Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Five Rules of Social Networks
A
1) We shape our network
2) Our network shapes us
3) Our friends affect us
4) Our friends’ friends’ friend affects us
5) The network has a life of it’s own
2
Q
dyad
A
a pair of people-connection between two people
3
Q
hyperdyadic spread
A
The tendency of effects to spread from person to person to person, beyond an individuals direct social ties
4
Q
Three Degrees of Influence Rule
A
- Everything we do or say has an impact on our friends (first degree), our friends’ friends (two degrees), and even our friends’ friends’ friends (three degrees)
- Our influence gradually dissipates after three degrees of influence or contact
- we aren’t influenced by people beyond three degrees as well
5
Q
network community
A
a group of people who are much more connected to one another than they are to other groups of connected people found in other parts of the network
6
Q
topology
A
a network’s shape or structure
7
Q
contagion
A
if anything flows across the social ties
8
Q
homophily
A
the conscious or unconscious tendency to associate with people who are like or resemble us
9
Q
transitive
A
three people (or more) who are all connected
10
Q
excitable medium
A
flips from one state to another depending on what others around it are doing
11
Q
emergent properties
A
new attributes of a whole that arise from the interaction and interconnection of the parts (the network has a life of it’s own)
12
Q
intrinsic-decay explanation
A
when the information or advice is no longer reliable or influential-beyond three degrees
13
Q
network-instability explanation
A
the instability of connections-especially the fourth degree- ties don’t last for forever
14
Q
evolutionary purpose explanation
A
we have evolved to connect to small groups
15
Q
Sociology
A
the science of society or study of people in groups
16
Q
“Social Capital”
A
Bourdieu– who ya know
17
Q
“strength in weak ties”
A
Granovetter
18
Q
Suprandividual
A
beyond one individual
19
Q
core discussion group
A
group that you share the most with, family, close friends, close coworkers-Granovetter
20
Q
hyperdyadic
A
information flowing though a group
21
Q
widowhood effect
A
increased likelihood of death after death of spouse
-mostly in men(don’t have woman to watch out for them)
22
Q
roommate effect
A
affect you emotionally and your decisions- contagious-
ex: depression, working out
23
Q
dyadic spread
A
the tendency of effects to spread from one person to their direct social ties
24
Q
hyperdyadic spread
A
the tendency of effects to spread beyond a person’s direct social ties
25
Three Degrees of Influence-Percent of influence of happiness through a social network
- 1st degree: 15%
- 2nd degree: 10%
- 3rd degree: 6%
26
reference groups
our pond or competition for mates in our social group
27
What did Farr discover?
people who are married live longer then those who are single or widowed
28
homogamy
the tendency to marry someone like you
29
confounding
An extraneous third factor that confounds (inhibits) the ability of scientists to discern what is really going on
30
being married adds...
- 7 years to a man's life
| - 2 years to a woman's life
31
Agency
- the condition of being in action; operation
- One that acts or has power or authority to act empowered
- desire, intention, creativity
- inherent in all humans
32
suprainstinctual
level of thought & action where humans assert their creativity and high-order thinking
33
Structure
A configuration of durable social processes that produce rules, norms
-A system that has certain authority over people
34
Agency vs. Structure
structure- acted upon by the world (constraining or enabling)
agency- you acting on the world
35
causal effect
social contagion
36
norm
a shared expectation of what is appropriate
37
centrality
connected to the most people- central to the network- affects most of the network
38
collective conscience
a widespread compulsion to live in accordance with established rules, norms, and morals; the glue of society
39
collective effervescence
perceived social energy that emerges from crowd solidarity; produced by group rituals & actions
40
mechanical solidarity
- Durkheim
- "simple" societies
- the sense of togetherness in a society that arises when people, performing similar work, share similar experiences, customs, values, and beliefs.
41
Organic solidarity
Occurs in large, advanced industrial countries; complex division of labor.
