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SOC 104 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Five Rules of Social Networks

A

1) We shape our network
2) Our network shapes us
3) Our friends affect us
4) Our friends’ friends’ friend affects us
5) The network has a life of it’s own

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2
Q

dyad

A

a pair of people-connection between two people

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3
Q

hyperdyadic spread

A

The tendency of effects to spread from person to person to person, beyond an individuals direct social ties

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4
Q

Three Degrees of Influence Rule

A
  • Everything we do or say has an impact on our friends (first degree), our friends’ friends (two degrees), and even our friends’ friends’ friends (three degrees)
  • Our influence gradually dissipates after three degrees of influence or contact
  • we aren’t influenced by people beyond three degrees as well
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5
Q

network community

A

a group of people who are much more connected to one another than they are to other groups of connected people found in other parts of the network

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6
Q

topology

A

a network’s shape or structure

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7
Q

contagion

A

if anything flows across the social ties

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8
Q

homophily

A

the conscious or unconscious tendency to associate with people who are like or resemble us

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9
Q

transitive

A

three people (or more) who are all connected

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10
Q

excitable medium

A

flips from one state to another depending on what others around it are doing

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11
Q

emergent properties

A

new attributes of a whole that arise from the interaction and interconnection of the parts (the network has a life of it’s own)

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12
Q

intrinsic-decay explanation

A

when the information or advice is no longer reliable or influential-beyond three degrees

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13
Q

network-instability explanation

A

the instability of connections-especially the fourth degree- ties don’t last for forever

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14
Q

evolutionary purpose explanation

A

we have evolved to connect to small groups

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15
Q

Sociology

A

the science of society or study of people in groups

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16
Q

“Social Capital”

A

Bourdieu– who ya know

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17
Q

“strength in weak ties”

A

Granovetter

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18
Q

Suprandividual

A

beyond one individual

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19
Q

core discussion group

A

group that you share the most with, family, close friends, close coworkers-Granovetter

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20
Q

hyperdyadic

A

information flowing though a group

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21
Q

widowhood effect

A

increased likelihood of death after death of spouse

-mostly in men(don’t have woman to watch out for them)

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22
Q

roommate effect

A

affect you emotionally and your decisions- contagious-

ex: depression, working out

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23
Q

dyadic spread

A

the tendency of effects to spread from one person to their direct social ties

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24
Q

hyperdyadic spread

A

the tendency of effects to spread beyond a person’s direct social ties

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25
Q

Three Degrees of Influence-Percent of influence of happiness through a social network

A
  • 1st degree: 15%
  • 2nd degree: 10%
  • 3rd degree: 6%
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26
Q

reference groups

A

our pond or competition for mates in our social group

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27
Q

What did Farr discover?

A

people who are married live longer then those who are single or widowed

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28
Q

homogamy

A

the tendency to marry someone like you

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29
Q

confounding

A

An extraneous third factor that confounds (inhibits) the ability of scientists to discern what is really going on

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30
Q

being married adds…

A
  • 7 years to a man’s life

- 2 years to a woman’s life

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31
Q

Agency

A
  • the condition of being in action; operation
  • One that acts or has power or authority to act empowered
  • desire, intention, creativity
  • inherent in all humans
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32
Q

suprainstinctual

A

level of thought & action where humans assert their creativity and high-order thinking

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33
Q

Structure

A

A configuration of durable social processes that produce rules, norms
-A system that has certain authority over people

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34
Q

Agency vs. Structure

A

structure- acted upon by the world (constraining or enabling)
agency- you acting on the world

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35
Q

causal effect

A

social contagion

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36
Q

norm

A

a shared expectation of what is appropriate

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37
Q

centrality

A

connected to the most people- central to the network- affects most of the network

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38
Q

collective conscience

A

a widespread compulsion to live in accordance with established rules, norms, and morals; the glue of society

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39
Q

collective effervescence

A

perceived social energy that emerges from crowd solidarity; produced by group rituals & actions

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40
Q

mechanical solidarity

A
  • Durkheim
  • “simple” societies
  • the sense of togetherness in a society that arises when people, performing similar work, share similar experiences, customs, values, and beliefs.
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41
Q

Organic solidarity

A

Occurs in large, advanced industrial countries; complex division of labor.

  • Individual more prominent than the collective conscience
  • Solidarity arises from mutual interdependence and the fact that we each have our own role to perform in society
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42
Q

Durkheim is a…

A

functionalist

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43
Q

anomie

A

individual or group-wide feelings of aimlessness or purposelessness provoked by certain social conditions

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44
Q

which solidarity is anomie more common in?

