Exam 2 Flashcards
What was Piaget’s view of children?
He found that children ACTIVELY construct knowledge
Does Piaget support a continuous or discontinuous view of development?
Discontinuous, qualitative changes
What are schemes?
clusters of knowledge
Adaptation
building schemes
Assimilation
use current schemes to interpret new things you’re encountering
Accommodation
Modify old schemes or create new ones for new thing you encounter
Equilibrium vs. Disequilibrium
balance (cognitive comfort) vs. imbalance (cognitive discomfort)
accommodation most likely to happen during imbalance (discomfort)
Object Permanence
understanding that an object still exists when it’s out of sight
According to Piaget, when do children understand object permanence? Was he correct?
8 months, doesn’t give babies enough credit bc it’s shown to happen before 8 months
Explain the steps of the violation of expectation method
after habituation (repeatedly showing baby the same thing over and over), either show a normal event or impossible event, see if baby recovers from habituation
Core knowledge perspective
a perspective that states that infants begin life with innate, special purpose knowledge systems, or core domains of thought, each of which permits a ready grip of a new, related information and therefore supports early, rapid development of certain aspects of cognition
Examples of core knowledge perspective
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Evaluation of Piagets theory (what is good, what is inaccurate)
some development happens within general time frame Piaget describes, my appear sooner than described and be more continuous
What are the three parts of information processing?
Attention, memory, categorization
What are scale errors?
spatial and size, kids can’t process it
ex) trying to sit in a toy car or on super small chair
How does attention change over time?
- infants attend to novel things
- toddlers attraction to novelty decrease
- efficiency and ability to shift focus improve
- better sustained attention after year 1
- newborns take long time to habituation
- habituation and recovery speed up after year 1
How does memory change over time?
- retention intervals lengthen
- context dependent memory
- recall is excellent in second year
How does categorization change over time?
- impressive perceptual categorization in first year
- conceptual categorization in second year
What main language development milestone does a newborn meet?
crying
What main language development milestone does a baby by 2 months meet?
cooing begins
What main language development milestone does a baby by 6 months meet?
babbling begins
What main language development milestone does a baby by 8-12 months meet?
use of gestures, comprehension of words increase, more accurate joint attention, turn-taking
What main language development milestone does a baby by 10-15 months meet?
first words, underextentions, overextentions
What main language development milestone does a baby by 18 months meet?
vocabulary spurts start
What main language development milestone does a baby by 18-24 months meet?
use of 2 word utterance, rapid expansions of understanding of words, telegraphic speech (texting)
What is infant directed speech?
baby talk
Do babies prefer IDS over adult talk?
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Describe Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, in general.
Erickson believed that at every stage there was a conflict (something positive vs something negative)
What Erickson stage occurs in the first year?
trust vs. mistrust
What Erickson stage occurs in the second year?
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
What is autonomy?
doing things on your own (picking out clothes, playing, small decisions)
Happiness
first months: REM sleep smiles, smiles of some slights and sounds
6-10 wk: first social smile
3-4 mo: first laughter
Fear and Anger
increase in the 2nd half of the 1st year
Stranger Anxiety
9-10 mo: very weary of strangers, typically goes away
Social referencing
babies look toward trusted caregivers for emotionally cues
ex) when baby falls it looks at mom to see how it should react
Disgust
learned with developmental changes (concrete to abstract thinking)
Sense of Self
babies don’t realize that they’re looking at themselves in the mirror until 18 months
Emotional Self-Regulation
how well babies handle emotions, how well they transition from mad back to normal etc
What is temperament?
reactivity and self-regulation, emotional reaction, motor activity, attention
What are the three types of temperament?
- easy child
- difficult child
- slow to warm up child
Goodness of Fit Model
acknowledging that individual differences and personalities occur early, be aware of differences and adjust accordingly
Describe an easy child
easy going, adapt to change well
Describe a difficult child
negative moods and emotions, cranky, difficult time with change, anger
Describe a slow to warm up child
takes longer to adapt to change, cautious, fearful
What is attachment?
an enduring emotional tie between an infant and caregiver
Harlow’s Monkey Study and Findings
wire mommy (that fed) soft mommy (no food), found that when monkeys were scared that they attached to the soft mommy and not the mommy that fed them because emotional support is more important than food (contact comfort=physical comfort)
Describe the Strange Situation procedure
child is playing with parent in room and ‘stranger’ comes in ad caregiver leavers and watch to see how child reacts with stranger then bring caretaker back in to see how child reacts
What is secure-base behavior?
proximity and exploration, does child seek proximity to caregiver when needed and then go off and explore when comfort is found
What are the attachment classifications?
- secure attachment
- avoidant attachment
- resistant attachment
- disorganized disoriented attachment
What is secure attachment?
showing healthy balance between proximity and seeking exploration
What is avoidant attachment?
child doesn’t seek out caregiver at reunion and actively avoids
What is resistant attachment?
child doesn’t know what they want at region, proximity and resistance
What is disorganized disoriented attachment?
kids have disorganized schemes (typically due to abuse), kids freeze up and use slow motion behavior
What is an internal working model?
Scheme you have for comfort experiences, changes over time based on relationships
What factors influence attachment security?
-opportunity for attachment: person who is there to grow an attachment
-quality of caregiving
(sensitivity to needs, “I can tell you need help, let me help you”, anticipate needs”
2 specific suggestions given by the book to help toddlers develop compliance and self-control
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