- Individual more prominent than the collective conscience
- Solidarity arises from mutual interdependence and the fact that we each have our own role to perform in society
42
Durkheim is a...
functionalist
43
anomie
individual or group-wide feelings of aimlessness or purposelessness provoked by certain social conditions
44
which solidarity is anomie more common in?
organic
45
where in the network is there a strong collective conscience?
towards the center of the network
46
where is anomie located in the network?
either disconnected or on the edge-periphery
47
culture
local customs-confined to groups of interconnected people in one region, niche, or social network
48
concentrated group
more connections within a group
49
integrated group
more connections between groups
50
culture-bound syndrome
a disease recognized in one society but not others
51
Arenas of Conflict (6)
- class
- ethnicity & race
- gender & sexuality
- region
- religion
- Age
52
Durkheim's speciality
solidarity
53
Marx's speciality
conflict & inequality
54
Karl Marx Theories (3)
- Theory of History
- Theory of Capital
- Theory of Culture
- Labor Theory of Value
55
Theory of History
```
stages of society
primitive accumulation(master/slave)>feudalism(lords/serfs)>capitalism(bourgeoisie/proletariat)>socialism(everyone equal)
```
56
Theory of Capital
```
class stratification
A form of social stratification based on income and access to resources
```
57
social classes
- can be achieved, not always decided by birth
| - classes are fluid; can move up & down
58
Labor Theory of Value
the value of a commodity can be objectively measured by the average number of labor hours required to produce that commodity
59
exploitation
using another person's labor without offering them an adequate compensation
60
alienation
not seeing total fruits of labor
- differentiated division of labor can cause alienation
- the process whereby the worker is made to feel foreign to the products of his/her own labor
61
Theory of Culture
Superstructure and Base
62
what is crucial for the emergence and endurance of social networks?
positive emotions, altruism, and reciprocity
63
capitalism requires...
profit
64
Durkheim list
collective conscience/effervesence
Organic/Mechanical Solidarity
Functionalism
Anomie
65
Marx list
Theory of Culture, Capital, Histoy
Labor theory of value
exploitation and alienation
66
Elements of Social structure
- Social networks
- Social Solidarity
- Social Conflict
- Social Culture
67
Cultural Hegemony
A sneaky kind of power that works by getting people to "buy into" the criteria of their own oppression- by Antonio Gramsci(New-Marxist)
68
Antonio Gramsci describes class struggle as...
"trench warfare"
| where the "trenches" are the cultural sphere
69
cultural capital
having knowledge of the dominant cultural code
| -causes social distinctions
70
Bourdieu considers himself an...
antisnob
- doesn't see cultural high and low qualities
- cultural distinctions create stratification
- some change routinely (art & fashion)
- other have inertia (golf & cars
71
Bourdiesian Model of Social Inequality
cultural capital, social capital, economic capital
72
durable social processes that constrain & enable individuals
structure
73
what drives historical hierarchy change in Marx's Theory of History?
class/social conflict
74
what is a rare combination of capital?
low cultural capital and high economic capital
| high cultural capital and low economic capital
75
distinctions of high and low status...
change over time
76
symbolic power
ones power to designate things and practices high or low cultural capital
-derived from capital configuration
77
subcultural capital
capital valued in specific subculture or narrowly defined groups
78
Idealogy
set of ideas that cloud the truth
79
personal taste
largely driven by cultural, economic, & social capital (place in cube)
80
Karl Marx broad orientation
conflict
81
Karl Marx Central Conflict
class conflict
82
Emile Durkheim broad orientation
consensus
83
Karl Marx location of power
wealth & property
84
Karl Marx vocab
proletariat & bourgeoisie
| alienation
85
Emile Durkheim central concept
social solidarity
86
Emile Durkheim location of power
collective conscience
87
Emile Durkheim vocab
collective conscience
organic solidarity
mechanical solidarity
anomie
88
Pierre Bourdieu broad orientation
conflict
89
Pierre Bourdieu central concept
distinction
90
Pierre Bourdieu location of power
forms of capital
91
Pierre Bourdieu vocab
```
economic capital
social capital
cultural capital
capital conversion
symbolic power
```
92
Bourdieu: Broad Orientation
Conflict
93
Bourdieu: Central Concept
Distinction
94
Bourdieu: Location of Power
Forms of Capital
95
Marx: Broad Orientation
Conflict
96
Marx: Central Concept
Conflict Theory
97
Marx: Location of Power
Wealth and property
98
Durkheim: Broad Orientation
Consensus
99
Durkheim: Central Concept
Social Solidarity
100
Durkheim: Location of Power
Collective Conscience
101
As a college freshman, Kayla met her best friend Samantha. In high school, Kayla was not the greatest student, but her friend Samantha was. As a result, Kayla's study habits got much better.