A

organic

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45
Q

where in the network is there a strong collective conscience?

A

towards the center of the network

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46
Q

where is anomie located in the network?

A

either disconnected or on the edge-periphery

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47
Q

culture

A

local customs-confined to groups of interconnected people in one region, niche, or social network

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48
Q

concentrated group

A

more connections within a group

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49
Q

integrated group

A

more connections between groups

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50
Q

culture-bound syndrome

A

a disease recognized in one society but not others

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51
Q

Arenas of Conflict (6)

A
  • class
  • ethnicity & race
  • gender & sexuality
  • region
  • religion
  • Age
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52
Q

Durkheim’s speciality

A

solidarity

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53
Q

Marx’s speciality

A

conflict & inequality

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54
Q

Karl Marx Theories (3)

A
  • Theory of History
  • Theory of Capital
  • Theory of Culture
  • Labor Theory of Value
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55
Q

Theory of History

A 
stages of society
primitive accumulation(master/slave)>feudalism(lords/serfs)>capitalism(bourgeoisie/proletariat)>socialism(everyone equal)
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56
Q

Theory of Capital

A 
class stratification
A form of social stratification based on income and access to resources
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57
Q

social classes

A
  • can be achieved, not always decided by birth

- classes are fluid; can move up & down

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58
Q

Labor Theory of Value

A

the value of a commodity can be objectively measured by the average number of labor hours required to produce that commodity

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59
Q

exploitation

A

using another person’s labor without offering them an adequate compensation

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60
Q

alienation

A

not seeing total fruits of labor

  • differentiated division of labor can cause alienation
  • the process whereby the worker is made to feel foreign to the products of his/her own labor
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61
Q

Theory of Culture

A

Superstructure and Base

62
Q

what is crucial for the emergence and endurance of social networks?

A

positive emotions, altruism, and reciprocity

63
Q

capitalism requires…

A

profit

64
Q

Durkheim list

A

collective conscience/effervesence
Organic/Mechanical Solidarity
Functionalism
Anomie

65
Q

Marx list

A

Theory of Culture, Capital, Histoy
Labor theory of value
exploitation and alienation

66
Q

Elements of Social structure

A
  • Social networks
  • Social Solidarity
  • Social Conflict
  • Social Culture
67
Q

Cultural Hegemony

A

A sneaky kind of power that works by getting people to “buy into” the criteria of their own oppression- by Antonio Gramsci(New-Marxist)

68
Q

Antonio Gramsci describes class struggle as…

A

“trench warfare”

where the “trenches” are the cultural sphere

69
Q

cultural capital

A

having knowledge of the dominant cultural code

-causes social distinctions

70
Q

Bourdieu considers himself an…

A

antisnob

  • doesn’t see cultural high and low qualities
  • cultural distinctions create stratification
  • some change routinely (art & fashion)
  • other have inertia (golf & cars
71
Q

Bourdiesian Model of Social Inequality

A

cultural capital, social capital, economic capital

72
Q

durable social processes that constrain & enable individuals

A

structure

73
Q

what drives historical hierarchy change in Marx’s Theory of History?

A

class/social conflict

74
Q

what is a rare combination of capital?

A

low cultural capital and high economic capital

high cultural capital and low economic capital

75
Q

distinctions of high and low status…

A

change over time

76
Q

symbolic power

A

ones power to designate things and practices high or low cultural capital
-derived from capital configuration

77
Q

subcultural capital

A

capital valued in specific subculture or narrowly defined groups

78
Q

Idealogy

A

set of ideas that cloud the truth

79
Q

personal taste

A

largely driven by cultural, economic, & social capital (place in cube)

80
Q

Karl Marx broad orientation

A

conflict

81
Q

Karl Marx Central Conflict

A

class conflict

82
Q

Emile Durkheim broad orientation

A

consensus

83
Q

Karl Marx location of power

A

wealth & property

84
Q

Karl Marx vocab

A

proletariat & bourgeoisie

alienation

85
Q

Emile Durkheim central concept

A

social solidarity

86
Q

Emile Durkheim location of power

A

collective conscience

87
Q

Emile Durkheim vocab

A

collective conscience
organic solidarity
mechanical solidarity
anomie

88
Q

Pierre Bourdieu broad orientation

A

conflict

89
Q

Pierre Bourdieu central concept

A

distinction

90
Q

Pierre Bourdieu location of power

A

forms of capital

91
Q

Pierre Bourdieu vocab

A 
economic capital
social capital
cultural capital
capital conversion
symbolic power
92
Q

