Exam 3 Flashcards
Non-Social Play
Unoccupied (not playing, watching others), onlooker behavior, solitary play
Parallel Play
Plays near other children with similar toys but does not try to influence them. Plays next to each other without interacting
Social Interaction
Associative play (kids trading objects, play together without influence), cooperative play (fully playing with others with a common goal, playing house/school)
Functional Play
infants, toddlers, young children. Repetitive behaviors (spinning, banging blocks together, running)
Constructive Play
constructing something, more goal oriented (building tower, puzzles)
Make-Believe Play
using imagination/pretending (house, school) typically occurs with older children
How do preschoolers define friendship?
“someone who likes you”, “someone who plays with you”, “someone who shares with you”
How do parents influence preschoolers’ peer relationships?
DIRECT: parents making a precise effort to set their kids up with other kids (playdates)
INDIRECT: parents affecting how their kids act (warm and loving parents = warm and loving kid)
Proactive (Instrumental) Aggression
meant to help child get something he/she wants
Reactive (Hostile) Aggression
meant to hurt someone, physical aggression, verbal aggression, relational aggression (hurting someones relationships with others)
What influences aggressive behavior in kids?
family, stress in the home, love withdrawal, harsh and inconsistent discipline, parent aggression, media aggression
Induction
verbal teaching/explanation (why behavior is wrong, how to behave differently)
What are the best options for discipline?
time out (needs to be age appropriate), withdrawing of privileges (taking fun and desirable things away for consequences), positive discipline (re-direct, reduce opportunity for misbehavior)
What increased the effectiveness of discipline?
consistency, warm parent-child relationship, explanations
Describe physical growth during middle childhood
slow, regular pattern
girls shorter and lighter between 6&8. At age 9, the trend reverses
Which part of the body is growing the fastest during middle childhood?
lower portion of the body, “growing pains”
Risk factors of childhood obesity
screens, fast food, car time, lack of family dinner, cultural values, role modeling, portion sizes, school lunches
Do overweight kids tend to become overweight adults?
YES. Over 80% of affected children become overweight adults.
Consequences of being overweight in middle childhood
diabetes, heavily limits activity, internal organ damage
What did you learn from the Jamie Oliver/Food Revolution clip?
That even when kids know what nastiness is in their food, they’ll probably still be likely to eat it
What did you learn about the role of family meals?
family dinners lower the risk of obesity and overeating
What are the four main gains in gross motor development during middle childhood?
flexibility, balance, agility, force (muscle strength)
Describe fine motor development in middle childhood.
fine motor skills improve
What does the text say about participation in organized sports during middle childhood (e.g., benefits? risks?)
is a positive because it’s a way to create rule based games and get active but it can be overbearing and cause the children to burn out
Describe achievements in cognitive development during the concrete operational stage
thought is more logical, flexible, organized, better with dealing with concrete information (things they can touch or see), thinking is less egocentric, can conserve now
Decentralization
less focused on one thing, can think about multiple aspects of the problem
Reversibility
can reverse steps of the problem, very abstract
Seriation and Transitive Inference
putting things in order such as height and weight in your head
Spatial Reasoning
being able to understand how things are spaced out and distance between things
How is cognitive development limited during the concrete operational stage?
**
How do processing speed, capacity, and inhibition change during middle childhood?
All increase
Describe Erikson’s stage for middle childhood.
Industry vs. Inferiority (feeling useful vs. feeling inferior)
Describe how self-esteem and the self-concept differ between early childhood and middle childhood.
self concept becomes more refined, can define the self in terms of psychological traits, social comparisons are frequent and more complex, self esteem is more realistic and more differentiated. Self esteem drops during first few years of school, rises from 4th to 6th grade
What are social comparisons?
comparing yourself to others (ideal self vs real self)
What are peer groups?
the groups of people that you hang out with
Why are peer groups important I’m middle childhood?
helps kids learn social skills (cooperation, leadership, loyalty) in their groups
How are peer groups formed?
gender, age, activities
Define ‘adolescence’ and ‘puberty’
adolescence: transition between childhood and adulthood
puberty: time when girl or boy becomes sexually mature
Compare friendships in early childhood to friendships in middle childhood. What is friendship selection based on in middle childhood? Why are friendships important?
young children make friends on whoever is nice and plays with them. Adolescents make friends based on loyalty and common activities.
Describe findings with respect to rate of emotional problems and psychological disturbance that show that the “storm and stress” view is inaccurate with adolescence.
adolescents are no more worse off than they are at any other time in their lives, however, the stress and anxiety in our lives is just much more apparent than at other times in our lives
What is a growth spurt?
rapid growth
When do growth spurts happen for boys and girls?
girls: starts at 10 and ends at 16
boys: starts at 12.5 and ends at 17.5
What are the main sex hormones?
estrogen and androgen (testosterone)
What is the difference between primary and secondary sexual characteristics?
Primary characteristics are things that have to happen for you to be able to produce a baby whereas secondary characteristics are more things that are on the surface and don’t affect baby making
examples of primary sexual characteristics
ovaries and testes growth
examples of secondary sexual characteristics
hips widening, hair growth, voice changes
What is spermarche and when does it typically happen in North America?
first ejaculation, 13.5 years old
What is menarche and when does it typically happen in North America?
first period, 12/5 years old
Compare and contrast the consequences of early and late maturing in boys and girls, according the research cited in the textbook.
more socially acceptable for boys to mature early and girls to mature later
Describe Piaget’s formal operational stage.
Occurs at age 11. Ability to think scientifically and abstractly
What is hypo-deductive thinking?
thinking about all the possible solutions to a problem, predicting which one will best solve the problem, and then testing your hypothesis
Describe the pendulum problem
thinking about all of the things that will affect the speed of the pendulum swing. Two of the answers: height of release and force are ABSTRACT. Over 40% of college students will fail to discover these abstract ways of thinking
Imaginary Audience
kids thing that they’re on stage/ that they have people watching them all the time
Ex) having a zit and freaking out because you think everyone will notice
Personal Fable
Way of thinking that you’re SUPER unique and no one can relate to what you’re going through
ex) going through a breakup and thinking no one can understand your pain
What types of behavior do personal fable and imaginary audience lead to?
increased risk taking behavior because “it won’t happen to me” super self conscious
Describe Erikson’s stage of psychosocial development for adolescence.
Identity vs. Role Confusion
What’s the idea behind Identity vs. Role Confusion
task of adolescents is to find themselves/their identity
Identity Achievement
end goal for all people. Means you’ve explored your options and achieved them
Identity Moratorium
exploring all options without committing to any of them
can cause low self esteem, lack of happiness, and low grades
Identity Foreclosure
not exploring options but know what they believe in
ex) knowing your political views because they’re what youre parents believe in so you just go with it
Identity Diffusion
not exploring options or committing to anything
“I don’t care/nothing matters”
friendships
fewer “best friends” more intimacy, loyalty, closeness, trust, self-disclosure friends are similar or get more similar fairly stable
Benefit of friendships through adolescence?
having people that you can count on and tell things to, having a support system
Cliques
small, interaction-based groups
Crowds
eputation-based
membership is not always obvious