Our Friends Affect us
102
Tessa is a friend of both Ellen and Jessica, but Ellen and Jessica don't know each other. Ellen begins gaining weight. As a result, Tess becomes more accepting of weight gain. As such, Tessa does not pressure Jessica to exercise regularly as she once might have and Jessica gains weight too.
Hyperdyadic Spread. Our friends' friends' friends affect us.
103
Alex knows Danny, Danny knows Kyle, Kyle knows Alex.
Transitivity
104
When a school of fish moves through the water, no individual fish is directing them, but as a group they know where to go.
Emergent properties. The network has a life of it's own.
105
James has very strong political views and join the campus organization representing those views. He meets many of his close friends there.
Homophily
106
A wife passes away and her husband passes away a year after his death. (AKA the widow effect)
Dyadic effect
107
Michelle throws a party so that her two different groups of friends can get to know each other.
We shape our network
108
This rule states that we can be connected to almost anybody in the world by a certain number of links
Six degrees of separation
109
Mitch is looking for a job but he doesn't have a lot of friends or connections, making it very difficult for hi to find one in comparison to his better connected counterparts.
Our networks shape us/positional inequality
110
Andrea has a great recipe for peach cobbler that she shares with Melissa. Melissa share the recipe with her mother who passes it on to her best friend. The mother's best friend doesn't spread the recipe to anyone else.
Three degrees of influence
111
School would be the ____ and education would be _____.
organizational element; social institution (same with hospital and medicine)
112
Social location
Not just geographical, encompasses cultural elements of our lives
113
Social Constructs
An invention of a particular culture or society (Ex. money, beauty norms); an idea that appears as natural and obvious to those who agree upon and accept it as real, but it is an invention of society
114
Primary Socialization
(Berger and Luckman) We learn that we aren't just individuals existing alone, we are a part of society
115
Secondary Socialization
-The acquisition of roles/rules we follow with friends vs teachers
-We become socialized into different social institutions of our lives
(Ongoing Process; Berger and Luckman)
116
Three phases of process of socialization
Internalization, Externalization, Objectification
117
Internalization
all kinds of social constructs that exist and an individual is born into them; seems like they have always been there. Learning at a deeper level to where you don't think about it
118
Externalization
When individuals interact with each other based on all that we have internalized (the social norms)
119
Objectification
When social constructs become taken for granted (unquestioned)
120
Subjective Reality
Your intersection of social institutions; like social location (your slice of the pie)
121
Objective Reality
All social reality that exists in the world (whole pie)
122
C. Wright Mills
Sociological Imagination
123
Granovetter
Strength of weak ties
124
Group
Collection of individuals defined by a common attribute
125
Where are unhappy people on the network?
The periphery
126
Social structures
A primarily invisible system that shapes and constrains a human's activity
127
Sociological imagination
The ability to see how one's individual life is affected by broader social forces
128
Social Solidarity
The idea of society as having some kind of consensus about what is good, bad, truthful or harmful
129
What is class consciousness?
Peoples awareness of their class position and their collective need to do something about it
130
What idea did Karl Marx champion?
Owners vs. workers (haves vs. have nots)
131
This form of inequality occurs as the result of who we are (or are not) connected to.
- Positional Inequality
- Cooperative Inequality
- Connected Inequality
- Relational Inequality
Positional Inequality
132
According to Marx's theory of Culture, what component of modern society does NOT represent the "superstructure"?