Bourdieu: Broad Orientation

A

Conflict

93
Q

Bourdieu: Central Concept

A

Distinction

94
Q

Bourdieu: Location of Power

A

Forms of Capital

95
Q

Marx: Broad Orientation

A

Conflict

96
Q

Marx: Central Concept

A

Conflict Theory

97
Q

Marx: Location of Power

A

Wealth and property

98
Q

Durkheim: Broad Orientation

A

Consensus

99
Q

Durkheim: Central Concept

A

Social Solidarity

100
Q

Durkheim: Location of Power

A

Collective Conscience

101
Q

As a college freshman, Kayla met her best friend Samantha. In high school, Kayla was not the greatest student, but her friend Samantha was. As a result, Kayla’s study habits got much better.

A

Our Friends Affect us

102
Q

Tessa is a friend of both Ellen and Jessica, but Ellen and Jessica don’t know each other. Ellen begins gaining weight. As a result, Tess becomes more accepting of weight gain. As such, Tessa does not pressure Jessica to exercise regularly as she once might have and Jessica gains weight too.

A

Hyperdyadic Spread. Our friends’ friends’ friends affect us.

103
Q

Alex knows Danny, Danny knows Kyle, Kyle knows Alex.

A

Transitivity

104
Q

When a school of fish moves through the water, no individual fish is directing them, but as a group they know where to go.

A

Emergent properties. The network has a life of it’s own.

105
Q

James has very strong political views and join the campus organization representing those views. He meets many of his close friends there.

A

Homophily

106
Q

A wife passes away and her husband passes away a year after his death. (AKA the widow effect)

A

Dyadic effect

107
Q

Michelle throws a party so that her two different groups of friends can get to know each other.

A

We shape our network

108
Q

This rule states that we can be connected to almost anybody in the world by a certain number of links

A

Six degrees of separation

109
Q

Mitch is looking for a job but he doesn’t have a lot of friends or connections, making it very difficult for hi to find one in comparison to his better connected counterparts.

A

Our networks shape us/positional inequality

110
Q

Andrea has a great recipe for peach cobbler that she shares with Melissa. Melissa share the recipe with her mother who passes it on to her best friend. The mother’s best friend doesn’t spread the recipe to anyone else.

A

Three degrees of influence

111
Q

School would be the ____ and education would be _____.

A

organizational element; social institution (same with hospital and medicine)

112
Q

Social location

A

Not just geographical, encompasses cultural elements of our lives

113
Q

Social Constructs

A

An invention of a particular culture or society (Ex. money, beauty norms); an idea that appears as natural and obvious to those who agree upon and accept it as real, but it is an invention of society

114
Q

Primary Socialization

A

(Berger and Luckman) We learn that we aren’t just individuals existing alone, we are a part of society

115
Q

Secondary Socialization

A

-The acquisition of roles/rules we follow with friends vs teachers
-We become socialized into different social institutions of our lives
(Ongoing Process; Berger and Luckman)

116
Q

Three phases of process of socialization

A

Internalization, Externalization, Objectification

117
Q

Internalization

A

all kinds of social constructs that exist and an individual is born into them; seems like they have always been there. Learning at a deeper level to where you don’t think about it

118
Q

Externalization

A

When individuals interact with each other based on all that we have internalized (the social norms)

119
Q

Objectification

A

When social constructs become taken for granted (unquestioned)

120
Q

Subjective Reality

A

Your intersection of social institutions; like social location (your slice of the pie)

121
Q

Objective Reality

A

All social reality that exists in the world (whole pie)

122
Q

C. Wright Mills

A

Sociological Imagination

123
Q

Granovetter

A

Strength of weak ties

124
Q

Group

A

Collection of individuals defined by a common attribute

125
Q

Where are unhappy people on the network?

A

The periphery

126
Q

Social structures

A

A primarily invisible system that shapes and constrains a human’s activity

127
Q

Sociological imagination

A

The ability to see how one’s individual life is affected by broader social forces

128
Q

Social Solidarity

A

The idea of society as having some kind of consensus about what is good, bad, truthful or harmful

129
Q

What is class consciousness?

A

Peoples awareness of their class position and their collective need to do something about it

130
Q

What idea did Karl Marx champion?

A

Owners vs. workers (haves vs. have nots)

131
Q

This form of inequality occurs as the result of who we are (or are not) connected to.

