her mother who passes it on to her best friend. The mother’s best friend doesn’t spread the recipe to anyone else.
Three degrees of influence
School would be the ____ and education would be _____.
organizational element; social institution (same with hospital and medicine)
Social location
Not just geographical, encompasses cultural elements of our lives
Social Constructs
An invention of a particular culture or society (Ex. money, beauty norms); an idea that appears as natural and obvious to those who agree upon and accept it as real, but it is an invention of society
Primary Socialization
(Berger and Luckman) We learn that we aren’t just individuals existing alone, we are a part of society
Secondary Socialization
-The acquisition of roles/rules we follow with friends vs teachers
-We become socialized into different social institutions of our lives
(Ongoing Process; Berger and Luckman)
Three phases of process of socialization
Internalization, Externalization, Objectification
Internalization
all kinds of social constructs that exist and an individual is born into them; seems like they have always been there. Learning at a deeper level to where you don’t think about it
Externalization
When individuals interact with each other based on all that we have internalized (the social norms)
Objectification
When social constructs become taken for granted (unquestioned)
Subjective Reality
Your intersection of social institutions; like social location (your slice of the pie)
Objective Reality
All social reality that exists in the world (whole pie)
C. Wright Mills
Sociological Imagination
Granovetter
Strength of weak ties
Group
Collection of individuals defined by a common attribute
Where are unhappy people on the network?
The periphery
Social structures
A primarily invisible system that shapes and constrains a human’s activity
Sociological imagination
The ability to see how one’s individual life is affected by broader social forces
Social Solidarity
The idea of society as having some kind of consensus about what is good, bad, truthful or harmful
What is class consciousness?
Peoples awareness of their class position and their collective need to do something about it
What idea did Karl Marx champion?
Owners vs. workers (haves vs. have nots)
This form of inequality occurs as the result of who we are (or are not) connected to.
- Positional Inequality
- Cooperative Inequality
- Connected Inequality
- Relational Inequality
Positional Inequality
According to Marx’s theory of Culture, what component of modern society does NOT represent the “superstructure”?
- Government
- Media
- Capitalism
- Ideology
Capitalism
According to Marx, major changes in how societies operate have occurred due to which of the following?
- Collective Conscience
- Mechanical solidarity
- Shared values
- Class Conflict/Inequality
Class conflict/inequality
The spread of STDs, a phenomenon that can only be understood by studying the whole group rather than individuals, is a perfect example of what concept from Connected?
- Hyperdyadic spread
- Emergent properties
- Collective effervescence
- Transitivity
Emergent Properties
According to the authors, the obesity epidemic is a ________________ epidemic
- race-based
- unicentric
- individual
- multicentric
Multicentric
What type of theorist is Marx?
- Functionalist
- Evolutionary Theorist
- Aboriginal Theorist
- Conflict Theorist
Conflict
In Chapter 9, “The Whole is Great,” Christakis and Fowler compare social networks to ____________ because they have a structure and function of their own, from which properties emerge that cannot be found by looking at individuals alone.
- Bucket brigades
- Social capital
- A superorganism
- Organic solidarity
Superorganism
Conflict Theory views society as consisting mainly of what?
- Collective ownership of resources
- Competing interests
- People suffering from anomie
- Social harmony and agreement
Competing interests
Which of these stages is NOT present in Marx’s theory of history?
- Capitalism
- Communism
- Feudalism
- Socialism
Communism
This is the final stage of Marx’s theory of history:
- Primitive Communism
- Socialism
- Capitalism
- Proletarianism
Socialism
According to Christakis and Fowler, which distribution of attractiveness did Harvard undergraduates prefer?
A. Their attractiveness 9 while others 10
B. Their attractiveness a 3 others a 2
C. Their attractiveness 7 while others 10
D. Their attractiveness a 6 while others were 4
D
This research found that those people outside of our core group are important to our life successes: A. Strength of weak ties B. Dyadic analysis C. Core discussion network D. Network and group analysis
A
This type of capital is based on who you know and the quality of your social networks: A. Economic capital B. Cultural capital C. Social capital D. Status capital
C
Defined as the tendency of effects to spread from person to person beyond an individual's direct social ties: A. Hyperdyadic spread B. Dyadic spread C. Affective afference D. Multiplexity
A
According to Christakis and Fowler, what effect do social networks have on romantic relationships?
A. Introductions from social networks just don’t work because they lack the necessary chemistry.
B.Close social networks oftentimes introduce individuals to their future romantic partners. This is true even in cases of short-term relationships.
C. They introduce individuals to their one-night stands
D. Close social networks help to introduce individuals to short-term romantic partners.
B
This effect of networks shows that your friend's friend's friend can have sway over you: A. Three degrees of separation rule B. Three degrees of influence rule C. Six degrees of influence rule D. Six degrees of separation rule
B
According to Connected, which of the following happened in Tanzania in 1962? A. An epidemic of laughter B. An epidemic of suicide C. An epidemic of loneliness D. An epidemic of yawning
A
According to Christakis and Fowler multiplexity is…
A. A highly valuable characteristic in egalitarian societies
B. What makes the spouse sick when the social connections provider dies
C. The tendency to have several kinds of relationships, sometimes with the same person
D. A strategy to overcome social constrains
C
According to Connected, love is…
A. A reasonable result of social ties and our position in the network
B. The result of deep personal decisions
C. A powerful bond between two individuals living in two degrees of separation
D. 38% personal connections plus 62% of personality traits
A
Assuming Christakis and Fowler are correct, if Katy – a happy person – creates a friendship with Russell, how much more likely is it that Russell will be happy, too?
A. Russell is 40% more likely to be happy
B. Katy will have no effect on Russell because Russell is an individual with free will
C. Russell 100% more likely to be happy because he made a new friend
D. Russell is 15% more likely to be happy
D