- Government
- Media
- Capitalism
- Ideology
Capitalism
133
According to Marx, major changes in how societies operate have occurred due to which of the following?
- Collective Conscience
- Mechanical solidarity
- Shared values
- Class Conflict/Inequality
Class conflict/inequality
134
The spread of STDs, a phenomenon that can only be understood by studying the whole group rather than individuals, is a perfect example of what concept from Connected?
- Hyperdyadic spread
- Emergent properties
- Collective effervescence
- Transitivity
Emergent Properties
135
According to the authors, the obesity epidemic is a ________________ epidemic
- race-based
- unicentric
- individual
- multicentric
Multicentric
136
What type of theorist is Marx?
- Functionalist
- Evolutionary Theorist
- Aboriginal Theorist
- Conflict Theorist
Conflict
137
In Chapter 9, "The Whole is Great," Christakis and Fowler compare social networks to ____________ because they have a structure and function of their own, from which properties emerge that cannot be found by looking at individuals alone.
- Bucket brigades
- Social capital
- A superorganism
- Organic solidarity
Superorganism
138
Conflict Theory views society as consisting mainly of what?
- Collective ownership of resources
- Competing interests
- People suffering from anomie
- Social harmony and agreement
Competing interests
139
Which of these stages is NOT present in Marx's theory of history?
- Capitalism
- Communism
- Feudalism
- Socialism
Communism
140
This is the final stage of Marx's theory of history:
- Primitive Communism
- Socialism
- Capitalism
- Proletarianism
Socialism
141
According to Christakis and Fowler, which distribution of attractiveness did Harvard undergraduates prefer?
A. Their attractiveness 9 while others 10
B. Their attractiveness a 3 others a 2
C. Their attractiveness 7 while others 10
D. Their attractiveness a 6 while others were 4
D
142
```
This research found that those people outside of our core group are important to our life successes:
A. Strength of weak ties
B. Dyadic analysis
C. Core discussion network
D. Network and group analysis
```
A
143
```
This type of capital is based on who you know and the quality of your social networks:
A. Economic capital
B. Cultural capital
C. Social capital
D. Status capital
```
C
144
```
Defined as the tendency of effects to spread from person to person beyond an individual's direct social ties:
A. Hyperdyadic spread
B. Dyadic spread
C. Affective afference
D. Multiplexity
```
A
145
According to Christakis and Fowler, what effect do social networks have on romantic relationships?
A. Introductions from social networks just don't work because they lack the necessary chemistry.
B.Close social networks oftentimes introduce individuals to their future romantic partners. This is true even in cases of short-term relationships.
C. They introduce individuals to their one-night stands
D. Close social networks help to introduce individuals to short-term romantic partners.
B
146
```
This effect of networks shows that your friend's friend's friend can have sway over you:
A. Three degrees of separation rule
B. Three degrees of influence rule
C. Six degrees of influence rule
D. Six degrees of separation rule
```
B
147
```
According to Connected, which of the following happened in Tanzania in 1962?
A. An epidemic of laughter
B. An epidemic of suicide
C. An epidemic of loneliness
D. An epidemic of yawning
```
A
148
According to Christakis and Fowler multiplexity is...
A. A highly valuable characteristic in egalitarian societies
B. What makes the spouse sick when the social connections provider dies
C. The tendency to have several kinds of relationships, sometimes with the same person
D. A strategy to overcome social constrains
C
149
According to Connected, love is...
A. A reasonable result of social ties and our position in the network
B. The result of deep personal decisions
C. A powerful bond between two individuals living in two degrees of separation
D. 38% personal connections plus 62% of personality traits
A
150
Assuming Christakis and Fowler are correct, if Katy – a happy person – creates a friendship with Russell, how much more likely is it that Russell will be happy, too?
A. Russell is 40% more likely to be happy
B. Katy will have no effect on Russell because Russell is an individual with free will
C. Russell 100% more likely to be happy because he made a new friend
D. Russell is 15% more likely to be happy
D