  • Positional Inequality
  • Cooperative Inequality
  • Connected Inequality
  • Relational Inequality
A

Positional Inequality

132
Q

According to Marx’s theory of Culture, what component of modern society does NOT represent the “superstructure”?

  • Government
  • Media
  • Capitalism
  • Ideology
A

Capitalism

133
Q

According to Marx, major changes in how societies operate have occurred due to which of the following?

  • Collective Conscience
  • Mechanical solidarity
  • Shared values
  • Class Conflict/Inequality
A

Class conflict/inequality

134
Q

The spread of STDs, a phenomenon that can only be understood by studying the whole group rather than individuals, is a perfect example of what concept from Connected?

  • Hyperdyadic spread
  • Emergent properties
  • Collective effervescence
  • Transitivity
A

Emergent Properties

135
Q

According to the authors, the obesity epidemic is a ________________ epidemic

  • race-based
  • unicentric
  • individual
  • multicentric
A

Multicentric

136
Q

What type of theorist is Marx?

  • Functionalist
  • Evolutionary Theorist
  • Aboriginal Theorist
  • Conflict Theorist
A

Conflict

137
Q

In Chapter 9, “The Whole is Great,” Christakis and Fowler compare social networks to ____________ because they have a structure and function of their own, from which properties emerge that cannot be found by looking at individuals alone.

  • Bucket brigades
  • Social capital
  • A superorganism
  • Organic solidarity
A

Superorganism

138
Q

Conflict Theory views society as consisting mainly of what?

  • Collective ownership of resources
  • Competing interests
  • People suffering from anomie
  • Social harmony and agreement
A

Competing interests

139
Q

Which of these stages is NOT present in Marx’s theory of history?

  • Capitalism
  • Communism
  • Feudalism
  • Socialism
A

Communism

140
Q

This is the final stage of Marx’s theory of history:

  • Primitive Communism
  • Socialism
  • Capitalism
  • Proletarianism
A

Socialism

141
Q

According to Christakis and Fowler, which distribution of attractiveness did Harvard undergraduates prefer?
A. Their attractiveness 9 while others 10
B. Their attractiveness a 3 others a 2
C. Their attractiveness 7 while others 10
D. Their attractiveness a 6 while others were 4

A

D

142
Q 
This research found that those people outside of our core group are important to our life successes:
A. Strength of weak ties
B. Dyadic analysis
C. Core discussion network
D. Network and group analysis
A

A

143
Q 
This type of capital is based on who you know and the quality of your social networks:
A. Economic capital
B. Cultural capital
C. Social capital
D. Status capital
A

C

144
Q 
Defined as the tendency of effects to spread from person to person beyond an individual's direct social ties:
A. Hyperdyadic spread
B. Dyadic spread
C. Affective afference
D. Multiplexity
A

A

145
Q

According to Christakis and Fowler, what effect do social networks have on romantic relationships?
A. Introductions from social networks just don’t work because they lack the necessary chemistry.
B.Close social networks oftentimes introduce individuals to their future romantic partners. This is true even in cases of short-term relationships.
C. They introduce individuals to their one-night stands
D. Close social networks help to introduce individuals to short-term romantic partners.

A

B

146
Q 
This effect of networks shows that your friend's friend's friend can have sway over you:
A. Three degrees of separation rule
B. Three degrees of influence rule
C. Six degrees of influence rule
D. Six degrees of separation rule
A

B

147
Q 
According to Connected, which of the following happened in Tanzania in 1962?
A. An epidemic of laughter
B. An epidemic of suicide
C. An epidemic of loneliness
D. An epidemic of yawning
A

A

148
Q

According to Christakis and Fowler multiplexity is…
A. A highly valuable characteristic in egalitarian societies
B. What makes the spouse sick when the social connections provider dies
C. The tendency to have several kinds of relationships, sometimes with the same person
D. A strategy to overcome social constrains

A

C

149
Q

According to Connected, love is…
A. A reasonable result of social ties and our position in the network
B. The result of deep personal decisions
C. A powerful bond between two individuals living in two degrees of separation
D. 38% personal connections plus 62% of personality traits

A

A

150
Q

Assuming Christakis and Fowler are correct, if Katy – a happy person – creates a friendship with Russell, how much more likely is it that Russell will be happy, too?

A. Russell is 40% more likely to be happy
B. Katy will have no effect on Russell because Russell is an individual with free will
C. Russell 100% more likely to be happy because he made a new friend
D. Russell is 15% more likely to be happy

A

D

SOC 104 (3 decks)

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